Continuous Compression as an Effective Therapeutic Intervention in Treating Eccentric-Exercise-Induced Muscle Soreness

Context:Prior investigations using ice, massage, or exercise have not shown efficacy in relieving delayed-onset muscle soreness.Objectives:To determine whether a compression sleeve worn immediately after maximal eccentric exercise enhances recovery.Design:Randomized, controlled clinical study.Setting:University sports medicine laboratory.Participants:Fifteen healthy, non-strength-trained men, matched for physical criteria, randomly placed in a control group or a continuous compression-sleeve group (CS).Methods and Measures:Subjects performed 2 sets of 50 arm curls. 1RM elbow flexion at 60°/s, upper-arm circumference, resting-elbow angle, serum creatine kinase (CK), and perception-of-soreness data were collected before exercise and for 3 days.Results:CK was significantly (P< .05) elevated from the baseline value in both groups, although the elevation in the CS group was less. CS prevented loss of elbow extension, decreased subjects’ perception of soreness, reduced swelling, and promoted recovery of force production.Conclusions:Compression is important in soft-tissue-injury management.

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Effect of Warmed Whirlpool on Symptoms of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage

Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation ◽

10.24112/ajper.91290 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 83-88

Author(s):

Jen Hao LIU ◽

Johnson HWANG ◽

Jung Charng LIN

Keyword(s):

Muscle Damage ◽

Eccentric Exercise ◽

Tissue Injury ◽

Soft Tissue Injury ◽

Muscle Stiffness ◽

Strenuous Exercise ◽

Control Group ◽

Arm Circumference ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

Main Effects

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Exercise-induced muscle damage, also called DOMS, is soft tissue injury after strenuous exercise. There are many ways of treatments on DOMS. Hydrotherapy is one of the effective treatments for DOMS. The mechanism of hydrotherapy on DOMS is unclear. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to assess the effects of warmed whirlpool immersion on the symptoms of DOMS following strenuous eccentric exercise. After performing a bout of damage-inducing eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors on a Biodex, 22 females were randomly assignment into a control group, CG (n=11) and hydrotherapy group, HG (n=11). HG immersed their exercised arm in warmed water (41 °c) for 10 min immediately after eccentric exercise and then every 12 h for 15 min, seven sessions. Plasma creatine kinase (CK), relaxed elbow angle (REA), muscle soreness index (MSI) and swelling were measured immediately before eccentric exercise and 3 day afterward, respectively. Analysis of variance revealed significant (p < .05) main effects on time for all variables, with increases in MSI, CK, upper arm circumference (URC) and decreases in REA. There were significant interactions (p < 0.01) between group and time for REA and CK. REA was greater and CK was lower for the HG than the CG on day 2 and day 3 following the eccentric exercise. We concluded that heated whirlpool immersion might reduce muscle stiffness, CK and increase REA.運動引起的肌肉損傷，也稱為運動後延遲性的肌肉酸痛，簡稱為DOMS，為一種劇烈運動後的軟組織損傷。處理DOMS的方法很多：但熱水療的方法卻是處理DOMS非常有效的方法。熱水療對DOMS的效果並不清楚。因此，本文主要在探討熱水療對運動後產生肌肉酸痛的影響，受試者經實施屈肘離心運動後，22位受試者隨機抽樣分配成熱療組及控制組。熱水療組於離心屈肘運動後，將運動肘浸泡在水溫維持在41°c的熱水中10分鐘後，分別於運動前、運動後立即、運動後24小時、運動後48小時、運動後72小時，分別測量肘關節活動範圍、血漿肌酸激有活性、腫脹及肌肉酸痛指數。經分析發現在運動後各期間的DOMS、血漿肌酸激有活性及腫脹隨時間增加而增加；肘關節活動範圍及血漿肌酸激有活性在組別及時間上有交互作用，且其交互作用是運動後的48小時及72小時熱水療組肘關節活動範圍較大，而血漿肌酸激有活性較低，顯示熱水療於離心性運動後關節活動範圍增加、減少肌酸激有活性與降低肌肉酸痛指數。

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Attenuation of Protective Effect Against Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage

Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1139/h05-139 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 30 (5) ◽

pp. 529-542 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Kazunori Nosaka ◽

Michael J. Newton ◽

Paul Sacco

Keyword(s):

Creatine Kinase ◽

Protective Effect ◽

Range Of Motion ◽

Eccentric Exercise ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Muscle Soreness ◽

Isometric Strength ◽

Arm Circumference ◽

Single Bout ◽

Exercise Induced

A single bout of eccentric exercise confers a long-lasting protective effect against subsequent bouts of the same exercise. This study investigated how the protective effect was lessened when the interval between the initial and secondary exercise bouts was increased from 4 to 12 weeks. Thirty young men performed two bouts of 12 maximal eccentric actions of the elbow flexors of the nondominant arm separated by either 4 (n = 9), 8 (n = 10), or 12 (n = 11) weeks. Maximal isometric strength, flexed and relaxed elbow joint angles, range of motion, upper arm circumference, muscle soreness, plasma creatine kinase (CK), and myoglobin (Mb) were measured before, immediately after, and for 4 days after exercise. Changes in criterion measures were compared between bouts for each group and among groups by two-way repeated-measures ANOVA. There were no significant differences among groups in the changes in all measures following the first bout. Significantly (p < 0.05) smaller responses in all measures were observed after the second bout as compared with first bout for the 4 and 8 weeks, but only in strength, muscle soreness, CK, and Mb for the 12 weeks. It was concluded that some aspects of the protective effect were attenuated after 8 weeks, and the factors responsible for the effect vary among the measures. Key words: maximal isometric strength, creatine kinase, myoglobin, range of motion, muscle soreness

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Two maximal isometric contractions attenuate the magnitude of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/h2012-035 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

pp. 680-689 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Hsin-Lian Chen ◽

Kazunori Nosaka ◽

Alan J. Pearce ◽

Trevor C. Chen

Keyword(s):

Muscle Damage ◽

Eccentric Exercise ◽

Muscle Soreness ◽

Muscle Length ◽

Peak Torque ◽

Eccentric Contractions ◽

Control Group ◽

Isometric Contractions ◽

Elbow Flexors ◽

Exercise Induced

This study investigated whether maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVC-ISO) would attenuate the magnitude of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. Young untrained men were placed into one of the two experimental groups or one control group (n = 13 per group). Subjects in the experimental groups performed either two or 10 MVC-ISO of the elbow flexors at a long muscle length (20° flexion) 2 days prior to 30 maximal isokinetic eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors. Subjects in the control group performed the eccentric contractions without MVC-ISO. No significant changes in maximal voluntary concentric contraction peak torque, peak torque angle, range of motion, upper arm circumference, plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity and myoglobin concentration, muscle soreness, and ultrasound echo intensity were evident after MVC-ISO. Changes in the variables following eccentric contractions were smaller (P < 0.05) for the 2 MVC-ISO group (e.g., peak torque loss at 5 days after exercise, 23% ± 3%; peak CK activity, 1964 ± 452 IU·L–1; peak muscle soreness, 46 ± 4 mm) or the 10 MVC-ISO group (13% ± 3%, 877 ± 198 IU·L–1, 30 ± 4 mm) compared with the control (34% ± 4%, 6192 ± 1747 IU·L–1, 66 ± 5 mm). The 10 MVC-ISO group showed smaller (P < 0.05) changes in all variables following eccentric contractions compared with the 2 MVC-ISO group. Therefore, two MVC-ISO conferred potent protective effects against muscle damage, whereas greater protective effect was induced by 10 MVC-ISO, which can be used as a strategy to minimize muscle damage.

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Effects of vibration therapy and vitamin D supplement on eccentric exercise-induced delayed onset muscle soreness in female students

Comparative Exercise Physiology ◽

10.3920/cep190062 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 267-275

Author(s):

S. Vakili ◽

F. Ghasemi ◽

S. Rahmati-Ahmadabad ◽

H. Amini ◽

R. Iraji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Eccentric Exercise ◽

Muscle Soreness ◽

Pain Perception ◽

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness ◽

Female Students ◽

Control Group ◽

Delayed Onset ◽

Vibration Therapy ◽

Exercise Induced

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) appears after unaccustomed exercise and peaks 24-48 h after exercise. Vitamin D micronutrient and vibration therapy may have an effect on DOMS. The present study investigated the effects of vitamin D micronutrient and vibration therapy on DOMS. Sixty female students were randomly assigned to one of the four groups (n=15 in each group): vitamin D, vibration therapy, vitamin D + vibration therapy, and control. The participants of vitamin D groups received vitamin D (3,800 IU, 1 session daily for 7 days), while the participants of the control groups received placebo. The participants of vibration therapy groups received vibration therapy (50 Hz; 3 sets of 1 min, 1 session daily for 7 days). One day later, the participants performed eccentric exercise (a quadriceps leg extension exercise). Immediately after this exercise protocol, the participants received vitamin D or vibration therapy on basis of their groups. Pain perception, creatine kinase (CK), interleukin (IL)-6, superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration were measured at baseline (before 7 days of intervention), after 7 days of intervention (before eccentric exercise) and 24, 48 and 72 h after eccentric exercise. Statistical analysis was employed and P≤0.05 was considered as the significant level. CK and IL-6 concentrations, as well as pain perception, were significantly lower in the vibration therapy and vitamin D groups compared to the control group 24 to 48 h after eccentric exercise. MDA concentration was significantly lower in the vibration therapy and vitamin D groups compared to the control group 48 to 72 h after eccentric exercise. In conclusion, the present study suggests that vibration therapy and vitamin D supplement may have effects against eccentric exercise-induced delayed onset muscle soreness in female students.

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Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for delayed onset muscle soreness and closed soft tissue injury

10.1002/14651858.cd004713 ◽

2004 ◽

Author(s):

M Bennett ◽

S Babul ◽

TM Best ◽

M Lepawsky ◽

J Orchard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soft Tissue ◽

Hyperbaric Oxygen ◽

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy ◽

Oxygen Therapy ◽

Muscle Soreness ◽

Tissue Injury ◽

Soft Tissue Injury ◽

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness ◽

Delayed Onset

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Eccentric Exercise for Achilles Tendinopathy: A Narrative Review and Clinical Decision-Making Considerations

Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology ◽

10.3390/jfmk4020034 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 34 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Dhinu J. Jayaseelan ◽

John J. Mischke ◽

Raymond L. Strazzulla

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Eccentric Exercise ◽

Sports Medicine ◽

Randomized Clinical Trials ◽

Clinical Decision Making ◽

Clinical Decision ◽

Health Condition ◽

Achilles Tendinopathy ◽

Narrative Review ◽

Control Group

Background: Achilles tendinopathy is a common health condition encountered in the orthopedic and sports medicine settings. Eccentric exercise is a common intervention in the management of pain and limited function for this patient population, although contemporary evidence suggests additional exercise methods may be effective as well. Study design: Narrative review: Methods: A literature review was performed using the electronic databases Pubmed and PEDRO for articles through February 2019. Randomized clinical trials integrating eccentric exercise, with or without co-interventions, were evaluated. Outcomes related to pain and/or function were considered. A patient case is provided to highlight decision making processes related to clinical prescription of eccentrics for Achilles tendinopathy. Results: After screening titles and abstracts, seven studies were included for full review. Two articles compared eccentric exercise to a control group, four compared eccentrics to the use of modalities, while one used eccentric exercise as part of a multimodal intervention. In each case, eccentric exercise was effective in reducing pain and improving function. In comparison to other forms of exercise or additional interventions, eccentric exercise was frequently not more effective than other options. Discussion: Eccentric exercise has been associated with clinical benefit in improving pain and function for patients with Achilles tendinopathy. Despite the available evidence reporting effectiveness of eccentrics, other options may be equally useful. Appropriate load modification and exercise prescription for patients with Achilles tendinopathy requires systematic clinical reasoning and incorporation of patient values to optimize outcomes.

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Effects of Deep Oscillation Therapy on Symptoms Associated with Eccentric Exercise-Induced Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ◽

10.1249/01.mss.0000562957.72624.de ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 51 (Supplement) ◽

pp. 823

Author(s):

Kacey Ohlemeyer ◽

Steele Morris ◽

Heriberto Zamora ◽

Allison B. Smith ◽

Dawn M. Emerson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eccentric Exercise ◽

Muscle Soreness ◽

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness ◽

Delayed Onset ◽

Exercise Induced

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Is isometric strength loss immediately after eccentric exercise related to changes in indirect markers of muscle damage?

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/h06-005 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 313-319 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Kazunori Nosaka ◽

Dale Chapman ◽

Mike Newton ◽

Paul Sacco

Keyword(s):

Muscle Damage ◽

Eccentric Exercise ◽

Elbow Joint ◽

Muscle Soreness ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Strength Loss ◽

Isometric Strength ◽

Joint Angles ◽

Arm Circumference ◽

Strong Correlate

This study tested the hypothesis that the magnitude of maximal isometric strength (MVC) loss immediately following eccentric exercise (MVC-post) would relate to changes in other indirect markers of muscle damage following exercise. Eighty-nine men were recruited from the same student population and performed 24 maximal eccentric actions of the elbow flexors. Commonly used markers of muscle damage such as relaxed and flexed elbow joint angles, range of motion (ROM), upper-arm circumference, muscle soreness, and plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity were measured before, immediately after, and 1-4 d after exercise. Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients (r) between change in MVC-post and other markers of muscle damage, as well as MVC during recovery days, were calculated. Changes in MVC-post ranged from -72.8% to -17.6%, and correlated significantly (p < 0.01) with MVC at 1 (r = 0.59), 2 (0.63), 3 (0.61), and 4 (0.62) d after exercise. Reduction in MVC-post also correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with changes in relaxed (r = 0.50) and flexed elbow joint angles (-0.40), ROM (0.55), arm circumference (-0.45), peak palpation (-0.34) and extension muscle soreness (-0.48), and peak CK activity (-0.59). However, the r values were not necessarily high, and MVC-post poorly reflected the distribution of some measures, such as peak CK activity (124 - 50 440 IU·L-1). These results suggest that MVC-post is not a strong correlate of the changes in markers of muscle damage following eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors.Key words: maximal isometric strength, plasma CK activity, ROM, swelling, muscle soreness.

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