scholarly journals Antimicrobial Therapy in the Context of the Damage-Response Framework: the Prospect of Optimizing Therapy by Reducing Host Damage

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liise-anne Pirofski ◽  
Arturo Casadevall
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Antimicrobial Therapy ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Microbial Pathogenesis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Central Tenet ◽  
Damage Response ◽  
Relevant Outcome

ABSTRACT By design, antimicrobial agents act directly on microbial targets. These drugs aim to eliminate microbes and are remarkably effective against susceptible organisms. Nonetheless, some patients succumb to infectious diseases despite appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Today, with very few exceptions, physicians select antimicrobial therapy based on its activity against the targeted organism without consideration of how the regimen affects patients’ immune responses. An important concept to emerge in the past few decades is that immune responses to microbes can be detrimental by enhancing host damage, which can translate into clinical disease. A central tenet of the damage-response framework (DRF) of microbial pathogenesis is that the relevant outcome of host-microbe interaction is the damage that occurs in the host, which can be due to microbial factors, host factors, or both. Given that host damage can make patients sick, reducing it should be a goal of treating infectious diseases. Inflammation and damage that stem from the host response to an infectious disease can increase during therapy with some antimicrobial agents and decrease during therapy with others. When a patient cannot eliminate a microbe with their own immune response, antimicrobial therapy is essential for microbial elimination, and yet it can affect the inflammatory response. In this essay, we discuss antimicrobial therapy in the context of the DRF and propose that consideration of the DRF may help tailor therapy to a patient’s need to augment or reduce inflammation.

scholarly journals Virulence factors and their mechanisms of action: the view from a damage–response framework

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (S1) ◽  
pp. S2-S18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arturo Casadevall ◽  
Liise-anne Pirofski
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Virulence Factor ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Microbial Pathogenesis ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Damage Response ◽  
Practical Level

The virulence factor concept has been a powerful engine in driving research and the intellectual flow in the fields of microbial pathogenesis and infectious diseases. This review analyzes virulence factors from the viewpoint of the damage–response framework of microbial pathogenesis, which defines virulence factor as microbial components that can damage a susceptible host. At a practical level, the finding that effective immune responses often target virulence factors provides a roadmap for future vaccine design. However, there are significant limitations to this concept, which are rooted in the inability to define virulence and virulence factors in the absence of host factors and the host response. In fact, this concept appears to work best for certain types of bacterial pathogens, being less well suited for viruses and commensal organisms with pathogenic potential.

2015 Nelson's Pediatric Antimicrobial Therapy

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Antimicrobial Therapy ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Dosing Regimens

New! This bestselling and widely used resource on pediatric antimicrobial therapy provides instant access to reliable, up-to-the-minute recommendations for treatment of all infectious diseases in children. For each disease, the authors provide a commentary to help health care providers select the best of all antimicrobial choices. Drug descriptions cover all antimicrobial agents available today, and include complete information about dosing regimens. In response to growing concerns about overuse of antibiotics, the book includes guidelines on when not to prescribe antimicrobials. Key 21st edition features! Contents

scholarly journals Recombinant Myeloperoxidase as a New Class of Antimicrobial Agents

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zehong Cao ◽  
Guangjie Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
New Class ◽  
The Past

Over the past 2 decades, more than 20 new infectious diseases have emerged. Unfortunately, novel antimicrobial therapeutics are discovered at much lower rates.

2018 Nelson's Pediatric Antimicrobial Therapy, 24th Ed

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Antimicrobial Therapy ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Care Providers

This best-selling and widely used resource on pediatric antimicrobial therapy provides instant access to reliable, up-to-the-minute recommendations for treatment of all infectious diseases in children. For each disease, the authors provide a commentary to help health care providers select the best of all antimicrobial choices. Drug descriptions cover all antimicrobial agents available today and include complete information about dosing regiments. In response to growing concerns about overuse of antibiotics, the program includes guidelines on when not to prescribe antimicrobials.

scholarly journals Fighting the Monster: Applying the Host Damage Framework to Human Central Nervous System Infections

mBio ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anil A. Panackal ◽  
Kim C. Williamson ◽  
Diederik van de Beek ◽  
David R. Boulware ◽  
Peter R. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Microbial Pathogenesis ◽  
Central Nervous System Infections ◽  
Human Central Nervous System ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Damage Response

ABSTRACTThe host damage-response framework states that microbial pathogenesis is a product of microbial virulence factors and collateral damage from host immune responses. Immune-mediated host damage is particularly important within the size-restricted central nervous system (CNS), where immune responses may exacerbate cerebral edema and neurological damage, leading to coma and death. In this review, we compare human host and therapeutic responses in representative nonviral generalized CNS infections that induce archetypal host damage responses: cryptococcal menigoencephalitis and tuberculous meningitis in HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected patients, pneumococcal meningitis, and cerebral malaria. Consideration of the underlying patterns of host responses provides critical insights into host damage and may suggest tailored adjunctive therapeutics to improve disease outcome.

Rationale for the Use of Antimicrobial Agents in Periodontal Disease

1990 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter J. Loesche
Keyword(s):  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Antimicrobial Therapy ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Dental Decay ◽  
The Past ◽  
Periodontal Infection

AbstractThe traditional approach to treating dental decay and periodontal disease has often focused on caries, neglecting periodontal infection. The past 15 years have seen significant advances in the treatment of periodontal disease with antimicrobial therapy, both with and without moretraditional debridement or surgery. This article presents an overview of the use of antimicrobials, including an examination of treatment philosophies and the diagnosis of periodontal infection.

scholarly journals Розробка та оцінка придатності методу визначення нітрофуранів в меді за допомогою рідинної хроматографії високого тиску – тандемної мас-спектрометрії (UPLC-MS-MS)

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 966-974
Author(s):  
O.V. Bayer ◽  
O.S. Yaremchuk ◽  
T.V. Yevtushenko ◽  
L.V. Shevchenko ◽  
V.M. Mykhalska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Reliable Method ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Antimicrobial Spectrum ◽  
Main Obstacle ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
The Past ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Natural Honey

<p><span lang="UK">Over the past decade, Ukraine has been one of the leaders in exporting honey to EU countries. The main obstacle to increasing the export of Ukrainian honey to EU countries is the discrepancy of honey safety indicators with the requirements of importing countries. This is due to the use of a significant number of drugs with antimicrobial spectrum of action in the treatment and prevention of diseases of bees, the remains of which fall into honey. In domestic honey, according to recent data, the remains of such groups of antibiotics and antimicrobial agents as chloramphenicol, nitrofuran, nitroimidazole, sulfanilamides, tetracyclines and aminoglycosides are most commonly found.</span><span lang="EN-US">The nitrofurans, which are quite stable, can be stored in honey for a long time and are not destroyed even at high temperatures. Therefore, the urgent question remains the development and introduction into practice of laboratory analysis of a sensitive and reliable method for determining the residual amounts of nitrofurans in honey.The method developed by us allows us to determine the residual amounts of metabolites of nitrofurans in honey, namely: furazolidone derivative - 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), furaltadone-3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ), nitrofurase-semicarbazide SEM) and nitrofurantoin-1-aminohydandomine (AHD).The use of drugs nitrofuran number in the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases of bees involves the receipt of their metabolites in honey in the human body.The conducted studies revealed that nitrofurantoin (38% of honey samples) was used most often in beekeeping, followed by fureladone (24%), while nitrofurase and furazolidone were used equally in 19% of honey samples, respectively.The conducted studies revealed 4 metabolites of nitrofurans in natural honey, namely the metabolite furazolidone 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), nitrofurase-semicarbazide (SEM), furaltadone-3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ), and nitrofurantoin - 1-aminohydandomine (AHD).The content of 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ) and semicarbazide (SEM) in honey exceeds the MDR by the norms of Ukraine. According to EU norms, the content of 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), 3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ) and 1-aminohydinotin (AHD) in honey exceeds MDR and the semicarbazide content (SEM) permissible concentration.</span></p>

scholarly journals Astragalus Polysaccharides Enhance the Immune Response to OVA Antigen in BALB/c Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Yumei Zhou ◽  
Yuhan Zong ◽  
Zihao Liu ◽  
Haihong Zhao ◽  
Xiaoshan Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cpg Oligodeoxynucleotide ◽  
Human Use ◽  
Selection Of

Vaccination has been identified as one of the most effective ways to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases in humans and animals. One of the most critical steps in vaccine development is the selection of a suitable adjuvant. Although various adjuvant candidates have been evaluated in the past few decades, only a limited amount of them are nontoxic and safe for human use. Astragalus polysaccharide (APS), due to its lack of toxicity, has been used as an immunomodulator to enhance immune responses. On the other hand, the immune effects of APS on ovalbumin are yet to be examined. Thus, in this study, we analyzed APS’s effects on the immune response to ovalbumin in BALB/c mice. We have also used the classic adjuvant CpG oligodeoxynucleotide as the positive control.

Two way relationship of pregnancy and immune responses to infectious diseases

Placenta ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (5-6) ◽  
pp. A10
Author(s):  
L. Krishnan ◽  
L.J. Guilbert ◽  
T.G. Wegmann ◽  
M. Belosevic ◽  
T.R. Mosmann
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Relationship Of
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document