Two way relationship of pregnancy and immune responses to infectious diseases

Placenta ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (5-6) ◽  
pp. A10
Author(s):  
L. Krishnan ◽  
L.J. Guilbert ◽  
T.G. Wegmann ◽  
M. Belosevic ◽  
T.R. Mosmann
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Relationship Of

Vaccination today and tomorrow

1995 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 493-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Natural Host ◽  
Increasing Knowledge ◽  
Empirical Approaches

The vaccines against infectious diseases in use today are, with few exceptions, prepared from the causal agents themselves, either by inactivating them with a chemical such as formaldehyde or by attenuating them so that they grow and thus evoke an immune response in the natural host but cause no disease. These empirical approaches have produced many highly successful vaccines. Increasing knowledge at the molecular level of the agents and of the immune response to protein antigent is now providing us with the opportunity to design vaccines that will elicit protective responses without the need to use the agents themselves. The critical issue is to identify the immune responses that correlate with protection.

Varicella and Cortisone

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBERT J. HAGGERTY ◽  
R. CANNON ELEY
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
The Past ◽  
Vesicle Fluid ◽  
Heart Blood ◽  
Cortisone Therapy ◽  
Relationship Of

In the past 2 years we have seen 2 patients at the Children's Medical Center, who, while receiving cortisone therapy, developed varicella and died following a state of shock within a few days after the appearance of the vesicles. Post-mortem examinations of these patients revealed hemorrhagic vesicles throughout all viscera. In 1 case the virus of varicella was grown from vesicle fluid, heart blood, and lung. Since fatalities from varicella in childhood are so rarely encountered, even by physicians with vast experience in the field of infectious diseases, and since the clinical course of the infection in these two patients was so fulminating, the possible relationship of cortisone administration was raised.

scholarly journals Sex-Dependent Differences in Plasma Cytokine Responses to Hantavirus Infection

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 885-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Klingström ◽  
Therese Lindgren ◽  
Clas Ahlm
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Hantavirus Infection ◽  
Infected Female ◽  
Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
Macrophage Colony ◽  
Interleukin 9

ABSTRACT There are often sex differences in susceptibility to infectious diseases and in level of mortality after infection. These differences probably stem from sex-related abilities to mount proper or unwanted immune responses against an infectious agent. We report that hantavirus-infected female patients show significantly higher plasma levels of interleukin-9 (IL-9), fibroblast growth factor 2, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and lower levels of IL-8 and gamma interferon-induced protein 10 than male patients. The results demonstrate that a virus infection can induce sex-dependent differences in acute immune responses in humans. This finding may, at least partly, explain the observed sex differences in susceptibility to infectious diseases and in mortality following infection.

scholarly journals Multiomics: unraveling the panoramic landscapes of SARS-CoV-2 infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 2313-2324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Wang ◽  
Gang Xu ◽  
Xiaoju Liu ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Shuye Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Pathogenic Mechanisms ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Mechanistic Understanding

AbstractIn response to emerging infectious diseases, such as the recent pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), it is critical to quickly identify and understand responsible pathogens, risk factors, host immune responses, and pathogenic mechanisms at both the molecular and cellular levels. The recent development of multiomic technologies, including genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and single-cell transcriptomics, has enabled a fast and panoramic grasp of the pathogen and the disease. Here, we systematically reviewed the major advances in the virology, immunology, and pathogenic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection that have been achieved via multiomic technologies. Based on well-established cohorts, omics-based methods can greatly enhance the mechanistic understanding of diseases, contributing to the development of new diagnostics, drugs, and vaccines for emerging infectious diseases, such as COVID-19.

Maternal infectious diseases during pregnancy and obstetric complications in the etiology of distinct subtypes of schizophrenia: further evidence from maternal hospital records

1995 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 326-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Franzek ◽  
G Stöber
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Maternity Hospital ◽  
Obstetric Complications ◽  
Perinatal Complications ◽  
Hospital Records ◽  
Maternal Recall ◽  
Genetic Loading ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Good Agreement

SummaryOn the basis of 24 maternity hospital records, the current study investigated the validity of maternal recall and the relationship of maternal infections during pregnancy and obstetric complications (OCs) to different diagnostic subgroups of endogenous psychoses on which we reported previously in this journal. Maternal recall showed good agreement to maternity hospital records in the Lewis and Murray scale (ϑ = 0.74). With regard to infectious diseases during pregnancy maternal recall and records showed a weaker, but also good correlation (ϑ = 0.18). Psychoses with low genetic loading had more OCs than psychoses with high genetic loading. Maternal infectious diseases, especially during the fourth or fifth month of gestation, were significantly allocated to Leonhard's systematic schizophrenias. Data from maternity hospital records support our report that infectious diseases during midgestation and further perinatal complications seem to be important etiologic factors in systematic forms of schizophrenia without marked familial loading.

Can Wolbachia modulate the fecundity costs of Plasmodium in mosquitoes?

Parasitology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (6) ◽  
pp. 775-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Zélé ◽  
J Denoyelle ◽  
O Duron ◽  
A Rivero
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Natural System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Fitness Costs ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Reproductive Losses ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Damaging Effects

AbstractVertically transmitted parasites (VTPs) such as Wolbachia are expected not only to minimize the damage they inflict on their hosts, but also to protect their hosts against the damaging effects of coinfecting parasites. By modifying the fitness costs of the infection, VTPs can therefore play an important role in the evolution and epidemiology of infectious diseases.Using a natural system, we explore the effects of a Wolbachia–Plasmodium co-infection on mosquito fecundity. While Plasmodium is known to frequently express its virulence by partially castrating its mosquito vectors, the effects of Wolbachia infections on mosquito fecundity are, in contrast, highly variable. Here, we show that Plasmodium drastically decreases the fecundity of mosquitoes by ca. 20%, and we provide the first evidence that this decrease is independent of the parasite's burden. Wolbachia, on the other hand, increases fecundity by roughly 10%, but does not alter the tolerance (fecundity–burden relationship) of mosquitoes to Plasmodium infection.Although Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes fare overall better than uninfected ones, Wolbachia does not confer a sufficiently high reproductive boost to mosquitoes to compensate for the reproductive losses inflicted by Plasmodium. We discuss the potential mechanisms and implications underlying the conflicting effects of these two parasites on mosquito reproduction.

The Relationship of Schizophrenic Births to 16 Infectious Diseases

1994 ◽  
Vol 165 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. O'Callaghan ◽  
P. C. Sham ◽  
N. Takei ◽  
G. Murray ◽  
G. Glover ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Poisson Regression ◽  
The Other ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Poisson Regression Model ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
First Admission

BackgroundRecently, several investigators have reported an association between influenza epidemics and increased birth rates of ‘preschizophrenic’ individuals some four to six months later. Here we examine whether maternal exposure to other infectious diseases can also predispose the foetus to later schizophrenia.MethodTwo independent sets of dates of birth of first admission schizophrenic patients, born between 1938 and 1965 in England and Wales, were obtained from the Mental Health Enquiry in England and Wales. Data on the number of deaths per month from 16 infectious diseases between 1937 and 1965 in England and Wales were also collected. We used a Poisson regression model to examine the relationship between deaths from infectious diseases and schizophrenic births.ResultsIn the two separate data sets, increased national deaths from bronchopneumonia preceded, by three and five months respectively, increased numbers of schizophrenic births. We did not find any other significant associations between schizophrenic births and any of the other 15 infectious diseases.ConclusionsThe association between deaths from bronchopneumonia and increased schizophrenic births some months later may be a reflection of the fact that bronchopneumonia deaths increase markedly during influenza epidemics.

scholarly journals Platelet Function in Viral Immunity and SARS-CoV-2 Infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afaf Allaoui ◽  
Akif A. Khawaja ◽  
Oussama Badad ◽  
Mariam Naciri ◽  
Marie Lordkipanidzé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Blood Components ◽  
Viral Immunity ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
Activated Platelets ◽  
Viral Receptors

AbstractPlatelets, as nonnucleated blood components, are classically recognized for their pivotal role in hemostasis. In recent years, however, accumulating evidence points to a nonhemostatic role for platelets, as active participants in the inflammatory and immune responses to microbial organisms in infectious diseases. This stems from the ability of activated platelets to secrete a plethora of immunomodulatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as directly interplaying with viral receptors. While much attention has been given to the role of the cytokine storm in the severity of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), less is known about the contribution of platelets to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Here, we give a brief overview on the platelet contribution to antiviral immunity and response during SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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