scholarly journals Seabird establishment during regional cooling drove a terrestrial ecosystem shift 5000 years ago

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (43) ◽  
pp. eabb2788
Author(s):  
Dulcinea V. Groff ◽  
Kit M. Hamley ◽  
Trevor J. R. Lessard ◽  
Kayla E. Greenawalt ◽  
Moriaki Yasuhara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystem ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Breeding Habitat ◽  
Falkland Islands ◽  
Low Latitude ◽  
Ecosystem Shift ◽  
Ecosystem State

The coastal tussac (Poa flabellata) grasslands of the Falkland Islands are a critical seabird breeding habitat but have been drastically reduced by grazing and erosion. Meanwhile, the sensitivity of seabirds and tussac to climate change is unknown because of a lack of long-term records in the South Atlantic. Our 14,000-year multiproxy record reveals an ecosystem state shift following seabird establishment 5000 years ago, as marine-derived nutrients from guano facilitated tussac establishment, peat productivity, and increased fire. Seabird arrival coincided with regional cooling, suggesting that the Falkland Islands are a cold-climate refugium. Conservation efforts focusing on tussac restoration should include this terrestrial-marine linkage, although a warming Southern Ocean calls into question the long-term viability of the Falkland Islands as habitat for low-latitude seabirds.

scholarly journals Special Issue on Climate Migration

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Anda David ◽  
Frédéric Docquier
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Low Latitude ◽  
Weather Shocks ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
Slow Onset

How do weather shocks influence human mobility and poverty, and how will long-term climate change affect future migration over the course of the 21st century? These questions have gained unprecedented attention in public debates as global warming is already having severe impacts around the world, and prospects for the coming decades get worse. Low-latitude countries in general, and their agricultural areas in particular, have contributed the least to climate change but are the most adversely affected. The effect on people's voluntary and forced displacements is of major concern for both developed and developing countries. On 18 October 2019, Agence Française de Développement (AFD) and Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research (LISER) organized a workshop on Climate Migration with the aim of uncovering the mechanisms through which fast-onset variables (such as weather anomalies, storms, hurricanes, torrential rains, floods, landslides, etc.) and slow-onset variables (such as temperature trends, desertification, rising sea level, coastal erosion, etc.) influence both people's incentives to move and mobility constraints. This special issue gathers five papers prepared for this workshop, which shed light on (or predict) the effect of extreme weather shocks and long-term climate change on human mobility, and stress the implications for the development community.

scholarly journals Anthropogenic carbon dynamics in the changing ocean

Ocean Science ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 605-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Tjiputra ◽  
K. Assmann ◽  
C. Heinze
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Southern Ocean ◽  
High Latitude ◽  
Meridional Overturning Circulation ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Uptake ◽  
Overturning Circulation ◽  
Anthropogenic Carbon ◽  
Natural Carbon

Abstract. The long-term response of CO2 fluxes to climate change at the ocean surface and within the ocean interior is investigated using a coupled climate-carbon cycle model. This study also presents the first attempt to quantify the evolution of lateral transport of anthropogenic carbon under future climate change. Additionally, its impact on regional carbon storage and uptake is also evaluated. For the 1850–2099 period, our climate change simulation predicts oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon of about 538±23 Pg C. Another simulation indicates that changes in physical climate and its associated biogeochemical feedbacks result in a release of natural carbon of about 22±30 Pg C. The natural carbon outgassing is attributed to the reduction in solubility and change in wind pattern in the Southern Hemisphere. After the anthropogenic carbon passes through the air-sea interface, it is predominantly transported along the large scale overturning circulation below the surface layer. The spatial variations in the transport patterns in turn influence the evolution of future regional carbon uptake. In the North Atlantic, a slow down in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation weakens the penetration strength of anthropogenic carbon into the deeper ocean, which leads to a reduced uptake rate in this region. In contrast, more than half of the anthropogenic carbon taken up in the high latitude Southern Ocean region (south of 58° S) is efficiently and continuously exported northward, predominantly into intermediate waters. This transport mechanism allows continuous increase in future carbon uptake in the high latitude Southern Ocean, where the annual uptake strength could reach 39.3±0.9 g C m−2 yr−1, more than twice the global mean of 16.0±0.3 g C m−2 yr−1 by the end of the 21st century. Our study further underlines the key role of the Southern Ocean in controlling long-term future carbon uptake.

scholarly journals Anthropogenic carbon dynamics in the changing ocean

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-415
Author(s):  
J. F. Tjiputra ◽  
K. Assmann ◽  
C. Heinze
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Southern Ocean ◽  
High Latitude ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Uptake ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Carbon Cycle Model ◽  
Anthropogenic Carbon ◽  
Natural Carbon

Abstract. Long-term response of CO2 fluxes to climate change at the ocean surface and the ocean interior are investigated using a coupled climate-carbon cycle model. This study also presents the first attempt in quantifying the evolution of lateral transport of anthropogenic carbon under future climate change. Additionally, its impact on regional carbon storage and uptake are also evaluated. For the 1850–2100 period, our climate change simulation predicts oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon of about 538 Pg C. Another simulation indicates that changes in physical climate alone results in a release of natural carbon of about 22 Pg C. The natural carbon outgassing is attributed to the reduction in solubility and change in wind pattern in the Southern Hemisphere. After the anthropogenic carbon passes through the air-sea interface, it is predominantly transported along the large scale overturning circulation below the surface layer. The spatial variations in the transport patterns in turn influence the evolution of future regional carbon uptake. In the North Atlantic, a slow down in Atlantic Meridional Overturnning Circulation weakens the penetration strength of anthropogenic carbon into the deeper ocean, which leads to the reduced uptake rate in this region. In contrast, more than half of the anthropogenic carbon taken up in the high latitude Southern Ocean region (south of 58° S) are efficiently and continuously exported northward, predominantly into intermediate waters. This peculiar transport mechanism allow continuous increase in future carbon uptake in the high latitude Southern Ocean, where the annual uptake strength could reach 3.5 g C m−2 yr−1, nearly triple the global mean of 1.3 g C m−2 yr−1 by the end of the 21st century. Our study further underlines the key role of the Southern Ocean in controlling long-term future carbon uptake.

scholarly journals Surface-circulation change in the southwest Pacific Ocean across the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum: inferences from dinoflagellate cysts and biomarker paleothermometry

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 1667-1689
Author(s):  
Margot J. Cramwinckel ◽  
Lineke Woelders ◽  
Emiel P. Huurdeman ◽  
Francien Peterse ◽  
Stephen J. Gallagher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Ocean Circulation ◽  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Spatiotemporal Distribution ◽  
Ocean Currents ◽  
Surface Currents ◽  
Surface Ocean

Abstract. Global climate cooled from the early Eocene hothouse (∼52–50 Ma) to the latest Eocene (∼34 Ma). At the same time, the tectonic evolution of the Southern Ocean was characterized by the opening and deepening of circum-Antarctic gateways, which affected both surface- and deep-ocean circulation. The Tasmanian Gateway played a key role in regulating ocean throughflow between Australia and Antarctica. Southern Ocean surface currents through and around the Tasmanian Gateway have left recognizable tracers in the spatiotemporal distribution of plankton fossils, including organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts. This spatiotemporal distribution depends on both the physicochemical properties of the water masses and the path of surface-ocean currents. The extent to which climate and tectonics have influenced the distribution and composition of surface currents and thus fossil assemblages has, however, remained unclear. In particular, the contribution of climate change to oceanographic changes, superimposed on long-term and gradual changes induced by tectonics, is still poorly understood. To disentangle the effects of tectonism and climate in the southwest Pacific Ocean, we target a climatic deviation from the long-term Eocene cooling trend: the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO; ∼40 Ma). This 500 kyr phase of global warming was unrelated to regional tectonism, and thus provides a test case to investigate the ocean's physicochemical response to climate change alone. We reconstruct changes in surface-water circulation and temperature in and around the Tasmanian Gateway during the MECO through new palynological and organic geochemical records from the central Tasmanian Gateway (Ocean Drilling Program Site 1170), the Otway Basin (southeastern Australia), and the Hampden Beach section (New Zealand). Our results confirm that dinocyst communities track specific surface-ocean currents, yet the variability within the communities can be driven by superimposed temperature change. Together with published results from the east of the Tasmanian Gateway, our new results suggest a shift in surface-ocean circulation during the peak of MECO warmth. Simultaneous with high sea-surface temperatures in the Tasmanian Gateway area, pollen assemblages indicate warm temperate rainforests with paratropical elements along the southeastern margin of Australia. Finally, based on new age constraints, we suggest that a regional southeast Australian transgression might have been coincident with the MECO.

2018 Nobel Economics Prize: Integrating Climate Change Measures into Sustainable Economic Growth

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Thuc An ◽  
Dau Kieu Ngoc Anh
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Endogenous Growth ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Growth Theory ◽  
Endogenous Growth Theory ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Sustainable Economic Growth

The 2018 Nobel Economics Prize was awarded to two American economists - William D. Nordhaus and Paul M. Romer - who designed methods for better assessing environmental issues and technological advances on growth. This year’s Laureates, Nordhaus was the first person to create an intergrated model to assess interactions between society and nature and Romer laid the foundation for what is now called endogenous growth theory. According to the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences, these two macroeconomists’ research have helped “significantly broaden the scope of economic analysis by constructing models that explain how the market economy interacts with nature and knowledge” which integrates climate change measures into long-term sustainable economic growth. Keywords Nobel in economics, William D. Nordhaus, Paul M. Romer, climate change, endogenous growth theory, economic growth References [1] Y Vân (2018), “Lý lịch 'khủng' của hai nhà khoa học vừa giành giải Nobel Kinh tế 2018”, Vietnambiz, đăng tải ngày 08/10/2018, https://vietnambiz.vn/ly-lich-khung-cua-hai-nha-khoa-hoc-vua-gianh-giai-nobel-kinh-te-2018-95776.html[2] Jonas O. Bergman, Rich Miller (2018), “Nordhaus, Romer Win Nobel for Thinking on Climate, Innovation”, đăng tải ngày 8/10/2018, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-08/nordhaus-romer-win-2018-nobel-prize-in-economic-sciences [3] Antonin Pottier (2018), “Giải Nobel” William Nordhaus có thật sự nghiêm túc?”, Nguyễn Đôn Phước dịch, đăng tải ngày 11/10/2018, http://www.phantichkinhte123.com/2018/10/giai-nobel-william-nordhaus-co-that-su.html[4] Thăng Điệp (2018), “Giải Nobel kinh tế 2018 về tay hai người Mỹ”, đăng tải ngày 8/10/2018, http://vneconomy.vn/giai-nobel-kinh-te-2018-ve-tay-hai-nguoi-my-20181008185809239.htm[5] Lars P. Syll (2018), “Cuối cùng - Paul Romer cũng có được giải thưởng Nobel”, Huỳnh Thiện Quốc Việt dịch, đăng tải ngày 14/10/2018, http://www.phantichkinhte123.com/2018/10/cuoi-cung-paul-romer-cung-co-uoc-giai.html[6] Phương Võ (2018), “Nobel Kinh tế 2018: Chạm tới bài toán khó của thời đại”, đăng tải ngày 9/10/2018, https://nld.com.vn/thoi-su-quoc-te/nobel-kinh-te-2018-cham-toi-bai-toan-kho-cua-thoi-dai-20181008221734228.htm[7] Đông Phong (2018), “Nobel Kinh tế cho giải pháp phát triển bền vững và phúc lợi người dân”, đăng tải ngày 8/10/2018, https://news.zing.vn/nobel-kinh-te-cho-giai-phap-phat-trien-ben-vung-va-phuc-loi-nguoi-dan-post882860.html[8] Thanh Trúc (2018), “Giải Nobel kinh tế 2018: Thay đổi tư duy về biến đổi khí hậu”, https://tusach.thuvienkhoahoc.com/wiki/Gi%E1%BA%A3i_Nobel_kinh_t%E1%BA%BF_2018:_Thay_%C4%91%E1%BB%95i_t%C6%B0_duy_v%E1%BB%81_bi%E1%BA%BFn_%C4%91%E1%BB%95i_kh%C3%AD_h%E1%BA%ADu[9] Cẩm Anh (2018), “Nobel kinh tế 2018: Lời giải cho tăng trưởng kinh tế bền vững”, đăng tải ngày 11/10/2018, http://enternews.vn/nobel-kinh-te-2018-loi-giai-cho-tang-truong-kinh-te-ben-vung-137600.html.

On Climate Change Risks of Long-Term Socio-Economic Development in Russia

2019 ◽  
pp. 79-95
Author(s):  
N.E. Terentiev
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Climate Risk ◽  
Climate Change Risks ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Management Policies

Based on the latest data, paper investigates the dynamics of global climate change and its impact on economic growth in the long-term. The notion of climate risk is considered. The main directions of climate risk management policies are analyzed aimed, first, at reducing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions through technological innovation and structural economic shifts; secondly, at adaptation of population, territories and economic complexes to the irreparable effects of climate change. The problem of taking into account the phenomenon of climate change in the state economic policy is put in the context of the most urgent tasks of intensification of long-term socio-economic development and parrying strategic challenges to the development of Russia.

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