scholarly journals Exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus

2000 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin M. Dinges ◽  
Paul M. Orwin ◽  
Patrick M. Schlievert
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
The Family ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin ◽  
And Function

SUMMARY This article reviews the literature regarding the structure and function of two types of exotoxins expressed by Staphylococcus aureus, pyrogenic toxin superantigens (PTSAgs) and hemolysins. The molecular basis of PTSAg toxicity is presented in the context of two diseases known to be caused by these exotoxins: toxic shock syndrome and staphylococcal food poisoning. The family of staphylococcal PTSAgs presently includes toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) and most of the staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) (SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, SEE, SEG, and SEH). As the name implies, the PTSAgs are multifunctional proteins that invariably exhibit lethal activity, pyrogenicity, superantigenicity, and the capacity to induce lethal hypersensitivity to endotoxin. Other properties exhibited by one or more staphylococcal PTSAgs include emetic activity (SEs) and penetration across mucosal barriers (TSST-1). A detailed review of the molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity of the staphylococcal hemolysins is also presented.

scholarly journals Use of Multiplex PCR To Detect Classical and Newly Described Pyrogenic Toxin Genes in Staphylococcal Isolates

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 3411-3414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven R. Monday ◽  
Gregory A. Bohach
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Cellular Targets ◽  
Staphylococcal Enterotoxins ◽  
Toxin Genes ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin ◽  
Single Reaction

Staphylococcus aureus may contain one or more genes that encode a variety of immunomodulatory pyrogenic toxins (PTs), including the staphylococcal enterotoxins and toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST). The PTs interact with several cellular targets to produce disease, such as food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome. At present, nine serologically distinct enterotoxins and one immunoreactive form of TSST have been identified and characterized. As isolates of S. aureus are further assessed, it is anticipated that this number will increase. To facilitate screening, a multiplex PCR was designed to simultaneously determine which of these 10 currently known PT genes an individualS. aureus isolate possesses. We show here, using S. aureus isolates with characterized PT phenotypes, that this novel PCR technique reliably detects each of the known PTs in a single reaction.

The Detection of Enterotoxins and Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin Genes in Staphylococcus aureus by Polymerase Chain Reaction

2000 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. McLAUCHLIN ◽  
G. L. NARAYANAN ◽  
V. MITHANI ◽  
G. O'NEILL
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Group I ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin

A simple polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based procedure was developed for the detection of fragments of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, SEE, SEG, SEH, and SEI together with the toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1) genes of Staphylococcus aureus. One hundred and twenty-nine cultures of S. aureus were selected, 39 of which were recovered from 38 suspected staphylococcal food-poisoning incidents. The method was reproducible, and 32 different toxin genotypes were recognized. The presence of SE genes was associated with S. aureus strains reacting with phages in group III, and the TSST-1 gene with phages in group I. There was a 96% agreement between the PCR results for detection of SEA–D and TSST-1 as compared with a commercial reverse passive latex agglutination assay for the detection of SEs from cultures grown in vitro. Enterotoxin gene fragments were detected in S. aureus cultures recovered from 32 of the 38 suspected staphylococcal food poisoning incidents, and of these, 17 were associated with SEE, SEG, SEH, and SEI in the absence of SEA–D. Simple PCR procedures were also developed for the detection of SE directly in spiked food samples, and this was most successfully achieved in mushroom soup and ham. Detection was less successful in three types of cheese and in cream. SEA or SEB were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in three food samples (two of which were associated with food poisoning incidents) naturally heavily contaminated with S. aureus: the appropriate SEA or SEB gene fragments were detected directly in these three foods by PCR.

scholarly journals Enterotoxins and toxic-shock syndrome toxin-1 in non-enteric staphylococcal disease

1993 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Marples ◽  
A. A. Wieneke
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Sudden Infant Death ◽  
Sudden Infant ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Group V ◽  
Phage Group ◽  
Group I ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin

SUMMARYOver the 7 years 1985–91, 997 strains of Staphylococcus aureus from 962 patients with diseases other than food poisoning have been tested for the production of enterotoxins and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) and phage typed. In all, 128 cases could be classified as confirmed or probable toxic shock syndrome (TSS) but a further 199 cases were classified as possible or unconfirmed TSS. In 219 cases, an alternative diagnosis could be supported and 45 cases were classified as sudden infant death syndrome. In 371 cases, insufficient information for classification was available.Strains of phage group I producing TSST-1 were associated with menstrual TSS. Many menstrual TSS cases were aged less than 20 and were using non-introducer tampons.When all strains were reviewed, strong associations were observed between TSST-1 production and phage group I strains, enterotoxin B production and group V strains, enterotoxin C and phage-type 95 strains and between enterotoxin A without TSST-1 and phage group III strains.

Potent antimicrobial target in Staphylococcus aureus by bioinformatics analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mina Mahmoudi ◽  
Maryam Mohamadian ◽  
abbas maleki ◽  
nourkhoda Sadeghifard ◽  
sobhan ghafourian
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Experimental Study ◽  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Antimicrobial Therapy ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bioinformatics Analysis ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Colonization Ability

Abstract Objectives: Staphylococcus aureus could be considerable pathogenic bacterium because it can be changed from a microbiome to a lethal pathogen. Another remarkable ability of this bacterium is its colonization ability, which has been cloned in one-third of the world's population. Also, one of the most important issue in S. aureus is its severe resistance to antibiotics, which can lead to failure in antimicrobial therapy in many diseases such as abscesses, sinusitis, food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome, atopic dermatitis as well as it is one of the five major causes of nosocomial infections, especially post- surgical ulcers. therefore, find a novel antimicrobial target for S. aureus is crucial. Some studies demonstrated that toxin antitoxin systems can be the regulon for controlling the pathogenic bacteria. To identify the reliable antimicrobial targets, bioinformatics analysis before any experimental study could be helpful. Results: we evaluate the potent TA loci of 36 S. aureus strains by bioinformatics analysis. As regards, this analysis was performed with Rasta data base, toxin antitoxin systems distributions were seen in all scores and the htx-xre has the preponderance total frequency, which we hope will be beneficial for further researches.

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