What Does the Animal Model Teach Us about the Effects of Physical Activity on Growing Bone?

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark R. Forwood
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Animal Model ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Human Growth ◽  
Skeletal Maturation ◽  
Osteogenic Potential ◽  
Static Loads ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Human Growth And Development

Experiments to design physical activity programs that optimize their osteogenic potential are difficult to accomplish in humans. The aim of this article is to review the contributions that animal studies have made to knowledge of the loading conditions that are osteogenic to the skeleton during growth, as well as to consider to what extent animal studies fail to provide valid models of physical activity and skeletal maturation. Controlled loading studies demonstrate that static loads are ineffective, and that bone formation is threshold driven and dependent on strain rate, amplitude, and duration of loading. Only a few loading cycles per session are required, and distributed bouts are more osteogenic than sessions of long duration. Finally, animal models fail to inform us of the most appropriate ways to account for the variations in biological maturation that occur in our studies of children and adolescents, requiring the use of techniques for studying human growth and development.

Physical activity and bone development during childhood: insights from animal models

2008 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 334-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark R. Forwood
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Bone Development ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Human Growth ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Static Loads ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Effective Training ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis

Animal studies illustrate greater structural and material adaptations of growing bone to exercise than in adult bones but do not define effective training regimes to optimize bone strength in children. Controlled loading studies in turkey, rat, or mouse bones have revealed mechanisms of mechanotransduction and loading characteristics that optimize the modeling response to applied strains. Insights from these models reveal that static loads do not play a role in mechanotransduction and that bone formation is threshold driven and dependent on strain rate, amplitude, and partitioning of the load. That is, only a few cycles of loading are required at any time to elicit an adaptive response, and distributed bouts of loading, incorporating rest periods, are more osteogenic than single sessions of long duration. These parameters of loading have been translated into feasible public health interventions that exploit the insights gained from animal experiments to achieve adaptive responses in children and adolescents. Studies manipulating estrogen receptors (ER) in mice also demonstrate that skeletal sensitivity to loading during the peripubertal period is due to a direct regulation of mechanotransduction pathways by ER, and not just a simple enhancement of cell activity already marshaled by the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Unfortunately, because the rate and timing of growth in small animals are completely different from those in humans, these models can be poor tools to elucidate periods during growth in youths, during which the skeleton is more sensitive to loading. However, there are insights from studies of human growth that can improve the interpretation of data from such studies of growth and development in animals.

Mothering Identity Experiences: A Backwards Glance

2021 ◽  
pp. 106648072110239
Author(s):  
Robyn T. Simmons ◽  
Kelly Coker ◽  
Brooks B. Hanks ◽  
Donna S. Sheperis ◽  
Lynn Bohecker
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Human Growth ◽  
Professional Literature ◽  
Developmental Progression ◽  
Letting Go ◽  
Human Growth And Development ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Universal Themes

Aspects of human growth and development have been studied since the inception of psychology as a field of science. The impact of the quality of mothering on children has been highly researched. However, little attention has been paid in the professional literature to the experiences of mothers as their children move through developmental stages. The focus of this hermeneutic phenomenology study was to investigate how mothers’ experiences of their child's growth and development changed her perceptions of her identity and herself. Participants were eight women who had launched the oldest child from the home within the last 2 years. Extensive data analysis and triangulation procedures were conducted to develop themes. Universal themes experienced by all participants were categorized as internal (questioning, comparison, being purposeful, and feeling supported) and external (experiencing joy). Some participant experiences were influenced by incidental themes such as subsequent children, expectations versus reality, and spirituality. Participants’ experience of their mothering role was also impacted by the process of letting go through the developmental progression of their children. Clinical implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Contributions in the field of Public Health for decision-making in health

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Antônio Tavares Neves
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Human Growth ◽  
Public Health Decision ◽  
Health Decision Making ◽  
Scientific World ◽  
Health Decision ◽  
Human Growth And Development

  Brazil has made a wide development and contribution in the field of Public Health. These contributions have maximized public health decision-making, which is a factor of great importance for the maintenance of health of a given population, either in the prevention of disease, as is the case of immunizations or with actions in Health Promotion, improving the quality of life of the affected population. Thus, the Journal of Human Growth and Development has contributed enormously to the dissemination of knowledge, not only in Brazil but also in the world making a major effort with its publications in English which is the preferred language of the modern scientific world. It was evidenced the importance of research in the investigation of better ways to obtain the public health of a given community, bringing discussion of themes that involve aspects of human growth and development such as nutritional aspects, sexuality, motor development, covering situations and diseases as obesity, cerebral palsy, dyslexia and violence. The Journal of Human Growth and Development has maintained the tradition of approaching the different aspects that involve clinical practice for people and for Public Health. 

Oxidants and antioxidants in exercise

1995 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 675-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. K. Sen
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Antioxidant Defenses ◽  
Current State ◽  
Strenuous Physical Exercise ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Exercise Induced

There is consistent evidence from human and animal studies that strenuous physical exercise may induce a state wherein the antioxidant defenses of several tissues are overwhelmed by excess reactive oxygen. A wide variety of physiological and dietary antioxidants act in concert to evade such a stress. Submaximal long-duration exercise training may augment the physiological antioxidant defenses in several tissues; however, this enhanced protection may not be sufficient to completely protect highly fit individuals from exhaustive exercise-induced oxidative stress. Regular physical activity in association with dietary habits that ensure adequate supply of a combination of appropriate antioxidants may be expected to yield desirable results. The significance of this area of research, current state of information, and possibilities of further investigation are briefly reviewed.

The Profile of a Department of Human Growth and Development: Applied Research, Teaching and Service

1999 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-11
Author(s):  
Estrella Posada ◽  
Antonio Berdasco
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Applied Research ◽  
Human Growth ◽  
Reduce Infant Mortality ◽  
Human Growth And Development

In 1969 the Ministry of Public Health (MINSAP) of Cuba initiated a program to reduce infant mortality, one measure of the quality of life, in 1969. The program developed during the 1970s and while infant mortality was reduced, it became desirable to add other measures directly related to the health of the population to the program. Sampled periodically, characteristics of growth and the development, were selected as additional indicators of the health of the population.

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