scholarly journals Rising sea levels will reduce extreme temperature variations in tide-dominated reef habitats

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (8) ◽  
pp. e1600825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Joseph Lowe ◽  
Xavier Pivan ◽  
James Falter ◽  
Graham Symonds ◽  
Renee Gruber
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Thermal Stresses ◽  
Heat Budget ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Temperature Extremes ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Diurnal Temperature ◽  
Rising Sea Levels ◽  
Heat Budgets ◽  
Using Data

Temperatures within shallow reefs often differ substantially from those in the surrounding ocean; therefore, predicting future patterns of thermal stresses and bleaching at the scale of reefs depends on accurately predicting reef heat budgets. We present a new framework for quantifying how tidal and solar heating cycles interact with reef morphology to control diurnal temperature extremes within shallow, tidally forced reefs. Using data from northwestern Australia, we construct a heat budget model to investigate how frequency differences between the dominant lunar semidiurnal tide and diurnal solar cycle drive ~15-day modulations in diurnal temperature extremes. The model is extended to show how reefs with tidal amplitudes comparable to their depth, relative to mean sea level, tend to experience the largest temperature extremes globally. As a consequence, we reveal how even a modest sea level rise can substantially reduce temperature extremes within tide-dominated reefs, thereby partially offsetting the local effects of future ocean warming.

scholarly journals Conservation Choices in the Face of Sea-Level Rise: A Case Study on Marsh Migration from Phippsburg, Maine

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 388-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahan T. M. Dissanayake ◽  
Meagan K. Hennessey
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Land Conservation ◽  
Simulation Data ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Decision Method ◽  
The Face ◽  
Rising Sea Levels ◽  
Knapsack Algorithm

We analyze the benefits of incorporating climate change into land conservation decisions using wetland migration under rising sea-levels as a case study. We use a simple and inexpensive decision method, a knapsack algorithm implemented in Excel, with (1) simulation data to show that ignoring sea-level rise predictions lead to suboptimal outcomes, and (2) an application to land conservation in Phippsburg, Maine to show the real-world applicability. The simulation shows an 11-percent to almost 30-percent gain in increased benefits when accounting for sea-level rise. The results highlight that it is possible to, and important to, incorporate sea-level rise into conservation planning.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic and environmental predictors of estuarine shoreline hard armoring

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole E. Peterson ◽  
Craig E. Landry ◽  
Clark R. Alexander ◽  
Kevin Samples ◽  
Brian P. Bledsoe
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Coastal Hazards ◽  
Environmental Predictors ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Shoreline Armoring ◽  
Rising Sea Levels ◽  
Estuarine Shoreline ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Rising sea levels and growing coastal populations are intensifying interactions at the land-sea interface. To stabilize upland and protect human developments from coastal hazards, landowners commonly emplace hard armoring structures, such as bulkheads and revetments, along estuarine shorelines. The ecological and economic consequences of shoreline armoring have garnered significant attention; however, few studies have examined the extent of hard armoring or identified drivers of hard armoring patterns at the individual landowner level across large geographical areas. This study addresses this knowledge gap by using a fine-scale census of hard armoring along the entire Georgia U.S. estuarine coastline. We develop a parsimonious statistical model that accurately predicts the probability of armoring emplacement at the parcel level based on a set of environmental and socioeconomic variables. Several interacting influences contribute to patterns of shoreline armoring; in particular, shoreline slope and the presence of armoring on a neighboring parcel are strong predictors of armoring. The model also suggests that continued sea level rise and coastal population growth could trigger future increases in armoring, emphasizing the importance of considering dynamic patterns of armoring when evaluating the potential effects of sea level rise. For example, evolving distributions of armoring should be considered in predictions of future salt marsh migration. The modeling approach developed in this study is adaptable to assessing patterns of hard armoring in other regions. With improved understanding of hard armoring distributions, sea level rise response plans can be fully informed to design more efficient scenarios for both urban development and coastal ecosystems.

Mapping the soft and ethical dimensions of sea level rise in southern Sweden

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Van Well ◽  
Anette Björlin ◽  
Per Danielsson ◽  
Godefroid Godefroid Ndayikengurukiye ◽  
Gunnel Göransson
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Gis Mapping ◽  
Ethical Values ◽  
Southern Sweden ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Rising Sea Levels

<p>Sea level rise poses profound challenges within current municipal and regional governance since it requires unusually long planning horizons, is surrounded by great uncertainties, and gives rise to novel ethical challenges. Adaptation to climate change is fundamentally an ethical issue because the aim of any proposed adaptation measure is to protect that which is valued in society. One of the most salient ethical issues discussed in the adaptation literature relates to the distribution of climate related risks, vulnerabilities and benefits across populations and over time. Raising sea-walls is typically associated with high costs and potentially negative ecological impacts as well as substantial equity concerns; managed retreat or realignment often causes problems related to property rights; and migration out of low-lying areas can involve the loss of sense and cultural identity and impact on receiving communities.</p><p>How can the soft and ethical dimensions of rising mean sea levels be characterized and how can their consequences be mapped? To help municipalities to understand the values and ethics attached to measures to deal with long-term rising sea levels in southern Sweden, we are developing a methodology of soft or ethical values to complement to GIS-mapping of coastal vulnerability based on coastal characteristics and socio-economic factors.</p><p>Rather than determining these values a priori, they are being discerned through workshops with relevant stakeholders and in interviews with citizens residing in and utilizing the coastal areas. The methodology attempts to determine the place-based of values within coastal communities with a focus on “whose” values, “what” values, and the long-term or short-term nature of values. It builds on an analytical framework developed to acquire information on the behavior, knowledge, perception and feelings of people living, working and enjoying the coastal areas.  In turn this stakeholder-based information is used to co-create “story maps” as tools to communicate complicated vulnerability analyses, highlight the ethical dimensions of various adaptation measures, raise awareness and aid decisionmakers in taking uncomfortable decisions to “wicked” planning problems around the negative effects of sea level rise, coastal erosion and urban flooding.</p><p>This paper presents the methodological development of the task as well as the results the study in four Swedish municipalities. The representation of the “soft” and ethical values provides an opportunity to help clarify these values to policymakers and increase resilience to rising sea levels.</p>

scholarly journals Fluctuation in the Level of the Caspian Sea and its Consequences

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 ◽  
pp. 01064
Author(s):  
Akimgali Kenzhegaliev ◽  
Assylbek Kanbetov ◽  
Dauren Kulbatyrov ◽  
Aiauzhan Shakhmanova ◽  
Ainagul Abilgaziyeva
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Industrial Facilities ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Early Neogene ◽  
Rising Sea Levels

While in the early neogene, tectonic and to a lesser extent climatic factors impacted on the sea level, at the present stage climatic, man-made and anthropogenic factors are at the forefront. As a result of an increase in the level of the Caspian Sea by more than 2.4 m, 35-40 thousand square meters km of territory was flooded, during the flooding and flooding of the coastal territory for the period 1978-1995 led to a change in natural, socio-economic and medico-ecological conditions. The consequences of rising sea levels led to the resettlement of about 100 thousand people living in the coastal flooded zone of the Northern Caspian Sea and many industrial facilities.

scholarly journals Rising Sea Levels Bring a Tidal Change to Tourism

Eos ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Sima
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Rising Sea Levels ◽  
Tidal Change

A series of industry posters reimagines iconic locales in light of sea level rise and issues a call for action against climate change.

scholarly journals Extending Urban Development on Water: Jakarta Case Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-265
Author(s):  
Rukuh Setiadi ◽  
Joerg Baumeister ◽  
Paul Burton ◽  
Johanna Nalau
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
National Level ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Coastal Cities ◽  
Metropolitan Cities ◽  
Development Trajectory ◽  
Rising Sea Levels

This article introduces the concept of ‘Sea Cities’ to emphasize a range of tactics to acknowledge the relationship between the sea and cities. This concept is critical for the possibility of integrating future aquatic-based urbanism to address climate change, and in particular, the issue of rising sea levels, which is currently faced by the majority of coastal cities. We compare and assess the tactics of four sea cities (i.e., to fortify, accommodate, release, and floating) against the case study of Jakarta. Jakarta is deemed to be among the metropolitan cities most vulnerable to sea level rise, owing to overpopulation alongside the fact that its land is sinking rapidly due to massive urban development. In order to understand the prospects and pitfalls of each tactic for Jakarta, we analyse scholarly literature on the subject, official government reports and documents, as well as policy briefs released by governments at the national level. This study finds that massive hard structural solutions are not only insufficient but also ineffective towards solving the challenges of climate change in Jakarta, especially the rising sea level. At the same time, it also identifies that while the combination of accommodating and floating tactics has never been considered as future a planning option, this could enable more resilient and adaptive solutions for the future development trajectory of Jakarta. In doing so, it could also provide important transferrable lessons for other coastal cities, especially those within developing countries.

A Single-Agent Urban Coastal Adaptation Model: Adaptive decision-making within the VIABLE modeling framework

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shubhankar Sengupta ◽  
Jürgen Scheffran ◽  
Dmitry Kovalevsky
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Urban Planner ◽  
Coastal City ◽  
Coastal Adaptation ◽  
Rising Sea Levels ◽  
The City

<p>We develop a single-agent-based model in Netlogo of a coastal city facing climate change, using the VIABLE framework. The coastal city is threatened by damages from sea level rise and subsequent extreme sea level events. The agent, representing an urban planner, uses capital generated by the city to mitigate these damages by investing into one of two adaptation options available to it- developing coastal defenses or relocating the vulnerable coastal territories of the city inland. As the simulation progresses, gradually rising sea levels and randomly occurring extreme sea level events incur damages, and the agent alters its investments to optimize its value, resulting in dynamic reactive behavior. We track the response of this agent to the changing system through its investment patterns.</p>

Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis of Coastal Inundation at Regional scale

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinay Shivamurthy ◽  
Bharath Aithal
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Decision Analysis ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
Multi Criteria Decision Analysis ◽  
Rising Sea Levels

<p>Coastal flooding are natural processes that are both i) essential (providing nutrients to the coastal vegetation, habitats) and ii) hazardous (negatively impact human activities, livelihood, assets, livestock and so on). Climate changes have induced higher frequency of floods, rising sea levels, high amplitude tides and other climatic extremes at regional to global scales. The increasing intensity, duration of floods is proportionately increasing the risks associated with coastal human habitations. The regional risks are defined based on the physical, demographic, socio-economic vulnerability of the habitants. Sea level rise would further enhance the coastal inundations permanently breaching these productive, densely populated regions. This necessitates the need for spatially assessing the relative hazard, vulnerability and risks at regional scales to reduce/mitigate risks.</p><p>Indian subcontinent supports the second largest global population, with numerous megacities, towns and villages along the coast and mainland. This study's main objective is to quantify the risk associated with inundations caused by rising sea levels, tidal surge at the regional level. As a case study, Sagar Island located in the verge of Sundarbans, south of West Bengal is considered. Flood risk assessment in the island has been carried out using Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) framework based on 23 spatial parameters.</p><p>Results indicate, within a century (1922 – 2020), the island has lost most of its natural vegetation (mangroves - Sundarbans) (47% to 3%), with increasing cultivated (agriculture, horticulture) spaces (77.4 %) and built-up environs (8.2%). Sea level rise varies from 4.4 mm/year (South) to 5.25 mm/year (North) and in the last century has breached over 2824 hectares of mainland. The study's findings reveal 19.8% of horticulture and 33.3% of agriculture assets are highly exposed to natural hazards. 1.34% population are at relatively very high-risk levels, 17.81% at high-risk levels. The study's findings reveal the variable importance of socio-economic, demographic, topographic and proximity to public service, in defining the flood vulnerability and risk towards the habitants. The approach and findings of paves the way for planning authorities to prioritise risk mitigation strategies that are region-specific to reduce the impact of inundation due to natural hazards</p><p><em>Keywords: Sea level rise, Flood risk, MCDA, Vulnerability, flood hazard</em></p>

GAYA HIDUP BERKELANJUTAN DI ATAS PULAU APUNG DI PULAU UNTUNG JAWA

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 433
Author(s):  
Samuel Prinardi Suteja ◽  
Suwandi Supatra
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Great Loss ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Floating Island ◽  
Rising Sea Levels ◽  
Rising Sea Level

Humans had been living side by side with threats that are affecting human life, such threat in the future is the rising sea level. Mainly caused by global warming that results in several phenomenon which affects the increasing water volume on earth, this gives land dwellers a threat of being submerged especially island dwellers that had less land area. This causes great loss for the dwellers such as losing a home and source of livelihood. Therefore the function that is correct is a floating island that adapts with the rising sea levels and sustainable with purpose of fulfilling the needs of this floating island without harming the environment and maintaining tourism aspect by designing main function of the island as a tourism island and floating residence. Keyword: future; floating island; residence; sea level; submerged; tourismAbstrakManusia hidup berdampingan dengan ancaman yang mempengaruhi keberlangsungan hidup manusia, salah satunya di masa depan adalah meningkatnya permukaan air laut. Dilatar belakangi pemanasan global yang menyebabkan beberapa fenomena alam dan berdampak pada meningkatnya volume air pada bumi, sehingga masyarakat penghuni daratan memiliki ancaman berupa tenggelamnya daratan khususnya penghuni pulau yang memiliki luas daratan lebih kecil. Ancaman ini mengakibatkan kerugian yang besar bagi penghuni yang dapat kehilangan tempat berhuni serta sumber mata pencaharian utama. Oleh karena itu fungsi yang tepat adalah sebuah proyek pulau apung yang beradaptasi dengan ketinggian permukaan air laut serta mengadaptasi konsep sustainable sehingga dapat memenuhi kebutuhan pulau tersebut tanpa merusak lingkungan serta mempertahankan aspek pariwisata dengan menjadikan fungsi utama pulau sebagai pulau pariwisata dan hunian mengapung.

Distribution and palaeogeography of two Mallee species of Eucalyptus in Southern Australia

1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 323 ◽  
Author(s):  
RF Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Continuous Distribution ◽  
Effective Rainfall ◽  
Sea Level Changes ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Plain Area ◽  
Rising Sea Levels

The present distributions of Eucalyptus diversifolia and E. incrassata are described and disjunctions indicated. It is suggested that a former continuous distribution of both species has been fragmented by rising sea-levels in the Quaternary, and that E. diversifolia was more widespread during a period of lower effective rainfall than the present. It is proposed that Quaternary sea-level changes are of importance in the interpretation of the palaeogeography of plant and animal species with disjunctions in the Nullarbor and Roe Plain area. The nature and role of edaphic barriers to migration in this area are also assessed.

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