Nutrition and the Physically Active Female

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-47
Author(s):  
Emily M. Haymes
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Vitamin B6 ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Adolescent Female ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Factors Associated

Muscle glycogen is the primary source of energy during high intensity exercise. Increasing the carbohydrate content of the diet allows more glycogen to be stored. Some adolescent female athletes (gymnasts, dancers) do not consume adequate amounts of vitamin B6, folacin, and E. Many women have low dietary intakes of calcium and iron. Low calcium intake and physical inactivity are factors associated with the development of osteoporosis. Low iron intake is associated with the development of iron deficiency and anemia. Low ferritin levels (an index of body iron stores) are commonly observed in female athletes.

scholarly journals Physical Activity during the School Holidays: Parent Perceptions and Practical Considerations

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydia Emm-Collison ◽  
Sarah Lewis ◽  
Thomas Reid ◽  
Joe Matthews ◽  
Simon Sebire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Viable Option ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Telephone Interviews ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Children’S Physical Activity

Children’s physical activity decreases during school holidays. Less structured days and reduced participation in organised activities may account for some of the decrease. Little is known about the factors that influence parents’ decision to enrol their child in organised activity such as holiday clubs. This paper sought to explore parents’ perceptions of their child’s physical activity during school holidays and the factors that influence holiday activity-based decision making. Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with 42 parents of children aged 10–11 years in July 2017 or March 2018. Data were analysed using a combination of inductive and deductive content analysis to explore parents’ perceptions of holiday-based physical activity and the factors associated with how they provide physical activity opportunities for their children. The data revealed that most parents consider their child’s physical activity levels when planning for the school holidays. However, work commitments in the holidays meant many parents had to rely on both informal and formal childcare. Grandparents were the primary source of informal childcare, despite a perception that children were not as physically active when with them. Holiday clubs were also a viable option, but the cost, location and age-appropriateness of provision inhibit parents signing older children up to these regularly.

Reticulocyte and erythrocyte hypochromia markers in detection of iron deficiency in adolescent female athletes

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 111-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Malczewska-Lenczowska ◽  
J Orysiak ◽  
B Szczepańska ◽  
D Turowski ◽  
K Burkhard-Jagodzińska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Adolescent Female

scholarly journals Sex-specific relationships among iron status biomarkers, athletic performance, maturity, and dietary intakes in pre-adolescent and adolescent athletes

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marni E. Shoemaker ◽  
Zachary M. Gillen ◽  
Brianna D. Mckay ◽  
Nicholas A. Bohannon ◽  
Sydney M. Gibson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Anaerobic Exercise ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Adolescent Male ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Peak Height Velocity

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to examine relationships among biomarkers of iron status, athletic performance, growth and development, and dietary intakes in pre-adolescent and adolescent male and female athletes. Methods Two-hundred and forty-nine male (n = 179) (mean ± standard deviation for age = 12.0 ± 2.1 years, height = 156.3 ± 13.9 cm, and weight = 49.1 ± 16.5 kg) and female (n = 70) (12.0 ± 2.2 years, 152.4 ± 12.3 cm, 45.3 ± 14.5 kg) athletes volunteered for capillary blood sample, anthropometric, athletic performance, and dietary intake assessments. Outcomes included maturity offset from peak height velocity, percent body fat, estimated muscle cross-sectional areas, vertical jump height (VJ), broad jump distance (BJ), pro-agility time (PA), L-cone time, 20-yard dash time (20YD), power push up (PPU) force, dietary intakes, and ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), and hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations. Results Athletic performance was consistently correlated with Hb in males (r = .237–.375, p < 0.001–0.05) and with sTfR (r = .521–.649, p < 0.001–0.004) and iron intake (r = .397–.568, p = 0.001–0.027) in females. There were no relationships between dietary intakes and ferritin, sTfR, or Hb (p > 0.05). After partialing out age and height, VJ, PA, LC, and 20YD remained correlated with Hb in males (|rHb,y.Age| = .208–.322, p = 0.001–0.041; |rHb,y.Height| = .211–.321, p = 0.001–0.038). After partialing out iron intake, PA and LC remained correlated with sTfR in females (|rsTfR,y.ironintake| = .516–.569, p = 0.014–0.028). Conclusions Iron status biomarkers demonstrated sex-specific relationships with anaerobic exercise performance in youth athletes, which may be more dependent on maturity status and dietary intake than age. Moderate relationships between sTfR and athletic performance in adolescent female athletes emphasizes the importance of iron intake in this demographic.

scholarly journals Iron Deficiency in sports – definition, influence on performance and therapy

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Oral Iron ◽  
Altitude Training ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Blood Tests ◽  
Cellular Volume ◽  
Elite Sports

Iron deficiency is frequent among athletes. All types of iron deficiency may affect physical performance and should be treated. The main mechanisms by which sport leads to iron deficiency are an increased iron demand, an elevated iron loss and a blockage of iron absorption due to hepcidin bursts. As a baseline set of blood tests, haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean cellular volume (MCV), mean cellular haemoglobin (MCH) and serum ferritin levels are the important parameters to monitor iron deficiency. In healthy male and female athletes >15 years, ferritin values <15µg/l are equivalent to empty, values from 15 to 30µg/l to low iron stores. Therefore a cut-off of 30µg/l is appropriate. For children aged from 6–12 years and younger adolescents from 12–15 years, cut-offs of 15 and 20µg/l, respectively are recommended. As an exception in adult elite sports, a ferritin value of 50µg/l should be attained in athletes prior to altitude training, as iron demands in these situations are increased. Treatment of iron deficiency consists of nutritional counselling and oral iron supplementation or, in specific cases, by intravenous injection. Athletes with repeatedly low ferritin values benefit from an intermittent oral substitution. It is important to follow up the athletes on an individual basis with the baseline blood tests listed above twice a year. A long-term daily oral iron intake or iv-supplementation in the presence of normal or even high ferritin values does not make sense and may be harmful.

scholarly journals Factors Associated with Physical Activity in South Africa: Evidence from a National Population Based Survey

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 516-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lungelo Mlangeni ◽  
Lehlogonolo Makola ◽  
Inbarani Naidoo ◽  
Buyisile Chibi ◽  
Zinhle Sokhela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Moderate Physical Activity ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Factors Associated

Background: The health benefits of regular physical activity and exercise have been widely acknowledged. Yet physical inactivity remains an issue in South Africa. This study examines factors associated with physical activity amongst South Africans. Methods: This analysis used the 2012 nationally representative population-based household survey conducted using a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling design. Multinomial bivariate and multiple logistic regression models were used to determine whether physical activity is significantly influenced by socio-demographic and lifestyle related characteristics. Results: Out of 26339 individuals, 57.4 % (CI: 55.9-59) were not physically active, 14.8 % (CI: 13.6-16) were moderately physically active, and 27.8 % (CI: 26.6-29.1) were vigorously physically active. Relative to those who reported physical inactivity, having higher education and being of a higher socioeconomic status increased the likelihood of engaging in moderate physical activity. Increasing age, being female, and living in informal settlements decreased the likelihood of engaging in moderate physical activity. Increasing age, being female, being married, being from rural formal settlements, and having poorer self-rated health reduced the likelihood of engaging in vigorous physical activity. Conclusion: The findings suggest that there is a need for health promotion efforts targeting particular groups from selected socio-demographic strata including unhealthy individuals and those from disadvantaged communities.

scholarly journals Are Dietary Intakes Related to Obesity in Children?

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitrios Papandreou ◽  
Kali Makedou ◽  
Areti Zormpa ◽  
Maria Karampola ◽  
Anastasia Ioannou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Dietary Iron ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Obesity Status ◽  
Dietary Data

AIM: The purpose of this study was to report obesity status and identify any dietary substances that may be related to obesity in healthy school children from Northern Greece.METHODS: Four hundred and twenty-five (n = 425) children were randomly selected to participate in the study. A 24-h recall of three days (two weekdays and one weekend day) was used to analyze the dietary data of the subjects.RESULTS: Out of 425 subjects, 146 (34.3%) of them were found to be overweight and obese. Energy, protein, carbohydrate and thiamin intake was statistically positively correlated with obesity while dietary iron intake was statistically negatively correlated with obesity. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the children with dietary iron deficiency were 1.128 (95% CI: 0.002, 0.161 P < 0.031) times more likely of being obese compared to the normal group after adjustment for energy intake. CONCLUSIONS: Although most of the dietary intakes of our subjects were adequate, special consideration should be given to energy, carbohydrate, protein, and sugar and iron intake especially and its relation to obesity. Furthermore, additional studies are required to investigate any possible relation of low dietary iron consumption and obesity.

Influence of Artistic Gymnastics on Iron Nutritional Status and Exercise-Induced Hemolysis in Female Athletes

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thaiz Mattos Sureira ◽  
Olga Silverio Amancio ◽  
Josefina Aparecida Pellegrini Braga
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Serum Iron ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Type I ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Hematological Profile ◽  
Exercise Induced

This study evaluates the relationship between body iron losses and gains in artistic gymnastics female athletes. It shows that despite the low iron intake and exercise-induced hemolysis, iron deficiency or iron-deficiency anemia does not occur, but partial changes in the hematological profile do. The hypothesis that gymnasts’ nutritional behavior contributes to anemia, which may be aggravated by exercise-induced hemolysis, led to this cross-sectional study, conducted with 43 female artistic gymnasts 6–16 yr old. The control group was formed by 40 nontraining girls, paired by age. Hemogram, serum iron, ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor, haptoglobin, total and fractional bilirubin, Type I urine, and parasitologic and occult fecal blood tests were evaluated. The athletes presented mean hematimetric and serum iron values (p = .020) higher than those of the control group. The bilirubin result discarded any hemolytic alteration in both groups. The haptoglobin results were lower in the athlete group (p = .002), confirming the incidence of exercise-induced hemolysis. Both groups presented low iron intake. The results suggest that artistic gymnastics practice leads to exerciseinduced hemolysis and partially changes the hematological profile, although not causing iron deficiency or iron-deficiency anemia, even in the presence of low iron intake.

Associations of obstetrical characteristics and dietary intakes with iron status among pregnant women in Selangor and Kuala Lumpur

2020 ◽  
Vol 122 (10) ◽  
pp. 3115-3127
Author(s):  
Meng Lee Tan ◽  
Yit Siew Chin ◽  
Poh Ying Lim ◽  
Salma Faeza Ahmad Fuzi
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Kuala Lumpur ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Health Clinics

PurposeGlobally, iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency and the most common cause of anaemia during pregnancy. To date, there is lack of established studies investigating factors associated with iron status during pregnancy in Malaysia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the associations of obstetrical characteristics and dietary intakes with iron status among pregnant women attending selected health clinics in Selangor and Kuala Lumpur.Design/methodology/approachA cross-sectional study was conducted among 436 third-trimester pregnant women aged 18–40 years, from six selected health clinics in Selangor and Kuala Lumpur. Data on obstetrical characteristics were extracted from the antenatal medical records. Dietary intakes were assessed using an adapted semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire via face-to-face interview. Venous blood samples were collected for the measurement of serum ferritin (SF) using ADVIA Centaur analyser to determine iron status.FindingsApproximately one in four of the pregnant women (25.9%) had iron deficiency, with mean SF of 33.35 ± 25.77µg/l. Factors associated with SF were parity (B = −3.048, p < 0.05), frequency of antenatal care visits (B = 1.456, p < 0.05), haemoglobin (Hb) (B = 3.890, p < 0.05), iron intake (B = 0.010, p < 0.05) and frequency of dietary iron supplementation consumption (B = 3.333, p < 0.05). Hierarchical linear regression analyses revealed that dietary factors were significantly associated with SF, after accounting for the obstetrical characteristics.Originality/valueBesides obstetrical factors, the findings emphasised the importance of dietary factors on iron status during pregnancy. Nutrition consultation service particularly on the sources of iron intake and compliance towards dietary iron supplementation shall be provided to all pregnant women.

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