The Impact of Group Size in an Exercise Setting

1990 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 376-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert V. Carron ◽  
Lawrence R. Brawley ◽  
W. Neil Widmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Class Size ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Large Classes ◽  
Level Of Satisfaction ◽  
Exercise Class ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Exercise Classes ◽  
The Impact

Two independent studies were conducted to examine the impact of group size in an exercise setting. In the first, archival data from 47 exercise classes varying in size from 5 to 46 members were used to examine the relationship between group size and behavior. Attention and retention were high in small and large exercise classes and specific social psychologocal correlates of group size including the participants’ perceptions of conspicuousness, quality and quantity of interactions with their leader, their opportunities for social interaction with other members, the level of crowding and density, and satisfaction. Trend analyses showed a curvilinear relationship between exercise class size and participants’ perceptions of the opportunities available for social interaction and feelings of crowding and density. Both the small and large classes were perceived more favorably than the medium classes. The relationships between class size and perceptions of the instructor as well as the level of satisfaction experienced were linear—positive perceptions decreased systematically as class size increased.

scholarly journals The impact of varying class sizes on epidemic spread in a university population

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 210712
Author(s):  
Alex Best ◽  
Prerna Singh ◽  
Charlotte Ward ◽  
Caterina Vitale ◽  
Megan Oliver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Class Size ◽  
Epidemiological Model ◽  
Small Class ◽  
Epidemic Spread ◽  
Large Classes ◽  
University Population ◽  
Size Limits ◽  
The Impact

A common non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) during the COVID-19 pandemic has been group size limits. Furthermore, educational settings of schools and universities have either fully closed or reduced their class sizes. As countries begin to reopen classrooms, a key question will be how large classes can be while still preventing local outbreaks of disease. Here, we develop and analyse a simple, stochastic epidemiological model where individuals (considered as students) live in fixed households and are assigned to a fixed class for daily lessons. We compare key measures of the epidemic—the peak infected, the total infected by day 180 and the calculated R 0 —as the size of class is varied. We find that class sizes of 10 could largely restrict outbreaks and often had overlapping inter-quartile ranges with our most cautious case of classes of five. However, class sizes of 30 or more often result in large epidemics. Reducing the class size from 40 to 10 can reduce R 0 by over 30%, as well as significantly reducing the numbers infected. Intermediate class sizes show considerable variation, with the total infected varying by as much as from 10% to 80% for the same class size. We show that additional in-class NPIs can limit the epidemic still further, but that reducing class sizes appears to have a larger effect on the epidemic. We do not specifically tailor our model for COVID-19, but our results stress the importance of small class sizes for preventing large outbreaks of infectious disease.

scholarly journals The impact of varying class sizes on epidemic spread in a university population

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Best ◽  
Prerna Singh ◽  
Charlotte Ward ◽  
Caterina Vitale ◽  
Megan Oliver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Class Size ◽  
Epidemiological Model ◽  
Small Class ◽  
Epidemic Spread ◽  
Large Classes ◽  
University Population ◽  
Size Limits ◽  
The Impact

A common non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) during the Covid-19 pandemic has been group size limits. Further, educational settings of schools and universities have either fully closed or reduced their class sizes. As countries begin to reopen classrooms, a key question will be how large classes can be while still preventing local outbreaks of disease. Here we develop and analyse a simple, stochastic epidemiological model where individuals (considered as students) live in fixed households and are assigned to a fixed class for daily lessons. We compare key measures of the epidemic - the peak infected, the total infected by day 180 and the calculated $R_0$ - as the size of class is varied. We find that class sizes of 10 could largely restrict outbreaks and often had overlapping inter-quartile ranges with our most cautious case of classes of 5. However, class sizes of 30 or more often result in large epdiemics. Reducing the class size from 40 to 10 can reduce $R_0$ by as much as 30\%, as well as signficantly reducing the numbers infected. Intermediate class sizes show considerable variation, with the total infected varying as much as from 20\% to 80\% for the same class size. We show that additional in-class NPIs can limit the epidemic still further, but that reducing class sizes appears to have a larger effect on the epidemic. We do not specifically tailor our model for Covid-19, but our results stress the importance of small class sizes for preventing large outbreaks of infectious disease.

scholarly journals The Impact of Class Size on Teaching and Learning English as a Foreign Language: The Case of the Department of English at Abdelhamid Ibn Badis University

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arab World English Journal ◽  
Hayat Aoumeur
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Class Size ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
Large Classes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Quality Of Teaching ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Learning English

This paper is devoted to the study of the impact of class size on teaching and learning English as a foreign language. The investigation was conducted at the department of English at Abdelhamid Ibn Badis University. The department has witnessed a huge increase in the enrolment figure in the past decade which resulted into an increase in class sizes. This has created problems for staff and students alike. Despite the steps taken by the administrators to reduce the number of students, the problem of class crowding still persists. The department of English, alone, has an enrolment of almost 3000 students, it is a huge number indeed if we take into consideration the availability of facilities and resources. The aim of this study is to explore the organizational and pedagogical difficulties that are frequently encountered by the teachers dealing with large classes and the effects on student learning. Additionally, this paper proposes some suggestions on how to deal with class overcrowding. As part of our research, we have given questionnaires to 200 students and 40 teachers. The findings of the survey clearly demonstrate that large class sizes have an adverse impact on the quality of teaching and learning.

scholarly journals The Effect of Early Intervention for Individuals with Autism to Increase Communication skills: أثر التدخل المبكر على الأفراد المصابين بالتوحد في زيادة مهارات الاتصال

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (26) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Alohali
Keyword(s):  
Early Intervention ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Communication Skills ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
The Family ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact

The research was motivated because of every year the population of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) continues to increase. An autism spectrum disorder characterized by three impairments (triad of impairments) are impairment of social communication, impairment of social interaction and behavior. The impact of stress on the family as for their children with GSA disorder can occur either internally or externally. Goal of research is a model of early intervention to enhance social interaction and communication skills of children with GSA. The method used is the Research and Development, with a primary emphasis on the qualitative approach, descriptive analysis, by interview and observation. The results showed that there are parents who initially could not accept, and even today is still not able to accept the children unconditionally and their stress because of confusion how to communicate with their children, but if there is a problem that must be faced by families support each other, think together solution. Early intervention is not well developed in the family, parents prefer intervention by the therapist rather than doing it yourself.    

The Impact of Class Size on Outcomes in Higher Education

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
James Monks ◽  
Robert M. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Faculty Member ◽  
Size Effects ◽  
Class Size ◽  
Student Outcomes ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Large Classes ◽  
Student Assessments ◽  
Selective Institution ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Numerous studies have investigated the impact of class size on student outcomes. This analysis contributes to this discussion by isolating the impact of class size on student outcomes in higher education by utilizing a natural experiment at a selective institution which enables the estimation of class size effects conditional on the total number of students taught by a faculty member. We find that class size negatively impacts student assessments of courses and instructors. Large classes appear to prompt faculty to alter their courses in ways deleterious to students.

scholarly journals The Impact of a Dementia-Friendly Exercise Class on People Living with Dementia: A Mixed-Methods Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 4562
Author(s):  
Annabelle Long ◽  
Claudio Di Lorito ◽  
Pip Logan ◽  
Vicky Booth ◽  
Louise Howe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Cognitive Outcome ◽  
Group Exercise ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Exercise Class ◽  
Exercise Classes ◽  
The Impact

Exercise has multiple benefits for people living with dementia. A programme of group exercise classes for people with dementia and their family carers has been established in a University sports centre. This study aims to explore the impact of this programme on participants with dementia and their carers. A mixed-methods design including a prospective, repeated measures cohort study followed by focus groups was employed. Physiological and cognitive outcome measures were repeated at baseline and three months in a cohort of people with dementia attending a group exercise class. Focus groups on the participants’ experiences and their perceptions of the impact of the exercise class on their lives were then conducted. The results were analysed and mapped on a model, to illustrate the components that most likely promote participation. Sixteen participants (n = 8 with dementia, and n = 8 carers) were recruited, and completed both baseline and follow up assessments. Positive mean differences were found in physical activity (4.44), loneliness (1.75), mood (1.33) and cognition (1.13). Ten participants were included in the focus groups, which found that accessibility of the exercise venue, opportunities for socialisation and staff who were experienced working with people living with dementia were key to participants reporting benefits. The four key themes from the focus group data were synthesised to produce a model outlining the components that might generate a positive impact of the exercise classes and promote participation. Exercise classes for people with dementia can be delivered with success in novel environments such as University sports centres. There is some indication of improvement over a short period of time. The model derived from this study will inform strategies to promote attendance at dementia-friendly exercise classes.

The Impact of COVID-19 Quarantine on Children‘s Behaviors and Language

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 796-806
Author(s):  
Sana M Kamal ◽  
Ali Al-Samydai ◽  
Rudaina Othman Yousif ◽  
Talal Aburjai
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Child Psychology ◽  
Simple Random Sample ◽  
Community Pharmacies ◽  
The World ◽  
Female Children ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

COVID-19 pandemic has spread across the world, which considered a relative of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), with possibility of transmission from animals to human and effect each of health and economic. Several preventative strategies and non-pharmaceutical interventions have been used to slow down the spread of COVID-19. The questionnaire contained 36 questions regarding the impact of COVID-19 quarantine on children`s behaviors and language have been distributed online (Google form). Data collected after asking parents about their children behavior during quarantine, among the survey completers (n=469), 42.3% were female children, and 57.7 were male children. Results showed that quarantine has an impact on children`s behaviors and language, where stress and isolationism has a higher effect, while social relations had no impact. The majority of the respondents (75.0%) had confidence that community pharmacies can play an important role in helping families in protection their children`s behaviors and language as they made the highest contact with pharmacists during quarantine. One of the main recommendations that could be applied to help parents protection and improvement their children`s behaviors and language in quarantine condition base on simple random sample opinion is increasing the role of community pharmacies inpatient counseling and especially towards children after giving courses to pharmacists in child psychology and behavior. This could be helpful to family to protect their children, from any changing in them behaviors and language in such conditions in the future if the world reface such the same problem.

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