The Effects of Texting, Sitting Surface Stability, and Balance Training on Simulated Driving Performance and Perceived Workload in Young and Older Drivers

Motor Control ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Faezeh Mohammadi Sanjani ◽  
Abbas Bahram ◽  
Moslem Bahmani ◽  
Mina Arvin ◽  
John van der Kamp
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Postural Stability ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Balance Training ◽  
Driving Performance ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Safe Driving ◽  
Surface Stability ◽  
Unstable Surface ◽  
Perceived Workload

It has been shown that texting degrades driving performance, but the extent to which this is mediated by the driver’s age and postural stability has not been addressed. Hence, the present study examined the effects of texting, sitting surface stability, and balance training in young and older adults’ driving performance. Fifteen young (mean age = 24.3 years) and 13 older (mean age = 62.8 years) participants were tested in a driving simulator with and without texting on a smartphone and while sitting on a stable or unstable surface (i.e., a plastic wobble board), before and after a 30-min sitting balance training. Analyses of variance showed that texting deteriorated driving performance but irrespective of sitting surface stability. Balance training decreased the negative effects of texting on driving, especially in older adults. Perceived workload increased when drivers were texting, and balance training reduced perceived workload. Perceived workload was higher while sitting on the unstable surface, but less so after balance training. Path analyses showed that the effects on driving performance and perceived workload were (indirectly) associated with changes in postural stability (i.e., postural sway). The study confirms that texting threatens safe driving performance by challenging postural stability, especially in older adults. The study also suggests that it is important to further investigate the role balance training can play in reducing these negative effects of texting.

Speed-of-Processing and Driving Simulator Training Result in Improved Driving Performance

2003 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Roenker ◽  
Gayla M. Cissell ◽  
Karlene K. Ball ◽  
Virginia G. Wadley ◽  
Jerri D. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Driving Performance ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Simulator Training ◽  
Speed Of Processing ◽  
Useful Field Of View ◽  
Speed Of Processing Training

Useful field of view, a measure of processing speed and spatial attention, can be improved with training. We evaluated the effects of this improvement on older adults' driving performance. Elderly adults participated in a speed-of-processing training program ( N = 48), a traditional driver training program performed in a driving simulator ( N = 22), or a low-risk reference group ( N = 25). Before training, immediately after training or an equivalent time delay, and after an 18-month delay each participant was evaluated in a driving simulator and completed a 14-mile (22.5-km) open-road driving evaluation. Speed-of-processing training, but not simulator training, improved a specific measure of useful field of view (UFOV®), transferred to some simulator measures, and resulted in fewer dangerous maneuvers during the driving evaluation. The simulator-trained group improved on two driving performance measures: turning into the correct lane and proper signal use. Similar effects were not observed in the speed-of-processing training or low-risk reference groups. The persistence of these effects over an 18-month test interval was also evaluated. Actual or potential applications of this research include driver assessment and/or training programs and cognitive intervention programs for older adults.

scholarly journals Neural correlates of safe driving performance: An fMRI study featuring a pedestrian-rich simulator environment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kentaro Oba ◽  
Koji Hamada ◽  
Azumi Tanabe-Ishibashi ◽  
Fumihiko Murase ◽  
Masaaki Hirose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Driving Performance ◽  
Driving Safety ◽  
Facilitatory Effect ◽  
Safe Driving ◽  
Car Accidents ◽  
Fmri Study

Distracted attention is considered responsible for most car accidents, and many functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) researchers have addressed its neural correlates using a car-driving simulator. Previous studies, however, have not directly addressed safe driving performance and did not place pedestrians in the simulator environment. In this fMRI study, we simulated a pedestrian-rich environment to explore the neural correlates of three types of safe driving performance: driving accuracy, the braking response to a preceding car, and the braking response to a crossing pedestrian. Activation of the bilateral frontoparietal control network predicted high driving accuracy. On the other hand, activation of the left posterior and right anterior superior temporal sulci preceding a sudden pedestrian crossing predicted a slow braking response. The results suggest the involvement of different cognitive processes in different components of driving safety: the facilitatory effect of maintained attention on driving accuracy and the distracting effect of social–cognitive processes on the braking response to pedestrians.

scholarly journals Acute Hyperglycemia may impair driving skills of young T1DM patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 1284-1284
Author(s):  
Dana Ridel ◽  
Avinoam Borowsky ◽  
Yisrael Parmet ◽  
Alon Haim ◽  
Rotem Shalev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Driving Performance ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Acute Hyperglycemia ◽  
Road Crashes ◽  
Driving Skills ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Mean Glucose

Diabetic drivers are at increased risk to be involved in road crashes. While there is a large body of evidence regarding the effects of hypoglycemia on driving, very little is known about the effects of hyperglycemia on driving. The goal of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the effects of acute hyperglycemia (AH) on type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) drivers in comparison to euglycemic state. Eighteen T1DM drivers were asked to navigate twice through nine hazardous scenarios in a driving simulator during euglycemia and AH (mean glucose level 138±34 and 321±29 mg\dL respectively) in a counterbalanced crossover design. Driving performance was continually monitored for driving data and eye tracking data. During euglycemia, participants maintained a longer headway distance (Mean=50.46+26.2m) compared to AH (40.87+20.15m P<0.005). Under a state of euglycemia, participants had a fewer number of brakes per kilometers driven (4.31+3.867) compared to AH (6.69+5.192 P<0.05). This study provides evidence to the negative effects of acute hyperglycemia on driving performance.

Effects of Driving Skill Training on Safe Driving in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment

Gerontology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Shimada ◽  
Ryo Hotta ◽  
Hyuma Makizako ◽  
Takehiko Doi ◽  
Kota Tsutsumimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Driving Performance ◽  
Older Drivers ◽  
Safe Driving ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Driving Skill ◽  
Dynamic Vision ◽  
Group Time

Background: Driving cessation is strongly associated with adverse health outcomes in the older adults. Although there were numerous documentations of driving rehabilitation in disabled adults, the effects of interventions on safe driving were not clear in older adults with cognitive impairment who had low driving skills. Objective: This randomized controlled trial was designed to determine whether a safe driving skill program consisting of classroom and on-road training could enhance driving performance of older drivers with cognitive impairment in Japan. Methods: A total of 160 community-living older drivers participated in the randomized controlled trial with blinded endpoint assessment. Participants randomized to intervention underwent 10 1-h classroom sessions and 10 1-h on-road sessions focused on common problem areas of older drivers. Controls received 1 classroom education. On-road driving performance was assessed by certified driving school instructors in a driving school. The participants carried out dynamic vision and cognitive performance tests. Results: One hundred and forty-six (intervention group, n = 71) subjects completed the 3-month follow-up. Mean adherence to classroom-based vision training and driving simulator training and on-road training programs, including the 71 participants, was 99.0 ± 6.4 and 99.0 ± 7.2%, respectively. Regarding the safe driving skill score, there were group × time interactions (p < 0.01) indicating benefits of the intervention over time. Although there were no significant group × time interactions in cognitive tests, dynamic vision showed group × time interactions (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The driving skill program significantly improved safe driving performance in older adults with cognitive impairment who were at a potentially high risk of a car accident.

Association between Sleep Disordered Breathing and Nighttime Driving Performance in Mild Cognitive Impairment

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 502-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Cross ◽  
Zoe Terpening ◽  
Shantel L. Duffy ◽  
Simon J.G. Lewis ◽  
Ron Grunstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Sleep Disordered Breathing ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Driving Performance ◽  
Driving Ability ◽  
Sleep Study ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Disordered Breathing

AbstractObjectives:The effect of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) on driving performance in older adults has not been extensively investigated, especially in those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between severity measures of SDB and a simulated driving task in older adults with and without MCI.Methods:Nineteen older adults (age ≥50) meeting criteria for MCI and 23 age-matched cognitively intact controls underwent neuropsychological assessment and a driving simulator task in the evening before a diagnostic sleep study.Results:There were no differences in driving simulator performance or SDB severity between the two groups. In patients with MCI, a higher oxygen desaturation index (ODI) was associated with an increased number of crashes on the simulator task, as well as other driving parameters such as steering and speed deviation. Poorer driving performance was also associated with poorer executive functioning (set-shifting) but the relationship between ODI and crashes was independent of executive ability.Conclusions:While driving ability did not differ between older adults with and without MCI, oxygen saturation dips in MCI were related to worse driving performance. These results suggest that decreased brain integrity may render those with SDB particularly vulnerable to driving accidents. In older adults, both cognition and SDB need to be considered concurrently in relation to driving ability. (JINS, 2017,23, 502–510)

Introducing Multimodal Sliding Index: Qualitative Feedback, Perceived Workload, and Driving Performance with an Auditory Enhanced Menu Navigation Method

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruta R. Sardesai ◽  
Thomas M. Gable ◽  
Bruce N. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Device ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Driving Performance ◽  
Audio Cues ◽  
Qualitative Feedback ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Driving Task ◽  
Perceived Workload ◽  
New Type ◽  
Navigation Method

Using auditory menus on a mobile device has been studied in depth with standard flicking, as well as wheeling and tapping interactions. Here, we introduce and evaluate a new type of interaction with auditory menus, intended to speed up movement through a list. This multimodal “sliding index” was compared to use of the standard flicking interaction on a phone, while the user was also engaged in a driving task. The sliding index was found to require less mental workload than flicking. What’s more, the way participants used the sliding index technique modulated their preferences, including their reactions to the presence of audio cues. Follow-on work should study how sliding index use evolves with practice.

scholarly journals Promoting Generalized Learning in Balance Recovery Interventions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 402
Author(s):  
Sara A. Harper ◽  
Anne Z. Beethe ◽  
Christopher J. Dakin ◽  
David A. E. Bolton
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Motor Learning ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Balance Training ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Specific Training ◽  
Balance Recovery ◽  
Parallel Streams ◽  
Postural Perturbations ◽  
Community Dwelling Older Adults

Recent studies have shown balance recovery can be enhanced via task-specific training, referred to as perturbation-based balance training (PBT). These interventions rely on principles of motor learning where repeated exposure to task-relevant postural perturbations results in more effective compensatory balance responses. Evidence indicates that compensatory responses trained using PBT can be retained for many months and can lead to a reduction in falls in community-dwelling older adults. A notable shortcoming with PBT is that it does not transfer well to similar but contextually different scenarios (e.g., falling sideways versus a forward trip). Given that it is not feasible to train all conditions in which someone could fall, this limited transfer presents a conundrum; namely, how do we best use PBT to appropriately equip people to deal with the enormous variety of fall-inducing scenarios encountered in daily life? In this perspective article, we draw from fields of research that explore how general learning can be promoted. From this, we propose a series of methods, gleaned from parallel streams of research, to inform and hopefully optimize this emerging field where people receive training to specifically improve their balance reactions.

341 Acute effects of seltorexant, a selective orexin-2 antagonist (JNJ- 42847922), on driving after bedtime administration

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A136-A136
Author(s):  
S Brooks ◽  
R G J A Zuiker ◽  
G E Jacobs ◽  
I Kezic ◽  
A Savitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postural Stability ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Subjective Effects ◽  
Driving Ability ◽  
Post Dose ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Subjective Sleepiness ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Introduction Seltorexant (JNJ-42847922), a potent and selective antagonist of the human orexin-2 receptor, is being developed for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Seltorexant also has sleep-promoting properties. Investigating the effects of sleep-promoting medications on driving is important because some of these agents (e.g. GABAA receptor agonists) may be associated with increased risk of motor vehicle accidents. We evaluated the effect of seltorexant on driving after forced awakening at night, using a validated driving simulator. Methods This double-blind, placebo and active-controlled, randomized, 3-way cross-over study was conducted in 18 male and 18 female healthy subjects. All subjects received seltorexant 40 mg, zolpidem 10 mg, or placebo 15 minutes before bedtime. Eighteen subjects were awakened at 2- and 6-hours post-dose, and the other 18 at 4- and 8-hours post-dose. At those timepoints, pharmacokinetics, objective (standard deviation of the lateral position [SDLP]) and subjective effects (using Perceived Driving Quality and Effort Scales) on driving ability, postural stability and subjective sleepiness were assessed. Results For seltorexant, the SDLP difference from placebo (95% confidence interval) at 2-, 4-, 6- and 8-hours post-dose was 3.9 cm (1.26, 6.60), 0.9 cm (-1.08, 2.92), 1.1 cm (-0.42, 2.63), and 0.6 cm (-2.75, 1.55), respectively vs. 9.6 cm (6.97, 12.38), 6.6 cm (3.53, 9.60), 4.7 cm (1.46, 7.85), and 1.3cm (-1.16, 3.80), respectively for zolpidem. The difference from placebo was significant at 2-hours after taking seltorexant, while the difference from placebo was significant at 2, 4 and 6-hours after zolpidem. Subjective driving quality was decreased for both drugs at all time points and driving effort was increased up to 4-hours post-dose for both medications. Subjective sleepiness showed a significant increase compared to placebo 2- and 4-hours after administration of either drug. Postural stability was decreased up to 2-hours after administration of seltorexant, and up to 4-hours after administration of zolpidem. Conclusion Compared to zolpidem, objective effects on driving performance were more transient after seltorexant administration and largely normalized by 4–6 hours post-dose. Support (if any) This work was sponsored by Janssen R&D.

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