scholarly journals Thyroid hormone signaling specifies cone subtypes in human retinal organoids

Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 362 (6411) ◽  
pp. eaau6348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiara C. Eldred ◽  
Sarah E. Hadyniak ◽  
Katarzyna A. Hussey ◽  
Boris Brenerman ◽  
Ping-Wu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Color Vision ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Hormone Signaling ◽  
Dynamic Expression ◽  
High Acuity ◽  
Human Nervous System

The mechanisms underlying specification of neuronal subtypes within the human nervous system are largely unknown. The blue (S), green (M), and red (L) cones of the retina enable high-acuity daytime and color vision. To determine the mechanism that controls S versus L/M fates, we studied the differentiation of human retinal organoids. Organoids and retinas have similar distributions, expression profiles, and morphologies of cone subtypes. S cones are specified first, followed by L/M cones, and thyroid hormone signaling controls this temporal switch. Dynamic expression of thyroid hormone–degrading and –activating proteins within the retina ensures low signaling early to specify S cones and high signaling late to produce L/M cones. This work establishes organoids as a model for determining mechanisms of human development with promising utility for therapeutics and vision repair.

scholarly journals Thyroid hormone signaling specifies cone subtypes in human retinal organoids

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiara C. Eldred ◽  
Sarah E. Hadyniak ◽  
Katarzyna A. Hussey ◽  
Boris Brennerman ◽  
Pingwu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Hormone Signaling ◽  
Long Wavelength ◽  
Dynamic Expression ◽  
High Acuity ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Human Nervous System

AbstractThe mechanisms underlying the specification of diverse neuronal subtypes within the human nervous system are largely unknown. The blue (shortwavelength/S), green (medium-wavelength/M) and red (long-wavelength/L) cone photoreceptors of the human retina enable high-acuity daytime vision and trichromatic color perception. Cone subtypes are specified in a poorly understood two-step process, with a first decision between S and L/M fates, followed by a decision between L and M fates. To determine the mechanism controlling S vs. L/M fates, we studied the differentiation of human retinal organoids. We found that human organoids and retinas have similar distributions, gene expression profiles, and morphologies of cone subtypes. We found that S cones are specified first, followed by L/M cones, and that thyroid hormone signaling is necessary and sufficient for this temporal switch. Temporally dynamic expression of thyroid hormone degrading and activating proteins supports a model in which the retina itself controls thyroid hormone levels, ensuring low signaling early to specify S cones and high signaling late to produce L/M cones. This work establishes organoids as a model for determining the mechanisms of cell fate specification during human development.One sentence summaryCone specification in human organoids

III. THE MOTION PICTURE IN THE PRESERVATION OF NONRECURRING ETHNOENVIRONMENTAL DATA

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 182-194
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Motion Picture ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Motion Pictures ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Historical Inquiry ◽  
Maximum Information ◽  
Disease Patterns ◽  
Human Nervous System

WERE THE TECHNIQUES of motion picture recording available to Herodotus on his travels, to Xenophon during his march with the Greek Ten Thousand, to the chroniclers who sailed with Magellan and Captain Cook, or to Darwin on the Beagle, or to those who marched with Cortez and Pizarro, what sort of cinema record would be today of most value from these great voyages? With this question in mind we have formulated a research film concept to guide the recording, preserving, and retrieval of the maximum information possible using cinema film. This concept has developed in the course of our studies of childhood in rapidly disappearing primitive cultures and our attempts to use cinema film as a tool in the study of the programming of the human nervous system. It is serving the incipient discipline we are calling the cybernetics of human development. The Film Archive for the Study of Child Growth and Development and Disease Patterns in Primitive Cultures has been developed to make possible the repeated reference to data from nonrecurring past events in primitive childhood in accordance with our research film concept. Few investigators would dispute the great value of motion pictures of past events as suggested by our anachronistic conjecture above, and such records would certainly now be used for virtually endless scientific and historical inquiry. Most investigators, however, would not be completely satisfied with a didactic or demonstrative production edited or organized according to the philosophical or scientific whims or tastes of the time or with only that footage selected and assembled according to what best supported the documentor's theses or concept of aesthetic excellence.

Thyroid hormone-catecholamine interrelationships during exposure to cold

1981 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Storm ◽  
C. van Hardeveld ◽  
A. A. H. Kassenaar
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Surgical Procedure ◽  
Exposure To Cold ◽  
Basal Plasma ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous

Abstract. Basal plasma levels for adrenalin (A), noradrenalin (NA), l-triiodothyronine (T3), and l-thyroxine (T4) were determined in rats with a chronically inserted catheter. The experiments described in this report were started 3 days after the surgical procedure when T3 and T4 levels had returned to normal. Basal levels for the catecholamines were reached already 4 h after the operation. The T3/T4 ratio in plasma was significantly increased after 3, 7, and 14 days in rats kept at 4°C and the same holds for the iodide in the 24-h urine after 7 and 14 days at 4°C. The venous NA plasma concentration was increased 6- to 12-fold during the same period of exposure to cold, whereas the A concentration remained at the basal level. During infusion of NA at 23°C the T3/T4 ratio in plasma was significantly increased after 7 days compared to pair-fed controls, and the same holds for the iodide excretion in the 24-h urine. This paper presents further evidence for a role of the sympathetic nervous system on T4 metabolism in rats at resting conditions.

scholarly journals Aconitine Neurotoxicity According to Administration Methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2149
Author(s):  
Ji Yeon Chung ◽  
Seung Jae Lee ◽  
Hyuck Jin Lee ◽  
Jeong Bin Bong ◽  
Chan-Hyuk Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Pain Control ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Processing Method ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
Administration Method ◽  
Accompanying Symptoms ◽  
Administration Methods ◽  
Human Nervous System

We evaluated the toxic effects of aconitine on the human nervous system and its associated factors, and the general clinical characteristics of patients who visited the emergency room due to aconitine intoxication between 2008 and 2017. We also analyzed the differences related to aconitine processing and administration methods (oral pill, boiled in water, and alcohol-soaked), and the clinical characteristics of consciousness deterioration and neurological symptoms. Of the 41 patients who visited the hospital due to aconitine intoxication, 23 (56.1%) were female, and most were older. Aconitine was mainly used for pain control (28 patients, 68.3%) and taken as oral pills (19 patients, 46%). The patients showed a single symptom or a combination of symptoms; neurological symptoms were the most common (21 patients). All patients who took aconitine after processing with alcohol showed neurological symptoms and a higher prevalence of consciousness deterioration. Neurological symptoms occurred most frequently in patients with aconitine intoxication. Although aconitine intoxication presents with various symptoms, its prognosis may vary with the processing method and prevalence of consciousness deterioration during the early stages. Therefore, the administration method and accompanying symptoms should be comprehensively investigated in patients who have taken aconitine to facilitate prompt and effective treatment and better prognoses.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document