Detection of the Active Compounds of the Hot Aqueous Extract of Cinnamomum cassia using FTIR Technology and Testing as Anti-bacterial and Antioxidant

The results of the FTIR analysis of the hot aqueous extract of bark indicated that it contains many groups and active compounds, and the results of the bacterial tests conducted by digging and spreading method showed a high inhibitory activity of the hot aqueous extract of cinnamon against all pathogenic bacterial strains and at different concentrations. It was observed that the highest efficacy of the extract was against bacteria an inhibition diameter of 35 mm at concentration 800 mg/mL in Bacillus sp. while the bacterial strains were resistant to most of the antibiotics, in the study (Amoxicillin, Gentamycin, Ampicillin, Erythromycin, Tetracycline) except for gentamicin, which showed inhibition of bacteria Staphylococcus aureus with a diameter 19mm and Serratia sp. in diameter17mm. We conclude from the study that the cinnamon plant contains many active compounds and that the hot aqueous extract of Cinnamomum cassia (cinnamon) bark has a high inhibitory ability for different bacterial strains, which exceeded the inhibitory ability of antibiotics.

Chemical Compounds, Antioxidant Activities, and Inhibitory Activities Against Xanthine Oxidase of the Essential Oils From the Three Varieties of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Receptacles

Background/Aim: Essential oils of sunflower receptacles (SEOs) have antibacterial and antioxidant potential. However, the differences of biological activities from the different varieties of sunflowers have not been studied till now. The purpose of this study was to compare the differences of chemical compounds, antioxidant activities, and inhibitory activities against xanthine oxidase (XO) of SEOs from the three varieties of sunflowers including LD5009, SH363, and S606.Methods: SEOs were extracted by using the optimal extraction conditions selected by response surface methodology (RSM). Chemical compounds of SEOs were identified from the three varieties of sunflowers by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antioxidant activities of SEOs were detected by 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and iron ion reduction ability. Inhibitory activities of SEOs against XO were measured by using UV spectrophotometer. XO inhibitors were selected from the main chemical compounds of SEOs by the high-throughput selections and molecular simulation docking.Results: The extraction yields of SEOs from LD5009, SH363, and S606 were 0.176, 0.319, and 0.580%, respectively. A total of 101 chemical compounds of SEOs were identified from the three varieties of sunflowers. In addition, the results of inhibitory activities against XO showed that SEOs can reduce uric acid significantly. Eupatoriochromene may be the most important chemical compounds of SEOs for reducing uric acid. The results of antioxidant activities and inhibitory activities against XO showed that SEOs of LD5009 had the strongest antioxidant and XO inhibitory activities. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r > 0.95) showed that γ-terpinene, (E)-citral, and L-Bornyl acetate were highly correlated with the antioxidant activities and XO inhibitory ability.Conclusion: SEOs had antioxidant activities and XO inhibitory ability. It would provide more scientific information for utilization and selection of varieties of sunflowers, which would increase the food quality of sunflowers and incomes of farmers.

Comparison of open-skill and closed-skill exercises in improving the response inhibitory ability of the elderly: a protocol for a randomised controlled clinical trial

IntroductionAs people age, they are more likely to experience a decline in their response inhibition ability, which interferes with daily life. Previous studies have shown that exercise intervention can improve the cognitive ability of the elderly, but research on open-skill and closed-skill exercises to improve the response inhibition in this age group is still limited. This study will explore the advantages of long-term intervention of table tennis (open-skill exercise) compared with fit aerobics (closed-skill exercise) on the response inhibitory ability of the elderly.Methods and analysisA single-blind randomised controlled trial will be conducted. A total of 90 elderly subjects will be recruited and allocated randomly to the following groups: table tennis, fit aerobics and control. The interventions for the table tennis group and the fit aerobics group will be implemented in three 60 min sessions per week for 6 months; the control group will receive no exercise intervention. The primary assessment will be behavioural indicators of response inhibitory ability in the elderly based on the stop signal task. The secondary outcomes will include cognitive ability, mental status and depression in the elderly. Assessments will be conducted at baseline, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months.Ethics and disseminationThis study was approved by the Shanghai University of Sport Research Ethics Committee (102772019RT012) and will provide reference for the advantages of table tennis compared with other types of sports in improving the response inhibitory ability of the elderly. The results of this study will provide a theoretical basis for choosing the best exercise programme to improve the response inhibitory ability of the elderly.Trial registration numberThis study has been registered prospectively in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2100043616, 23 February 2021).

Histamine binding activity of surface-modified yeast by histamine binding protein (HBP)

Histamine is an immune mediator that is mainly secreted when an immediate, rapid response is needed in the body, and an excessive secretion of histamine or lack of enzymes that degrade histamine can result in various side effects. Histamine binding protein (HBP) is secreted by a mite species to prevent the host’s histamine-induced immune responses by binding the histamine molecule in the blood. Cloning was performed to express HBP on the yeast surface (MBTL-GWL-1), and immunofluorescence (IF) and western blot was performed to confirm the expression of the recombinant protein. The histamine inhibitory ability of GWL-1 cells was tested according to the cell concentration. The highest inhibitory ability of 1.30 × 107 CFU/ml of GWL-1 cells was of about 60 %. The GWL-1 cell concentration and the degree of histamine inhibition were confirmed to be dose-dependent, and dead cell debris was shown to have a histamine inhibitory effect, although not as much as that of whole cells. Phagocytosis assays were performed to determine whether histamine affected the RAW 264.7 cell’s phagocytosis, and to indirectly confirm the GWL-1 cell’s histamine inhibition. By confirming that, we found that GWL-1 captures histamine. Therefore, it can be expected to become a competitive material in the anti-allergy market.

Histamine Binding Activity of Surface-Modified Yeast by Histamine Binding Protein (HBP)

Histamine is an immune mediator that is mainly secreted when an immediate, rapid response is needed in the body, and an excessive secretion of histamine or lack of enzymes that degrade histamine can result in various side effects. Histamine binding protein (HBP) is secreted by a mite species to prevent the host’s histamine-induced immune responses by binding the histamine molecule in the blood. Cloning was performed to express HBP on the yeast surface (MBTL-GWL-1), and immunofluorescence (IF) and western blot was performed to confirm the expression of the recombinant protein. The histamine inhibitory ability of GWL-1 cells was tested according to the cell concentration. The highest inhibitory ability of 1.30×107 CFU/ml of GWL-1 cells was of about 60%. The GWL-1 cell concentration and the degree of histamine inhibition were confirmed to be dose-dependent, and dead cell debris was shown to have a histamine inhibitory effect, although not as much as that of whole cells. Phagocytosis assays were performed to determine whether histamine affected the RAW 264.7 cell’s phagocytosis, and to indirectly confirm the GWL-1 cell’s histamine inhibition. By confirming that, we found that GWL-1 captures histamine. Therefore, it can be expected to become a competitive material in the anti-allergy market.

A-32 Does Inhibition Contribute to Word Reading beyond Non-inhibition Processes?

Objective The current study aims to extend the study conducted by Van der Sluis and colleagues (2012) and investigate whether the statistical relationships between executive functioning (EF) and reading performance is causal or merely correlational. Methods A sample of children ages 5 to 12 years (N = 44) were given a standardized test of inhibition and its corresponding non-inhibition condition from the NEPSY-II assessment battery (Korkman, Kirk & Kemp, 2007) and the Letter-Word Identification test from the Woodcock Johnson IV Achievement Test Battery was given to assess reading (Schrank et al., 2014). Two separate hierarchical regressions were conducted to determine if inhibition predicted reading performance beyond that of its non-inhibition condition. Results The first regression examined the contribution of inhibition on reading after first accounting for the non-inhibition condition, and the second regression examined the contribution of the non-inhibition condition after first accounting for inhibition. Results indicate that inhibitory ability showed no significant contribution to prediction after controlling for the non-inhibition processes, and when first controlling for inhibitory ability, the non-executive processes from the non-inhibition condition continued to significantly contribute to word reading performance (ΔR2 = 0.21, F(1,44) = 25.11, p < 0.01). Conclusions The results of the current study provide further support that relationship between EF and reading performance may be more of a statistical and procedural confound than it is a mechanism directly implicated in reading ability attainment. More work should be done to determine if the findings from this study are replicable across different tests of reading (i.e., comprehension, fluency).