scholarly journals Effect of Prior Performance Experience before Audiences on a Dominant and Nondominant Motor Response

1982 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Lucinda Hollifield
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Social Facilitation ◽  
Motor Response ◽  
Rotary Pursuit ◽  
Task Groups ◽  
Prior Performance ◽  
Experience Effects ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mediating Factor ◽  
Performance Results

The purpose of this study was to determine if children's prior performance experience was a mediating factor in their performance of a dominant or novel task in an audience or no audience situation. Eighty 9-year-old boys were divided into experienced (n = 40) and nonexperienced (n = 40) groups based on prior youth sport experience and the absence of any performance experience before a formal audience. Half of each group learned a rotary pursuit task until they could perform the task with at least 60% accuracy. The other half did not practice the task. Groups were again divided for task performance in an audience or no audience situation so that the following treatments were observed for both experienced and nonexperienced groups: dominant task, no audience; dominant task, evaluative audience; novel task, no audience; novel task, evaluative audience. Task performance for each subject was five 20-sec trials on the photoelectric rotary pursuit task. The mean score of each set of five was used for data analysis. An audience of four passive adults was present in each audience condition and made evaluative notations following each performance. Results of a 2 × 2 × 2 (experience × task dominance × audience) ANOVA failed to support Zajonc's (1965) social facilitation theory and Cottrell's (1968) modification of this theory. The well-learned task was inhibited by the presence of an evaluative audience while performance of a novel task was enhanced. No significant experience effects were evident.

Social Facilitation with Non-Human Agents: Possible or not?

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 222-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Hertz ◽  
Eva Wiese
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Social Presence ◽  
Social Facilitation ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Still Images ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Task Conditions ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
Task Types

As interactions with non-human agents increase, it is important to understand and predict the consequences of human interactions with them. Social facilitation has a longstanding history within the realm of social psychology and is characterized by the presence of other humans having a beneficial effect on performance on easy tasks and inhibiting performance on difficult tasks. While social facilitation has been shown across task types and experimental conditions with human agents, very little research has examined whether this effect can also be induced by non-human agents and, if so, to what degree the level of humanness and embodiment of those agents influences that effect. In the current experiment, we apply a common social facilitation task (i.e., numerical distance judgments) to investigate to what extent the presence of agents of varying degrees of humanness benefits task performance. Results show a significant difference in performance between easy and difficult task conditions, but show no significant improvement in task performance in the social presence conditions compared to performing the task alone. This suggests that the presence of others did not have a positive effect on performance, at least not when social presence was manipulated via still images. Implications of this finding for future studies, as well as for human-robot interaction are discussed.

Intra-Task Reliability and Specificity of Individual Consistency

1970 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 583-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert V. Carron
Keyword(s):  
Motor Response ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Response Component ◽  
Linear Movement ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Individual Consistency ◽  
Response Consistency ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The present report is based on reanalysis of data of Marisi (1969) in order to examine the relationship of consistency of motor response among the component responses of a single motor task. 120 high school Ss were tested on a special task, the rho. A single trial on this motor task can be logically separated into three component motor responses: reaction time, a short circular movement, and a short linear movement. The results indicated that consistency of motor response was moderately reliable within the response components but tended to be response-component specific. Further, both the reliability and specificity of motor-response consistency were independent of the size of the mean performance scores.

scholarly journals P300 in Behcet's Patients without Neurological Manifestations

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hulusi Kececi ◽  
Melih Akyol
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Behçet’S Disease ◽  
Motor Response ◽  
Behcet’S Disease ◽  
Behçet's Disease ◽  
P300 Latency ◽  
Behcet's Disease ◽  
Neurologic Involvement ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Normal Controls

ABSTRACT:Objective:Behcet's disease is the association of recurrent aphthous stomatitis with genital ulceration and eye disease. Neurologic involvement patterns include meningomyelitis, a brain stem syndrome, pyramidal and extrapyramidal abnormality and stroke. In the present study, subclinical involvement was investigated by using P300 in Behcet's patients without neurological manifestation.Methods:Fifteen patients and 15 healthy volunteers were accepted for the study. P300 from vertex (Cz) electrode sites of the 10-20 system using electrodes and motor response time were recorded.Results:Patients had significantly prolonged latencies of P300 as compared to normal controls (p=0.013) but no significant differences in amplitude (p=1.000). Patients showed a significantly delayed motor response time than controls (p=0.006). Nine patients (60 %) had P300 latency and eight patients (53.3 %) had motor response time values exceeding the mean of controls by two standard deviations.Conclusion:The findings suggest that the P300 measures and motor response time may reflect subclinical neurologic involvement in Behcet's disease.

Exploring the Effects of Extraversion on Social Facilitation and Vigilance Task Performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1216-1220
Author(s):  
Victoria L. Claypoole ◽  
Grace E. Waldfogle ◽  
Alexis R. Neigel ◽  
James L. Szalma
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Social Presence ◽  
Social Facilitation ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Task Design ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Vigilance Performance ◽  
Mere Presence ◽  
Design Factors ◽  
And Task

Vigilance, or sustained attention, is the ability to maintain attention for extended periods of time. Recently, research on vigilance has focused on identifying individual differences and task design factors that may improve cognitive-based vigilance performance. One such factor is social facilitation, which leads to improved task performance when at least one individual is present. But, relatively little is known about the personality factors, such as extraversion or introversion, which may influence the effects of social presence, and in turn affect vigilance performance. Given this gap in the literature, the present research seeks to determine how personality, specifically extraversion, is related to vigilance performance in the presence of another individual. A total of 39 observers completed a 24-minute vigilance task either alone, in the mere presence of another person, or in the evaluative presence of another person (i.e., an individual monitoring their performance). The results indicated that extraversion was negatively correlated to the proportion of correct detections and sensitivity ( A’).

scholarly journals EXPRESS: Mutual influences between numerical and non-numerical quantities in comparison tasks

2020 ◽  
pp. 174702182098187
Author(s):  
Charlotte Hendryckx ◽  
Mathieu Guillaume ◽  
Anthony Beuel ◽  
Amandine Van Rinsveld ◽  
Alain Content
Keyword(s):  
Convex Hull ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Numerical Comparison ◽  
Specific Nature ◽  
Visual Integration ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Number Comparison ◽  
Quantity Judgment ◽  
Performance Results

Humans possess a numerical intuition that allows them to manipulate large non-symbolic quantities. This ability has been broadly assessed with the help of number comparison tasks involving simultaneously displayed arrays. Many authors pointed out that the manipulation (or the lack thereof) of non-numerical features deeply impacts performance in these tasks, but the specific nature of this influence is not clear. The current study investigates the interaction between numerical and non-numerical quantity judgment tasks. Adult participants performed five distinct comparison tasks, each based on a target dimension: numerosity, total area, dot size, convex hull, and mean occupancy. We manipulated the relation between the target and the other dimensions to measure their respective influence on task performance. Results showed that total area and convex hull substantially affected numerosity comparisons. The number of dots conversely acted as an informative dimension when participants had to make a decision based on the total area or the convex hull. Our results illustrate that adults flexibly use non-target dimensions as visual cues to perform comparison judgments. Overall, this suggests that the influence found in numerical comparison tasks is explicit and deliberate rather than due to implicit visual integration processes.

Status and Evaluation Potential in the Social Facilitation and Impairment of Task Performance

1979 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franklin G. Miller ◽  
Marion F. Hurkman ◽  
Jennesse Barker Robinson ◽  
Richard A. Feinberg
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Social Facilitation ◽  
The Social

scholarly journals Does rotary pursuit data predict mouse task performance? A pilot study

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuen-Keen Cheong ◽  
Son T. Pham ◽  
Lan T. Phan ◽  
Randa L. Shehab
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Rotary Pursuit

Effects of Display Curvature, Presbyopia, and Task Duration on Visual Fatigue, Task Performance, and User Satisfaction

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donghee Choi ◽  
Gyouhyung Kyung ◽  
Kyunghyun Nam ◽  
Sungryul Park
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
User Satisfaction ◽  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Curvature Radius ◽  
Visual Fatigue ◽  
Visual Display Terminal ◽  
Task Duration ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Task

Objective: This study examined the effects of display curvature, presbyopia, and task duration on visual fatigue, task performance, and user satisfaction. Background: Although curved displays have been applied to diverse display products, and some studies reported their benefits, it is still unknown whether the effects of display curvature are presbyopia-specific. Method: Each of 64 individuals (eight nonpresbyopes and eight presbyopes per display curvature) performed four 15-min proofreading tasks at one display curvature radius setting (600R, 1140R, 4000R, and flat; mm). Diverse measurements were obtained to assess visual fatigue, task performance, and user satisfaction. Results: The mean pupil diameter was the largest with 1140R, indicating this curvature radius was associated with the least development of visual fatigue; 600R was comparable with 1140R in terms of pupil diameter. The presbyopic group showed a 28.5% slower proofreading speed compared with the nonpresbyopic group, whereas their proofreading accuracy was comparable. For both groups, the mean visual fatigue increased significantly during the first 15 min of proofreading, as indicated by a decrease of 0.11 mm in the mean pupil diameter, an increase of 3.8 in the mean bulbar conjunctival redness, and an increase of 9.13 in the mean eye complaint questionnaire score. Conclusion: The effect of display curvature was not presbyopia-specific. Low visual fatigue was observed with 1140R and 600R. Application: Display curvature radii near or in the range of 600R and 1140R and frequent breaks are recommended for both presbyopic and nonpresbyopic groups to reduce their visual fatigue due to visual display terminal tasks.

scholarly journals Are lizards capable of inhibitory control? Performance on a semi-transparent version of the cylinder task in five species of Australian skinks

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Birgit Szabo ◽  
Sebastian Hoefer ◽  
Martin J. Whiting
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Motor Response ◽  
Lizard Species ◽  
Inhibitory Ability ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Motor Response Inhibition

Abstract Inhibitory control, the inhibition of prepotent actions, is essential for higher-order cognitive processes such as planning, reasoning, and self-regulation. Individuals and species differ in inhibitory control. Identifying what influences inhibitory control ability within and between species is key to understanding how it evolved. We compared performance in the cylinder task across five lizard species: tree skinks (Egernia striolata), gidgee skinks (Egernia stokesii), eastern blue-tongue skinks (Tiliqua s. scincoides), sleepy lizards (Tiliqua r. asper), and eastern water skinks (Eulamprus quoyii). In our task, animals had to inhibit the prepotent motor response of directly approaching a reward placed within a semi-transparent mesh cylinder and instead reach in through the side openings. Additionally, in three lizard species, we compared performance in the cylinder task to reversal learning to determine the task specificity of inhibitory ability. Within species, neither sex, origin, body condition, neophobia, nor pre-experience with other cognitive tests affected individual performance. Species differed in motor response inhibition: Blue-tongue skinks made fewer contacts with the semi-transparent cylinder wall than all other species. Blue-tongue skinks also had lower body condition than the other species which suggest motivation as the underlying cause for species differences in task performance. Moreover, we found no correlation between inhibitory ability across different experiments. This is the first study comparing cylinder task performance among lizard species. Given that inhibitory control is probably widespread in lizards, motor response inhibition as exercised in the cylinder task appears to have a long evolutionary history and is likely fundamental to survival and fitness. Significance The study of lizard cognition is receiving increasing attention. Lizards are a diverse group with a wide range of ecological attributes and represent a model system through which we can test a wide range of hypotheses relating to cognitive evolution. Furthermore, considering their evolutionary history, studying non-avian reptile cognition can help understand the evolution of different cognitive abilities including inhibitory control. Here, we provide a comparison of inhibitory control ability in five lizard species. Consequently, we are able to, firstly, validate a method (the cylinder task) initially developed for the use in mammals and birds, for use in lizards, and secondly, collect valuable data on inhibitory control in a poorly studied group with respect to cognitive ability. Our study suggests non-cognitive factors as a major influence on cylinder task performance, which is in agreement with previous studies of other vertebrates.

The Residual Costs of Multitasking

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1967-1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonna Turrill ◽  
James R. Coleman ◽  
Rachel J. Hopman ◽  
Joel M. Cooper ◽  
David L. Strayer
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Driving Performance ◽  
Dual Tasks ◽  
Dual Tasking ◽  
Operation Span ◽  
Detection Response ◽  
Instrumented Vehicle ◽  
Response Task ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
Post Hoc

Objective: The cognitive workload of three Smartphone Digital Assistants (SDA) was manipulated in an on-off manner while participants drove an instrumented vehicle in order to measure the costs associated with intermittent dual tasking. Background: Previous research has shown costs in productivity when switching between two discrete tasks; however, similar costs have not yet been examined using intermittent, continuous dual tasks. Methods: Participating drivers completed 5 conditions: baseline driving, 3 SDA conditions, and a cognitively demanding math-memory operation span (OSPAN) task, each while responding to Detection Response Task (DRT) stimuli. Within the SDA conditions, on- and off-task DRT performance was compared to baseline driving and to the OSPAN task performance. Results: The on-task periods of the SDA conditions resulted in similar RTs as the OSPAN condition, while the off-task periods did not immediately return to baseline driving performance. Post hoc analyses of the on-off transitions within the SDA conditions revealed a gradual return to baseline driving performance over the course of 18 seconds. Conclusions: The delays in returning to baseline driving performance after completing a secondary task raise concerns about the usage of in-vehicle devices while driving as the effects of the delays last beyond the cessation of the SDA interaction.

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