New Protocol for Submaximal and Peak Exercise Values for Children and Adolescents: The Muscatine Study

1991 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane C. Golden ◽  
Kathleen F. Janz ◽  
William R. Clarke ◽  
Larry T. Mahoney
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Cardiovascular Fitness ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Peak Exercise ◽  
Test Duration ◽  
Peak Heart Rate

This paper demonstrates the reliability, validity, and practical applications of a unique protocol developed to obtain both submaximal steady-state and peak exercise responses in the same test in children and adolescents. The study examined exercise efficiency, cardiovascular fitness, and cardiovascular responses in 237 children, ages 7 to 17, during exercise stress on a cycle ergometer. The graded exercise test was continuous, consisting of three steady-state submaximal stages followed by 30-sec ramp stages to obtain peak values. Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from r=0.69 to r=0.99, with no significant mean difference for any test parameter. Mean peak heart rate, peak VO2, and 84% of the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) values equal to or greater than 1.1 were comparable to other reported values. The validity for the protocol is substantiated by the results showing normal linear exercise responses, nonsignificant mean difference between the last two 30-sec periods, normal mean peak heart rate and VO2 values, and high mean peak RER values. The protocol is practical, as demonstrated by an optimal test duration and the ability to obtain valid submaximal and peak exercise data in the same test in subjects of varying ages and body size.

scholarly journals Lactate, Heart Rate and Rating of Perceived Exertion Responses to Shorter and Longer Duration CrossFit® Training Sessions

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramires Tibana ◽  
Nuno de Sousa ◽  
Jonato Prestes ◽  
Fabrício Voltarelli
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Cardiovascular Fitness ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
Significant Difference

The aim of this study was to analyze blood lactate concentration (LAC), heart rate (HR), and rating perceived exertion (RPE) during and after shorter and longer duration CrossFit® sessions. Nine men (27.7 ± 3.2 years; 11.3 ± 4.6% body fat percentage and training experience: 41.1 ± 19.6 months) randomly performed two CrossFit® sessions (shorter: ~4 min and longer: 17 min) with a 7-day interval between them. The response of LAC and HR were measured pre, during, immediately after, and 10, 20, and 30 min after the sessions. RPE was measured pre and immediately after sessions. Lactate levels were higher during the recovery of the shorter session as compared with the longer session (shorter: 15.9 ± 2.2 mmol/L/min, longer: 12.6 ± 2.6 mmol/L/min; p = 0.019). There were no significant differences between protocols on HR during (shorter: 176 ± 6 bpm or 91 ± 4% HRmax, longer: 174 ± 3 bpm or 90 ± 3% HRmax, p = 0.387). The LAC was significantly higher throughout the recovery period for both training sessions as compared to pre-exercise. The RPE was increased immediately after both sessions as compared to pre-exercise, while there was no significant difference between them (shorter: 8.7 ± 0.9, longer: 9.6 ± 0.5; p = 0.360). These results demonstrated that both shorter and longer sessions induced elevated cardiovascular responses which met the recommendations for gains in cardiovascular fitness. In addition, both training sessions had a high metabolic and perceptual response, which may not be suitable if performed on consecutive days.

Abstract 3107: Arm Exercise Stress Testing Variables Predict Survival and Adverse Clinical Outcomes

Circulation ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 116 (suppl_16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasreen Ilias ◽  
Xian Hong ◽  
Cindi Inman ◽  
Wade Martin
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Adverse Event ◽  
Stress Testing ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Coronary Revascularization ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Peak Heart Rate ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Event Rates

Valuable prognostic and clinical information from treadmill exercise testing (GXT) includes exercise capacity (METs), heart rate, and electrocardiographic (ECG) responses. However, little or no prognostic data are available for arm ergometer stress testing (AXT). To determine whether AXT variables predict survival, myocardial infarction (MI), or coronary revascularization (CVASC), we performed AXT from 1997 to 2002 in 359 patients, mean age 63 +/− 11 (SD) years, referred for clinical reasons but unable to perform GXT, and followed for 63 +/− 24 months, during which 98 deaths occurred (27%). Average annual mortality, MI, CVASC, and combined adverse event rates were 5.2%, 1.7%, 2.2%, and 7.1%, respectively. Student’s t-tests were used to assess differences between outcome groups. Cox regression models were employed to determine hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Kaplan-Meier survival models were used to compare survival curves among AXT groups. AXT METs was highly predictive of survival after adjustment for age and beta blocker treatment (p < 0.001; when stratified by tertiles; death HR 0.47, CI 0.22– 0.71 middle vs. lowest; HR 0.61, CI 0.28 – 0.94 highest vs. middle). A greater delta (peak-rest) heart rate was associated with survival (p = 0.0003) and/or event-free outcome as were faster % age-predicted peak heart rate (death HR 0.58, CI 0.36 – 0.80 for >70% vs.> 70%), higher exercise systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p = 0.002) and peak heart rate x SBP product (PRPP) (p = 0.0006). A positive (+) AXT ECG was observed in 22% of deaths and 10% of survivors, 27% of MI and 12% with no MI, and 32% of CVASC versus 11% with no CVASC. A+AXT ECG was a powerful predictor of adverse outcome, even after accounting for peak heart rate, peak SBP and PRPP (death HR 2.2, CI 1.94 –2.43; MI HR 2.9, CI 2.48 –3.30; CVASC HR 4.1, CI 3.73– 4.43; combined events HR 2.8, CI 2.55–2.98). Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of a +AXT ECG in prognosticating adverse outcomes ranged from 22–31%, 88 –92%, 18 – 61%, and 62–92%, respectively. Thus, in veterans who are older and have more comorbidities than most other study populations based on adverse event rates, AXT is an alternative to GXT for predicting clinical outcome in patients with lower extremity disabilities.

scholarly journals Deterioration of heart rate recovery index in patients after carotid artery stenting

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 578-582
Author(s):  
Emrah Aytac ◽  
Murat Gonen ◽  
Orhan Dogdu ◽  
Mehmet Balin
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Exercise Testing ◽  
Carotid Artery Stenting ◽  
Heart Rate Recovery ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Peak Exercise ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Metabolic Equivalents

Objective Although carotid artery stenting (CAS) is an effective treatment for severe carotid stenosis, it has been associated with alterations in autonomic functions long term after the procedure. Patients with CAS have been reported to have autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction. This study aimed to evaluate heart rate recovery (HRR) indices and exercise test parameters after CAS. Methods Patients (10 male, 11 female) suitable for CAS, without a history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, severe coronary artery or valvular heart disease, were enrolled in our study. Basal electrocardiography, echocardiography, and treadmill exercise testing were performed in all patients pre- and post-procedure. The HRR index was defined as the reduction in the heart rate from the rate at peak exercise to the rate first minute (HRR1), second minute (HRR2), third minute (HRR3) and fifth minute (HRR5) after the cessation of exercise stress testing. Results The exercise time, maximal heart rate, maximal blood pressure and maximal metabolic equivalents values were significantly decreased after the procedure. The first- and second-minute HRR indices of patients before procedure were significantly lower than after procedure (23.5 ± 6.6 vs 25.8 ± 8.3; p < 0.001 and 41.8 ± 12.3 vs 50.2 ± 16.3; p < 0.001, respectively). Similarly, HRR indices after the third and fifth minutes of the recovery period were significantly lower in patients before procedure, when compared with those indices after procedure (52.9 ± 13.1 vs 60.7 ± 14.4; p < 0.001 and 62.4 ± 12.8 vs 71.9 ± 14.1; p < 0.001). Conclusion We have demonstrated that HRR indices increased in the first, second, third and fifth minutes of the recovery period after maximal exercise testing in patients after the CAS procedure, which may be a reflection of parasympathetic dominance after CAS.

Oxygen-conserving effects of apnea in exercising men

1999 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 2122-2127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Lindholm ◽  
Patrik Sundblad ◽  
Dag Linnarsson
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Mean Arterial Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Respiratory Arrest ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Residual Volume ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Leg Exercise

We sought to determine whether apnea-induced cardiovascular responses resulted in a biologically significant temporary O2 conservation during exercise. Nine healthy men performing steady-state leg exercise carried out repeated apnea (A) and rebreathing (R) maneuvers starting with residual volume +3.5 liters of air. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and arterial O2 saturation (SaO2 ; pulse oximetry) were recorded continuously. Responses (ΔHR, ΔMAP) were determined as differences between HR and MAP at baseline before the maneuver and the average of values recorded between 25 and 30 s into each maneuver. The rate of O2 desaturation (ΔSaO2 /Δ t) was determined during the same time interval. During apnea, ΔSaO2/Δ t had a significant negative correlation to the amplitudes of ΔHR and ΔMAP ( r 2 = 0.88, P < 0.001); i.e., individuals with the most prominent cardiovascular responses had the slowest ΔSaO2 /Δ t. ΔHR and ΔMAP were much larger during A (−44 ± 8 beats/min, +49 ± 4 mmHg, respectively) than during R maneuver (+3 ± 3 beats/min, +30 ± 5 mmHg, respectively). ΔSaO2 /Δ t during A and R maneuvers was −1.1 ± 0.1 and −2.2 ± 0.2% units/s, respectively, and nadir SaO2 values were 58 ± 4 and 42 ± 3% units, respectively. We conclude that bradycardia and hypertension during apnea are associated with a significant temporary O2 conservation and that respiratory arrest, rather than the associated hypoxia, is essential for these responses.

scholarly journals Do Obese Children Achieve Maximal Heart Rate during Treadmill Running?

Sports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Sveinung Berntsen ◽  
Elisabeth Edvardsen ◽  
Shlomi Gerbi ◽  
Magnhild Kolsgaard ◽  
Sigmund Anderssen
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Peak Heart Rate ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Active Play ◽  
Maximal Effort

Objective: Maximal heart rate (HR) is commonly defined as the highest HR obtained during a progressive exercise test to exhaustion. Maximal HR is considered one of the criteria to assess maximum exertion in exercise tests, and is broadly used when prescribing exercise intensity. The aim of the present study was to compare peak HR measurements during maximal treadmill running and active play in obese children and adolescents. Design: Comparison of peak heart rate during active play vs. maximal treadmill running in 39 (7–17 years old, 18 males) obese children and adolescents. Methods: Heart rate was recorded during intensive active play sessions, as well as during a progressive running test on a treadmill until exhaustion. HR, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and oxygen uptake were continuously measured during the test. The criteria for having reached maximal effort was a subjective assessment by the technician that the participants had reached his or her maximal effort, and a RER above 1.00 or reporting perceived exertion (RPE) above 17 using the Borg-RPE6–20-Scale. Results: Thirty-four children had a RER ≥1.00, and 37 reported a RPE ≥ 17. Thirty-two children fulfilled both criteria. During active play, peak HR was significantly (p < 0.0001) increased (4%) (mean and 95% confidence intervals; 204 (201, 207) beats/min), compared to during maximal treadmill running (196 (194, 199) beats/min), respectively. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that peak heart rate measurements during progressive running to exhaustion in obese children and adolescents cannot necessarily be determined as maximal heart rate.

Abstract 3339: Cardiovascular Benefits of Wii-based Movement Therapy for Upper Limb Post-stroke Rehabilitation

Stroke ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope A McNulty ◽  
Terry Trinh ◽  
Sarah E Scheuer ◽  
Christine T Shiner ◽  
Gaven G Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Functional Ability ◽  
Movement Therapy ◽  
Cardiovascular Fitness ◽  
Peak Heart Rate ◽  
Limb Function ◽  
Motor Disability ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Upper Limb Function

Persistent motor disability limits the capacity of stroke patients to retain or regain physical fitness. Increased metabolic demands of hemiparetic gait, physical deconditioning, and secondary muscle changes including atrophy and a shift in muscle fibre phenotype, combine to reduce post-stroke aerobic capacity by ∼50%. Fitness may be overlooked in rehabilitation programs when primary goals are centred on speech and effective locomotion. In this study we investigated whether cardiovascular fitness could be improved using Wii-based movement therapy that specifically targets hand and upper limb function. We studied 15 male and 3 female patients with post-stroke hemiparesis, mean age 61.4 years (range 22-75 years), mean time post-stroke 21.7 months (range 5-91 months). All patients completed the 2 week program with one hour of formal therapy on 10 consecutive weekdays augmented by home practice using the standard Wii Sports games of baseball, bowling, boxing, golf and tennis. Heart rate was recorded continuously using wireless telemetry during formal therapy sessions at three time points: early, mid and late therapy. During the same sessions the number of steps during tennis and boxing was counted from video recordings. Functional ability was assessed before and after therapy using the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) and the Motor Activity Log (MAL). Peak heart rate significantly increased from early to late therapy (p<0.001), becoming 38% higher on average than resting rates by late therapy. A sport-specific gradient was evident with increases in peak heart rate ranging from 20.9% in golf to 49.0% in boxing (p<0.001). A concomitant improvement in exercise endurance was also noted. These changes occurred despite most patients being treated with beta blockers and ace-inhibitors. Functional ability improved by 23% (WMFT, p=0.037) which transferred to everyday tasks with a 127% improvement (MAL) (both p<0.001). In conclusion these results suggest that Wii-based movement therapy not only improves upper limb function but also provides a cardiovascular challenge, mitigating the marked reduction in fitness commonly reported post-stroke. The differential effect on heart rate of the basic Wii Sports games provides a further avenue to tailor therapy for individual patients according for cardiac status and fitness levels.

The Use of a Wheelchair Propulsion Field Test to Determine Peak Heart Rate in Children and Adolescents With Myelomeningocele

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa Maia Leonardi-Figueiredo ◽  
Mariana Angélica de Souza ◽  
Elisangela Aparecida da Silva Lizzi ◽  
Luciano Fonseca Lemos de Oliveira ◽  
Julio Cesar Crescencio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test ◽  
Wheelchair Propulsion ◽  
Concordance Correlation ◽  
Peak Heart Rate ◽  
Altman Plot ◽  
Arm Cranking ◽  
Mixed Analysis

Purpose: We analyzed the evolution and pattern of heart rate (HR) during the 12-minute wheelchair propulsion field test (WPFT) and compared the peak HR (HRpeak) from the WPFT to the HRpeak obtained in the progressive cardiopulmonary exercise test on arm cranking ergometer (ACT). We aimed to determine if the field test detects the HRpeak consistently and could be used in clinical practice. Methods: Eleven wheelchair-using children and adolescents with myelomeningocele (aged 8–15 y) performed a maximal ACT and a 12-minute WPFT. HR was recorded continuously at rest, during each minute of the tests, and at recovery. Mixed analysis of variance was used to compare the variables at rest and peak. Bland–Altman plot and Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient were used to show agreement between the tests. Results: During minute 2 of the WPFT, participants reached 73%–96% of the HRpeak values recorded in the ACT. From minutes 4 to 12, participants reached HRpeak values ranging 86%–109% of the values recorded in the ACT. There is agreement between the ACT and the WPFT tests. Conclusion: WPFT with minimal duration of 4 minutes may be an alternative tool to obtain HRpeak in children and adolescents with myelomeningocele.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular Responses, Perceived Exertion and Technical Actions During Small-Sided Recreational Soccer: Effects of Pitch Size and Number of Players

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 95-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alper Aslan
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Cardiovascular Fitness ◽  
Intensity Level ◽  
Heart Rate Reserve ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Effective Activity ◽  
Small Pitch

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the cardiovascular, perceived exertion and technical effects of altering pitch size and number of players in recreational soccer match-play. The further aim was to evaluate to what extent exercise intensity during various game formats corresponds to the recommended intensity level for cardiovascular fitness improvement. Ten male recreational players aged 31.7±7.6 years (mean ± SD) completed four variations of smallsided games (except for goalkeepers, 5-a-side and 7-a-side on small and large pitches) during which heart rate, perceived exertion and technical actions were evaluated. Two-way analysis of variance on repeated measures was applied to collected data. The results indicated that an average workload expressed as heart rate and percentage of heart rate reserve during 5-a-side games was higher than for 7-a-side games. The rate of perceived exertion values were moderate and similar for all formats of games. The players performed more dribbling and successful passes, but fewer unsuccessful passes during 5-a-side games. Furthermore, the number of ball possessions and unsuccessful passes was higher on a small pitch than on a large one. Consequently, the current findings suggest that, independent of pitch size, the cardiovascular demands imposed on participants increase when the game is played with fewer players. However, all formats of recreational soccer can be used as an effective activity to promote cardiovascular fitness. Finally, participants may have more chance to perform basic technical actions during 5-a-side games on small and large pitches.

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