scholarly journals Effect of Forage or Grain Diets with or without Monensin on Ruminal Persistence and Fecal Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Cattle

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 5336-5342 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Van Baale ◽  
J. M. Sargeant ◽  
D. P. Gnad ◽  
B. M. DeBey ◽  
K. F. Lechtenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Culture Positive ◽  
Forage Diets

ABSTRACT Twelve ruminally cannulated cattle, adapted to forage or grain diet with or without monensin, were used to investigate the effects of diet and monensin on concentration and duration of ruminal persistence and fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7. Cattle were ruminally inoculated with a strain of E. coli O157:H7 (1010 CFU/animal) made resistant to nalidixic acid (Nalr). Ruminal and fecal samples were collected for 11 weeks, and then cattle were euthanized and necropsied and digesta from different gut locations were collected. Samples were cultured for detection and enumeration of Nalr E. coli O157:H7. Cattle fed forage diets were culture positive for E. coli O157:H7 in the feces for longer duration (P < 0.05) than cattle fed a grain diet. In forage-fed cattle, the duration they remained culture positive for E. coli O157:H7 was shorter (P < 0.05) when the diet included monensin. Generally, ruminal persistence of Nalr E. coli O157:H7 was not affected by diet or monensin. At necropsy, E. coli O157:H7 was detected in cecal and colonic digesta but not from the rumen. Our study showed that cattle fed a forage diet were culture positive longer and with higher numbers than cattle on a grain diet. Monensin supplementation decreased the duration of shedding with forage diet, and the cecum and colon were culture positive for E. coli O157:H7 more often than the rumen of cattle.

Fecal Shedding of Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella, and Campylobacter in Swiss Cattle at Slaughter

2004 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 679-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. AL-SAIGH ◽  
C. ZWEIFEL ◽  
J. BLANCO ◽  
J. E. BLANCO ◽  
M. BLANCO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Healthy Cattle ◽  
Carcass Contamination

Fecal samples from 2,930 slaughtered healthy cattle were examined with the following goals: (i) to monitor the shedding of Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella, and Campylobacter in cattle; and (ii) to further characterize the isolated strains. The percentage of the 2,930 samples that tested positive for E. coli O157 by PCR was 1.6%. Thirty-eight strains from different animals that agglutinated with Wellcolex E. coli O157 were isolated. Of the six sorbitol-negative strains, five tested positive for stx2 genes (two times for stx2c and three times for stx2), and one strain tested positive for stx1 and stx2c genes. All sorbitol-negative strains belonged to the serotypes O157:H− and O157:H7 and harbored the eae type γ1 and ehxA genes. The 32 sorbitol-positive strains tested negative for stx genes and belonged to the serotypes O157:H2, O157:H7, O157:H8, O157: H12, O157:H19, O157:H25, O157:H27, O157:H38, O157:H43, O157:H45, and O157:H−. All O157:H45 strains harbored the eae subtype α1 and therefore seem to be atypical enteropathogenic E. coli strains. Whereas none of 1,000 examined samples was positive for Salmonella, 95 of 935 (10.2%) samples were positive for Campylobacter, and all strains were identified as C. jejuni. Sixteen Campylobacter strains were resistant to tetracycline, five were resistant to nalidixic acid/ciprofloxacin, four were resistant to streptomycin, and one was resistant to nalidixic acid/ciprofloxacin and streptomycin. Fecal shedding of zoonotic pathogens in slaughter animals is strongly correlated with the hazard of carcass contamination. Therefore, the maintenance of slaughter hygiene is of crucial importance.

Long-Haul Transport and Lack of Preconditioning Increases Fecal Shedding of Escherichia coli and Escherichia coli O157:H7 by Calves†

2004 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 672-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. BACH ◽  
T. A. McALLISTER ◽  
G. J. MEARS ◽  
K. S. SCHWARTZKOPF-GENSWEIN
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection

The effects of weaning and transport on fecal shedding of Escherichia coli and on E. coli O157:H7 were investigated using 80 Angus and 94 Charolais range steer calves blocked by breed and assigned to four treatments. The calves were or were not preconditioned before transport on commercial cattle liner to the feedlot via long (15 h) or short (3 h) hauling duration, yielding preconditioned long haul (P-L; n = 44), preconditioned short haul (P-S; n = 44), nonpreconditioned long haul (NP-L; n = 43), and nonpreconditioned short haul (NP-S; n = 43). Preconditioned calves were vaccinated and weaned 29 and 13 days, respectively, before transport. Nonpreconditioned calves were weaned 1 day before long or short hauling, penned for 24 h and hauled again for 2 h, and vaccinated on arrival at the feedlot. Fecal samples were collected from calves while on pasture, at weaning, at loading for transport, on arrival at the feedlot, twice in the first week, and on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 for enumeration of total E. coli (biotype 1) and detection of E. coli O157:H7. No calves were positive for E. coli O157:H7 before transport. Following transport, more (P &lt; 0.005) NP-L calves (6 of 43) tested positive for E. coli O157:H7 than did P-L (1 of 44), NP-S (1 of 43), or P-S (0 of 44) calves, and on days 0, 1, 7, and 21, their levels of shedding of E. coli were higher (P &lt; 0.005). The calves' susceptibility to infection from the environment (possibly the holding facilities or feedlot pens) was likely elevated by the stresses of weaning, transport, and relocation. Lack of preconditioning and long periods of transport (NP-L) increased fecal shedding of E. coli and E. coli O157:H7. Preconditioning may serve to reduce E. coli O157:H7 shedding by range calves on arrival at the feedlot.

Escherichia coli O157:H7 Prevalence in Fecal Samples of Cattle from a Southeastern Beef Cow-Calf Herd

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (10) ◽  
pp. 1778-1782 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. RILEY ◽  
J. T. GRAY ◽  
G. H. LONERAGAN ◽  
K. S. BARLING ◽  
C. C. CHASE
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Control Point ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Critical Control Point ◽  
Cow Calf ◽  
Culture Positive

The proportion of fecal samples culture-positive for Escherichia coli O157:H7 was determined for samples collected from 296 beef cows on pasture in a single Florida herd in October, November, and December 2001. The overall proportion of samples that cultured positive was 0.03. The proportion of cows that were culture-positive on at least one occasion was 0.091. No effect of pregnancy status or nutritional regimen on the proportion of culture-positive samples for E. coli O157:H7 was detected. We detected a breed effect on the shedding of E. coli O157, with Romosinuano cows having a lower (P &lt; 0.01) proportion of samples culture-positive than Angus or Brahman cows. This difference might have resulted from the presence of confounding variables; however, it also might represent evidence of breed-to-breed genetic variation in E. coli O157 shedding. Further research is warranted to evaluate breed as a possible risk factor for shedding of this important foodborne pathogen. Further substantiated findings could indicate that breed is a cow-calf–level critical control point of E. coli O157:H7.

Effects of Farm Manure-Handling Practices on Escherichia coli O157 Prevalence in Cattle

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
DALE D. HANCOCK ◽  
DANIEL H. RICE ◽  
DONALD E. HERRIOTT ◽  
THOMAS E. BESSER ◽  
ERIC D. EBEL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Herd Prevalence ◽  
E Coli ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Handling Practices ◽  
Culture Positive

Thirty-six dairy herds in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington were selected on the basis of cattle housing and manure-handling practices. Approximately 60 fecal samples from heifers were collected monthly in each herd for 6 months and cultured for Escherichia coli O157. One hundred seventy-nine of 12,664 (1.41%) individual fecal samples from 27 of the 36 herds (75%) were culture positive for E. coli O157. Within-herd prevalence ranged from 0% to 5.5% with a strong clustering toward the lower end of this range. A tendency was observed for herds to maintain either a relatively low or high prevalence of E. coli O157. Prevalence of E. coli O157 was similar in herds which housed heifers in dry lots and on pasture with and without application of manure. Also, application of manure to cattle forage crops was not associated with the prevalence of E. coli O157 in dairy herds.

Oral and Rectal Administration of Bacteriophages for Control of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Feedlot Cattle

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERICA A. ROZEMA ◽  
TYLER P. STEPHENS ◽  
SUSAN J. BACH ◽  
ERASMUS K. OKINE ◽  
ROGER P. JOHNSON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Rectal Administration ◽  
Host Bacterium ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Bacteriophage Therapy ◽  
Potassium Tellurite ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
E Coli

This study compared oral and rectal administration of O157-specific bacteriophages for mitigating the fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157 by experimentally inoculated steers. Fecal shedding of nalidixic acid–resistant (NalR) E. coli O157:H7 was monitored over 83 days after oral (ORL; 3.3 × 1011 PFU), rectal (REC; 1.5 × 1011 PFU), both oral and rectal (O+R; 4.8 × 1011 PFU), or no (CON; control) treatment with a four-strain O157-specific bacteriophage cocktail in multiple doses. Bacteriophages were enumerated by plaque assay, and NalR E. coli O157:H7 by direct plating on sorbitol MacConkey agar supplemented with cefixime, potassium tellurite, and nalidixic acid. Orally treated steers produced the fewest NalR E. coli O157:H7 culture-positive samples (P &lt; 0.06) compared with REC and O+R steers, but this number was only nominally lower (P = 0.26) than that for the CON steers. The overall mean shedding level (log CFU per gram of feces) was higher for REC steers (P &lt; 0.10) than for steers of the other treatment groups. Despite the shedding of higher mean bacteriophage levels (log PFU per gram of feces) by ORL and O+R than by CON and REC steers, there was no difference (P &gt; 0.05) in the number of E. coli O157–positive samples among treatments. Bacteriophage was isolated from CON steers, indicating that these steers acquired the bacteriophage from the environment and shed the phage at a level similar to that of REC steers (P = 0.39). Continuous bacteriophage therapy may be an efficacious method for mitigating shedding of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle, providing that the host bacterium does not develop resistance. This therapy may be especially advantageous if nontreated cattle can acquire this biocontrol agent from the feedlot environment.

Fecal Shedding and Rumen Growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Fasted Calves

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 574-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
BARRY G. HARMON ◽  
CATHY A. BROWN ◽  
SUZANA TKALCIC ◽  
P. O. E. MUELLER ◽  
ANDREW PARKS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Feed Withdrawal ◽  
Rumen Ph

Nine weaned calves aged from 8 to 12 weeks were fitted with rumen cannulas and were inoculated by cannula with 1010 CFU of a five-strain mixture of nalidixic acid-resistant Escherichia coli O157:H7. Six calves were fasted for 48 h on days 15 and 16 and days 22 and 23 after inoculation. Samples of rumen contents and feces were obtained daily to enumerate E. coli O157:H7 populations and to determine rumen volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations and rumen pH. Fasting resulted in a marked decrease in rumen VFA concentrations from a mean of 135 mmol/liter before the fast to a mean of 35 mmol/liter during the second day of the fast. However, there was no correlation between daily VFA concentration and daily rumen or fecal numbers of E. coli O157:H7 in any of the calves. Fasting generally had no significant effect on the rumen or fecal numbers of E. coli O157:H7. The exception was a single fasted calf that experienced a 3-log10 CFU/g increase in fecal shedding during and after the first fast. Despite the consistent changes in VFA concentrations in fasted calves, the fluctuations in rumen numbers of E. coli O157:H7 in the rumen of fasted calves were minimal. At the end of the experiment, E. coli O157:H7 was detected in either the rumen or omasum in two of three control calves at necropsy and in either the rumen or reticulum in five of six fasted calves. E. coli O157:H7 was detected in the colon in two of three control calves and in six of six fasted calves at necropsy. These results suggest that in cattle already shedding E. coli O157:H7, feed withdrawal and the associated changes in rumen pH and VFA concentrations have little effect on fecal shedding and rumen proliferation of E. coli O157:H7.

Influence of Vitamin D on Fecal Shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Naturally Colonized Cattle†

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
TOM S. EDRINGTON ◽  
RUSSELL L. FARROW ◽  
KATHRYN M. MacKINNON ◽  
TODD R. CALLAWAY ◽  
ROBIN C. ANDERSON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Serum Vitamin D ◽  
Highly Correlated

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of vitamin D on fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle. In the first experiment, two groups of cattle (beef and dairy) were assigned to a control treatment or to receive 0.5 × 106 IU vitamin D per day via oral bolus for 10 days. Fecal samples were collected before and throughout the dosing period for culture of E. coli O157:H7. No differences were observed for fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 among treatments for either beef or dairy animals. Serum concentrations of vitamin D were markedly higher (P &lt; 0.0001) in treated beef cattle but only tended to be higher (P = 0.09) in the dairy cattle. In the second experiment, three successive vitamin D dosages (2,400, 4,800, and 9,600 IU/day; 14 days each) were administered to 14 dairy steers (7 steers served as controls), fecal samples were collected daily, and serum samples were collected weekly throughout the 42-day experimental period. No significant differences in fecal prevalence or serum vitamin D concentrations were observed for any of the vitamin D dosages. A third experiment sampled feedlot cattle (winter and summer) to determine whether serum vitamin D concentrations were correlated with fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7. A fecal sample and a blood sample were obtained in each season from 60 randomly selected animals (total of 120 fecal samples and 120 corresponding blood samples). As expected, season was highly correlated (r = 0.66) with serum vitamin D concentration with higher concentrations (P &lt; 0.01) observed in the summer. E. coli O157:H7 prevalence (percentage of positive samples) was not highly correlated (r = 0.16) with season, although the correlation tended to be significant (P = 0.08). The proportion of cattle shedding E. coli O157:H7 was 16.7 and 6.7% for the summer and winter collections, respectively. Results of this research do not support a correlation between vitamin D intake and E. coli O157:H7 shedding in cattle.

Factors Associated with Fecal Shedding of Verotoxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157 on Dairy Farms

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. GARBER ◽  
S. WELLS ◽  
L. SCHROEDER-TUCKER ◽  
K. FERRIS
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Factors Associated

Fecal samples were collected from 4,361 dairy cows on 91 dairy operations between 26 February and 8 July 1996. Fecal samples were cultured for Escherichia coli O157, and positive isolates were probed for verotoxin-producing genes. A total of 52 (1.2%) fecal samples on 22 (24.2%) operations were positive for verotoxin-producing E. coli O157. Herds in which samples were collected on or after 1 May 1996 were significantly more likely to test positive than herds sampled before that date (odds ratio = 7.7). Herds maintained on farms on which alleyways were flushed with water to remove manure were 8.0 times more likely to have samples test positive for verotoxin-producing E. coli O157 than were herds maintained on farms cleaned by use of other methods of manure removal.

The Effect of Different Grain Diets on Fecal Shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by Steers

2000 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
pp. 1467-1474 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. BUCHKO ◽  
R. A. HOLLEY ◽  
W. O. OLSON ◽  
V. P. J. GANNON ◽  
D. M. VEIRA
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Whole Cottonseed ◽  
Fecal Ph ◽  
Culture Positive

Three groups of six yearling steers (three rumen fistulated plus three nonfistulated) fed one of three different grain diets (85% cracked corn, 15% whole cottonseed and 70% barley, or 85% barley) were inoculated with 1010 CFU of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain 3081, and the presence of the inoculated strain was followed in the rumen fluid and feces for a 10-week period. E. coli O157:H7 was rapidly eliminated from the rumen of the animals on all three diets but persisted in the feces of some animals up to 67 days after inoculation, suggesting that the bovine hindgut is the site of E. coli O157:H7 persistence. A significant difference existed in the levels of E. coli O157:H7 shed by the animals among diets on days 5, 7, 49, and 63 after inoculation (P &lt; 0.05). No significant difference was found between the levels shed among diets on days 9 through 42 and on day 67 (P &gt; 0.05). The number of animals that were culture positive for E. coli O157:H7 strain 3081 during the 10-week period was significantly higher for the barley fed group (72 of 114 samplings) as opposed to the corn fed group (44 of 114 samplings) (P &lt; 0.005) and the cottonseed and barley fed group (57 of 114 samplings) (P &lt; 0.05). The fecal pH of the animals fed the corn diet was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.05) than the fecal pH of the animals fed the cottonseed and barley and barley diets, likely resulting in a less suitable environment for E. coli O157:H7 in the hindgut of the corn fed animals. E. coli O157:H7 strain 3081 was present in 3 of 30 (corn, 1 of 10; cottonseed, 1 of 10; barley, 1 of 10) animal drinking water samples, 3 of 30 (corn, 1 of 10; cottonseed, 0 of 10; barley, 2 of 10) water trough biofilm swabs, 5 of 30 (corn, 0 of 10; cottonseed, 2 of 10; barley, 3 of 10) feed samples, and 30 of 30 manure samples taken from the pens during the entire experimental period. Mouth swabs of the steers were also culture positive for E. coli O157:H7 strain 3081 in 30 of 180 samples (corn, 7 of 60; cottonseed, 4 of 60; barley, 19 of 60) taken during the 10-week period. Minimizing environmental dissemination of E. coli O157:H7 in conjunction with diet modification may reduce numbers of E. coli O157:H7–positive cattle.

scholarly journals Distribution of Escherichia coli O157 in Bovine Fecal Pats and Its Impact on Estimates of the Prevalence of Fecal Shedding

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 5737-5743 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Pearce ◽  
D. Fenlon ◽  
J. C. Low ◽  
A. W. Smith ◽  
H. I. Knight ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Immunomagnetic Separation ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Reliable Detection ◽  
Multiple Samples ◽  
Bovine Feces

ABSTRACT The distribution of Escherichia coli O157 in bovine feces was examined by testing multiple samples from fecal pats and determining the density of E. coli O157 in immunomagnetic separation (IMS)-positive fecal samples. The density of E. coli O157 in bovine feces was highly variable, differing by as much as 76,800 CFU g−1 between samples from the same fecal pat. The density in most positive samples was <100 CFU g−1, the limit of reliable detection by IMS. Testing only one 1-g sample of feces per pat with IMS may result in a sensitivity of detection as low as 20 to 50%. It is therefore probable that most surveys have greatly underestimated the prevalence of E. coli O157 shedding in cattle and the proportion of farms with shedding cattle. The sensitivity of the detection of E. coli O157 in bovine feces can be as much as doubled by testing two 1-g samples per pat rather than one 1-g sample.

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