scholarly journals Evolution of a 72-Kilobase Cointegrant, Conjugative Multiresistance Plasmid in Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from the Early 1990s

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Yui Eto ◽  
Neville Firth ◽  
Amy M. Davis ◽  
Stephen M. Kwong ◽  
Marcelina Krysiak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Mobile Genetic Elements ◽  
Conjugative Plasmid ◽  
Penicillin Resistance ◽  
Virulence Determinants ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Genetic Elements

ABSTRACT Horizontal transfer of plasmids encoding antimicrobial resistance and virulence determinants has been instrumental in Staphylococcus aureus evolution, including the emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA). In the early 1990s, the first CA-MRSA strain isolated in Western Australia (WA), WA-5, encoded cadmium, tetracycline, and penicillin resistance genes on plasmid pWBG753 (∼30 kb). WA-5 and pWBG753 appeared only briefly in WA; however, fusidic acid resistance plasmids related to pWBG753 were also present in the first European CA-MRSA isolates at the time. Here, we characterize a 72-kb conjugative plasmid, pWBG731, present in multiresistant WA-5-like clones from the same period. pWBG731 was a cointegrant formed from pWBG753 and a pWBG749 family conjugative plasmid. pWBG731 carried mupirocin, trimethoprim, cadmium, and penicillin resistance genes. The stepwise evolution of pWBG731 likely occurred through the combined actions of IS257, IS257-dependent miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs), and the BinL resolution system of the β-lactamase transposon Tn552. An evolutionarily intermediate ∼42-kb nonconjugative plasmid, pWBG715, possessed the same resistance genes as pWBG731 but retained an integrated copy of the small tetracycline resistance plasmid pT181. IS257 likely facilitated the replacement of pT181 with conjugation genes on pWBG731, thus enabling autonomous transfer. Like conjugative plasmid pWBG749, pWBG731 also mobilized nonconjugative plasmids carrying oriT mimics. It seems likely that pWBG731 represents the product of multiple recombination events between the WA-5 pWBG753 plasmid and other mobile genetic elements present in indigenous community-associated methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (CA-MSSA) isolates. The molecular evolution of pWBG731 saliently illustrates how diverse mobile genetic elements can together facilitate rapid accrual and horizontal dissemination of multiresistance in S. aureus CA-MRSA.

scholarly journals Transferable Multidrug Resistance Plasmid CarryingcfrAssociated withtet(L),ant(4′)-Ia, anddfrKGenes from a Clinical Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST125 Strain

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 2139-2142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Ruiz de Gopegui ◽  
Carlos Juan ◽  
Laura Zamorano ◽  
José L. Pérez ◽  
Antonio Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Conjugative Plasmid ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Ca 50 ◽  
Previously Treated

ABSTRACTA multidrug resistance (MDR) conjugative plasmid of ca. 50 kb (designated pERGB) was detected in a linezolid and methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusstrain with sequence type 125 (ST125-MRSA-IVc). This strain was detected in two patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, previously treated with multiple antimicrobials, including linezolid. pERGB was transferable by conjugation and carried the resistance genescfr(oxazolidinones, phenicols, lincosamides, pleuromutilins, and streptogramin A),ant(4′)-Ia(tobramycin),tet(L) (tetracycline), anddfrK(trimethoprim). A novel genetic structure, linking all of these resistance genes for the first time, was elucidated through sequencing of a 15,259-bp fragment from pERGB. Active surveillance to prevent the dissemination of such highly concerning MDR transferable elements is needed.

scholarly journals Identification of a Highly Transmissible Animal-Independent Staphylococcus aureus ST398 Clone with Distinct Genomic and Cell Adhesion Properties

mBio ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Catrin Uhlemann ◽  
Stephen F. Porcella ◽  
Sheetal Trivedi ◽  
Sean B. Sullivan ◽  
Cory Hafer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
Mobile Genetic Elements ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Adhesion Properties ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Genetic Elements ◽  
Skin Keratinocytes ◽  
Animal Contact

ABSTRACT A methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clone known as ST398 has emerged as a major cause of acute infections in individuals who have close contact with livestock. More recently, the emergence of an animal-independent ST398 methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) clone has been documented in several countries. However, the limited surveillance of MSSA has precluded an accurate assessment of the global spread of ST398 and its clinical relevance. Here we provide evidence that ST398 is a frequent source of MSSA infections in northern Manhattan and is readily transmitted between individuals in households. This contrasts with the limited transmissibility of livestock-associated ST398 (LA-ST398) MRSA strains between humans. Our whole-genome sequence analysis revealed that the chromosome of the human-associated ST398 MSSA clone is smaller than that of the LA-ST398 MRSA reference strain S0385, due mainly to fewer mobile genetic elements (MGEs). In contrast, human ST398 MSSA isolates harbored the prophage φ3 and the human-specific immune evasion cluster (IEC) genes chp and scn. While most of the core genome was conserved between the human ST398 MSSA clone and S0385, these strains differed substantially in their repertoire and composition of intact adhesion genes. These genetic changes were associated with significantly enhanced adhesion of human ST398 MSSA isolates to human skin keratinocytes and keratin. We propose that the human ST398 MSSA clone can spread independent of animal contact using an optimized repertoire of MGEs and adhesion molecules adapted to transmission among humans. IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus strains have generally been considered to be species specific. However, cross-species transfers of S. aureus clones, such as ST398 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), from swine to humans have been reported. Recently, we observed the emergence of ST398 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) as a colonizing strain of humans in northern Manhattan. Here we report that ST398 is a frequent cause of MSSA infections in this urban setting. The ST398 MSSA clone was readily transmitted within households, independent of animal contact. We discovered that human ST398 MSSA genomes were smaller than that of the LA-ST398 strain S0385 due to fewer mobile genetic elements. Human and LA-ST398 strains also differed in their composition of adhesion genes and their ability to bind to human skin keratinocytes, providing a potential mechanism of S. aureus host adaptation. Our findings illustrate the importance of implementing molecular surveillance of MSSA given the evidence for the rapid and clinically undetected spread of ST398 MSSA.

scholarly journals Draft Genome Sequences of One Methicillin-Sensitive and Seven Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Sequence Type 5 Isolates Obtained in California

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (42) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha J. Hau ◽  
Darrell O. Bayles ◽  
David P. Alt ◽  
Tracy L. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Mobile Genetic Elements ◽  
Sequence Type ◽  
Commensal Bacterium ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal bacterium of humans that can cause a spectrum of diseases. An isolate’s capacity to cause disease is partially attributed to the acquisition of novel mobile genetic elements. This report provides the draft genome sequence of one methicillin-susceptible and seven methicillin-resistant clinical human S. aureus isolates.

scholarly journals agrDysfunction Affects Staphylococcal Cassette ChromosomemecType-Dependent Clinical Outcomes in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 3125-3132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Kyung Kang ◽  
Jeong Eun Cho ◽  
Yoon Jeong Choi ◽  
Younghee Jung ◽  
Nak-Hyun Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Virulence Determinants ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Type Iv

ABSTRACTStaphylococcal cassette chromosomemecelement (SCCmec) type-dependent clinical outcomes may vary due to geographical variation in the presence of virulence determinants. We compared the microbiological factors and mortality attributed to methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) bacteremia between SCCmectypes II/III and type IV. All episodes of MRSA bacteremia in a tertiary-care hospital (South Korea) over a 4.5-year period were reviewed. We studied the microbiological factors associated with all blood MRSA isolates, includingspatype,agrtype,agrdysfunction, and the genes for Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) and phenol-soluble modulin (PSM)-mec, in addition to SCCmectype. Of 195 cases, 137 involved SCCmectypes II/III, and 58 involved type IV. The mortality attributed to MRSA bacteremia was less frequent among the SCCmectype IV (5/58) than that among types II/III (39/137,P= 0.002). This difference remained significant when adjusted for clinical factors (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.04 to 0.49;P= 0.002). Of the microbiological factors tested,agrdysfunction was the only significant factor that showed different positivity between the SCCmectypes, and it was independently associated with MRSA bacteremia-attributed mortality (aOR, 4.71; 95% CI, 1.72 to 12.92;P= 0.003). SCCmectype IV is associated with lower MRSA bacteremia-attributed mortality than are types II/III, which might be explained by the high rate ofagrdysfunction in SCCmectypes II/III in South Korea.

scholarly journals Draft Genome Sequences of 14 Staphylococcus aureus Sequence Type 5 Isolates from California, USA

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha J. Hau ◽  
Darrell O. Bayles ◽  
David P. Alt ◽  
Tracy L. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Mobile Genetic Elements ◽  
Sequence Type ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Genetic Elements

ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus is part of the human epithelial microbiota; however, it is also a pathogen. The acquisition of mobile genetic elements plays a role in the virulence of S. aureus isolates and contributes to treatment failures. This report details the draft genome sequences of 14 clinical S. aureus isolates.

scholarly journals Staphylococcus edaphicus sp. nov., Isolated in Antarctica, Harbors the mecC Gene and Genomic Islands with a Suspected Role in Adaptation to Extreme Environments

2017 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Pantůček ◽  
Ivo Sedláček ◽  
Adéla Indráková ◽  
Veronika Vrbovská ◽  
Ivana Mašlaňová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
New Species ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Novel Species ◽  
Extreme Environments ◽  
Mobile Genetic Elements ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Genetic Elements

ABSTRACT Two Gram-stain-positive, coagulase-negative staphylococcal strains were isolated from abiotic sources comprising stone fragments and sandy soil in James Ross Island, Antarctica. Here, we describe properties of a novel species of the genus Staphylococcus that has a 16S rRNA gene sequence nearly identical to that of Staphylococcus saprophyticus. However, compared to S. saprophyticus and the next closest relatives, the new species demonstrates considerable phylogenetic distance at the whole-genome level, with an average nucleotide identity of <85% and inferred DNA-DNA hybridization of <30%. It forms a separate branch in the S. saprophyticus phylogenetic clade as confirmed by multilocus sequence analysis of six housekeeping genes, rpoB, hsp60, tuf, dnaJ, gap, and sod. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and key biochemical characteristics allowed these bacteria to be distinguished from their nearest phylogenetic neighbors. In contrast to S. saprophyticus subsp. saprophyticus, the novel strains are pyrrolidonyl arylamidase and β-glucuronidase positive and β-galactosidase negative, nitrate is reduced, and acid produced aerobically from d-mannose. Whole-genome sequencing of the 2.69-Mb large chromosome revealed the presence of a number of mobile genetic elements, including the 27-kb pseudo-staphylococcus cassette chromosome mec of strain P5085T (ψSCCmec P5085), harboring the mecC gene, two composite phage-inducible chromosomal islands probably essential to adaptation to extreme environments, and one complete and one defective prophage. Both strains are resistant to penicillin G, ampicillin, ceftazidime, methicillin, cefoxitin, and fosfomycin. We hypothesize that antibiotic resistance might represent an evolutionary advantage against beta-lactam producers, which are common in a polar environment. Based on these results, a novel species of the genus Staphylococcus is described and named Staphylococcus edaphicus sp. nov. The type strain is P5085T (= CCM 8730T = DSM 104441T). IMPORTANCE The description of Staphylococcus edaphicus sp. nov. enables the comparison of multidrug-resistant staphylococci from human and veterinary sources evolved in the globalized world to their geographically distant relative from the extreme Antarctic environment. Although this new species was not exposed to the pressure of antibiotic treatment in human or veterinary practice, mobile genetic elements carrying antimicrobial resistance genes were found in the genome. The genomic characteristics presented here elucidate the evolutionary relationships in the Staphylococcus genus with a special focus on antimicrobial resistance, pathogenicity, and survival traits. Genes encoded on mobile genetic elements were arranged in unique combinations but retained conserved locations for the integration of mobile genetic elements. These findings point to enormous plasticity of the staphylococcal pangenome, shaped by horizontal gene transfer. Thus, S. edaphicus can act not only as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance in a natural environment but also as a mediator for the spread and evolution of resistance genes.

scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequences of Two Staphylococcus aureus Sequence Type 5 Isolates from California, USA

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha J. Hau ◽  
Darrell O. Bayles ◽  
David P. Alt ◽  
Tracy L. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
Mobile Genetic Elements ◽  
Sequence Type ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Genetic Elements

ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus causes a variety of human diseases ranging in severity. The pathogenicity of S. aureus can be partially attributed to the acquisition of mobile genetic elements. In this report, we provide two complete genome sequences from human clinical S. aureus isolates.

scholarly journals Role of Horizontal Gene Transfer in the Development of Multidrug Resistance in Haemophilus influenzae

mSphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Hegstad ◽  
Haima Mylvaganam ◽  
Jessin Janice ◽  
Ellen Josefsen ◽  
Audun Sivertsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Horizontal Gene Transfer ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Mobile Genetic Elements ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Genetic Elements ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Chromosomal Genes

ABSTRACT Haemophilus influenzae colonizes the respiratory tract in humans and causes both invasive and noninvasive infections. Resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins in H. influenzae is rare in Europe. In this study, we defined acquired resistance gene loci and ftsI mutations in multidrug-resistant (MDR) and/or PBP3-mediated beta-lactam-resistant (rPBP3) H. influenzae strains, intending to understand the mode of spread of antibiotic resistance determinants in this species. Horizontal transfer of mobile genetic elements and transformation with resistance-conferring ftsI alleles were contributory. We found one small plasmid and three novel integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) which carry different combinations of resistance genes. Demonstration of transfer and/or ICE circular forms showed that the ICEs are functional. Two extensively MDR genetically unrelated H. influenzae strains (F and G) from the same geographical region shared an identical novel MDR ICE (Tn6686) harboring blaTEM-1, catA2-like, and tet(B). The first Nordic case of MDR H. influenzae septicemia, strain 0, originating from the same geographical area as these strains, had a similar resistance pattern but contained another ICE [Tn6687 with blaTEM-1, catP and tet(B)] with an overall structure quite similar to that of Tn6686. Comparison of the complete ftsI genes among rPBP3 strains revealed that the entire gene or certain regions of it are identical in genetically unrelated strains, indicating horizontal gene transfer. Our findings illustrate that H. influenzae is capable of acquiring resistance against a wide range of commonly used antibiotics through horizontal gene transfer, in terms of conjugative transfer of ICEs and transformation of chromosomal genes. IMPORTANCE Haemophilus influenzae colonizes the respiratory tract in humans and causes both invasive and noninvasive infections. As a threat to treatment, resistance against critically important antibiotics is on the rise in H. influenzae. Identifying mechanisms for horizontal acquisition of resistance genes is important to understand how multidrug resistance develops. The present study explores the antimicrobial resistance genes and their context in beta-lactam-resistant H. influenzae with coresistance to up to four non-beta-lactam groups. The results reveal that this organism is capable of acquiring resistance to a wide range of commonly used antibiotics through conjugative transfer of mobile genetic elements and transformation of chromosomal genes, resulting in mosaic genes with a broader resistance spectrum. Strains with chromosomally mediated resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins, co-trimoxazole, and quinolones combined with mobile genetic elements carrying genes mediating resistance to ampicillin, tetracyclines, and chloramphenicol have been reported, and further dissemination of such strains represents a particular concern.

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