Potent antimicrobial target in Staphylococcus aureus by bioinformatics analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mina Mahmoudi ◽  
Maryam Mohamadian ◽  
abbas maleki ◽  
nourkhoda Sadeghifard ◽  
sobhan ghafourian
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Experimental Study ◽  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Antimicrobial Therapy ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bioinformatics Analysis ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Colonization Ability

Abstract Objectives: Staphylococcus aureus could be considerable pathogenic bacterium because it can be changed from a microbiome to a lethal pathogen. Another remarkable ability of this bacterium is its colonization ability, which has been cloned in one-third of the world's population. Also, one of the most important issue in S. aureus is its severe resistance to antibiotics, which can lead to failure in antimicrobial therapy in many diseases such as abscesses, sinusitis, food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome, atopic dermatitis as well as it is one of the five major causes of nosocomial infections, especially post- surgical ulcers. therefore, find a novel antimicrobial target for S. aureus is crucial. Some studies demonstrated that toxin antitoxin systems can be the regulon for controlling the pathogenic bacteria. To identify the reliable antimicrobial targets, bioinformatics analysis before any experimental study could be helpful. Results: we evaluate the potent TA loci of 36 S. aureus strains by bioinformatics analysis. As regards, this analysis was performed with Rasta data base, toxin antitoxin systems distributions were seen in all scores and the htx-xre has the preponderance total frequency, which we hope will be beneficial for further researches.

scholarly journals Exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus

2000 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin M. Dinges ◽  
Paul M. Orwin ◽  
Patrick M. Schlievert
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
The Family ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin ◽  
And Function

SUMMARY This article reviews the literature regarding the structure and function of two types of exotoxins expressed by Staphylococcus aureus, pyrogenic toxin superantigens (PTSAgs) and hemolysins. The molecular basis of PTSAg toxicity is presented in the context of two diseases known to be caused by these exotoxins: toxic shock syndrome and staphylococcal food poisoning. The family of staphylococcal PTSAgs presently includes toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) and most of the staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) (SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, SEE, SEG, and SEH). As the name implies, the PTSAgs are multifunctional proteins that invariably exhibit lethal activity, pyrogenicity, superantigenicity, and the capacity to induce lethal hypersensitivity to endotoxin. Other properties exhibited by one or more staphylococcal PTSAgs include emetic activity (SEs) and penetration across mucosal barriers (TSST-1). A detailed review of the molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity of the staphylococcal hemolysins is also presented.

scholarly journals Allergy—A New Role for T Cell Superantigens of Staphylococcus aureus?

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goran Abdurrahman ◽  
Frieder Schmiedeke ◽  
Claus Bachert ◽  
Barbara M. Bröker ◽  
Silva Holtfreter
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Atopic Disease ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Toxic Shock

Staphylococcus aureus superantigens (SAgs) are among the most potent T cell mitogens known. They stimulate large fractions of T cells by cross-linking their T cell receptor with major histocompatibility complex class-II molecules on antigen presenting cells, resulting in T cell proliferation and massive cytokine release. To date, 26 different SAgs have been described in the species S. aureus; they comprise the toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1), as well as 25 staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) or enterotoxin-like proteins (SEls). SAgs can cause staphylococcal food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome and contribute to the clinical symptoms of staphylococcal infection. In addition, there is growing evidence that SAgs are involved in allergic diseases. This review provides an overview on recent epidemiological data on the involvement of S. aureus SAgs and anti-SAg-IgE in allergy, demonstrating that being sensitized to SEs—in contrast to inhalant allergens—is associated with a severe disease course in patients with chronic airway inflammation. The mechanisms by which SAgs trigger or amplify allergic immune responses, however, are not yet fully understood. Here, we discuss known and hypothetical pathways by which SAgs can drive an atopic disease.

scholarly journals Staphylococcal TSST-1 Association with Eczema Herpeticum in Humans

mSphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick M. Schlievert ◽  
Richard J. Roller ◽  
Samuel H. Kilgore ◽  
Miguel Villarreal ◽  
Aloysius J. Klingelhutz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Eczema Herpeticum ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin ◽  
Simplex Virus

Atopic dermatitis (eczema, AD) with concurrent herpes simplex virus infection (eczema herpeticum, ADEH) is a severe form of AD. We show that ADEH patients are colonized with Staphylococcus aureus that primarily produces the superantigen toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1); however, significantly but to a lesser extent the superantigens staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, and C are also represented in ADEH.

scholarly journals Use of Multiplex PCR To Detect Classical and Newly Described Pyrogenic Toxin Genes in Staphylococcal Isolates

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 3411-3414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven R. Monday ◽  
Gregory A. Bohach
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Cellular Targets ◽  
Staphylococcal Enterotoxins ◽  
Toxin Genes ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin ◽  
Single Reaction

Staphylococcus aureus may contain one or more genes that encode a variety of immunomodulatory pyrogenic toxins (PTs), including the staphylococcal enterotoxins and toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST). The PTs interact with several cellular targets to produce disease, such as food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome. At present, nine serologically distinct enterotoxins and one immunoreactive form of TSST have been identified and characterized. As isolates of S. aureus are further assessed, it is anticipated that this number will increase. To facilitate screening, a multiplex PCR was designed to simultaneously determine which of these 10 currently known PT genes an individualS. aureus isolate possesses. We show here, using S. aureus isolates with characterized PT phenotypes, that this novel PCR technique reliably detects each of the known PTs in a single reaction.

The Detection of Enterotoxins and Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin Genes in Staphylococcus aureus by Polymerase Chain Reaction

2000 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. McLAUCHLIN ◽  
G. L. NARAYANAN ◽  
V. MITHANI ◽  
G. O'NEILL
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Group I ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin

A simple polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based procedure was developed for the detection of fragments of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, SEE, SEG, SEH, and SEI together with the toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1) genes of Staphylococcus aureus. One hundred and twenty-nine cultures of S. aureus were selected, 39 of which were recovered from 38 suspected staphylococcal food-poisoning incidents. The method was reproducible, and 32 different toxin genotypes were recognized. The presence of SE genes was associated with S. aureus strains reacting with phages in group III, and the TSST-1 gene with phages in group I. There was a 96% agreement between the PCR results for detection of SEA–D and TSST-1 as compared with a commercial reverse passive latex agglutination assay for the detection of SEs from cultures grown in vitro. Enterotoxin gene fragments were detected in S. aureus cultures recovered from 32 of the 38 suspected staphylococcal food poisoning incidents, and of these, 17 were associated with SEE, SEG, SEH, and SEI in the absence of SEA–D. Simple PCR procedures were also developed for the detection of SE directly in spiked food samples, and this was most successfully achieved in mushroom soup and ham. Detection was less successful in three types of cheese and in cream. SEA or SEB were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in three food samples (two of which were associated with food poisoning incidents) naturally heavily contaminated with S. aureus: the appropriate SEA or SEB gene fragments were detected directly in these three foods by PCR.

scholarly journals Temporal and Racial Differences Associated with Atopic Dermatitis Staphylococcus aureus and Encoded Virulence Factors

mSphere ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Merriman ◽  
Elizabeth A. Mueller ◽  
Michael P. Cahill ◽  
Lisa A. Beck ◽  
Amy S. Paller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Gene Cluster ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Enterotoxin Gene ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin

ABSTRACT Monitoring pathogen emergence provides insight into how pathogens adapt in the human population. Secreted virulence factors, important contributors to infections, may differ in a manner dependent on the strain and host. Temporal changes of Staphylococcus aureus toxigenic potential, for example, in encoding toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), contributed to an epidemic of TSS with significant health impact. This study monitored changes in atopic dermatitis (AD) S. aureus isolates and demonstrated both temporal and host infection differences according to host race based on secreted superantigen potential. The current temporal increase in enterotoxin gene cluster superantigen prevalence and lack of the gene encoding TSST-1 in AAs predict differences in infection types and presentations. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin condition strongly associated with Staphylococcus aureus colonization and infection. S. aureus strains shift in populations in ~10-year intervals depending on virulence factors. Shifts in S. aureus virulence factors may in part explain the racial differences observed in the levels of prevalence and severity of AD. AD S. aureus isolates collected from 2011 to 2014 (103 isolates) and in 2008 (100 isolates) were examined for the prevalence of genes encoding superantigens (SAgs). The strains from 2011 to 2014 were obtained from AD patients as a part of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Atopic Dermatitis Research Network (ADRN). The prevalence of SAg genes was investigated temporally and racially. The enterotoxin gene cluster (EGC) was more prevalent in the 2011–2014 AD isolates than in the 2008 AD isolates. The prevalences of virulence factor genes were similar in European American (EA) and Mexican American (MA) patients but differed in 6 of 22 SAg genes between EA and African American (AA) or MA and AA isolates; notably, AA isolates lacked tstH, the gene encoding toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1). The presence of tstH and sel-p (enterotoxin-like P) was associated with decreased clinical severity and increased blood eosinophils, respectively. The EGC is becoming more prevalent, consistent with the previously observed 10 years of cycling of S. aureus strains. Race-specific S. aureus selection may account for differences in virulence factor profiles. The lack of TSST-1-positive (TSST-1+) AD S. aureus in AA is consistent with the lack of AAs acquiring TSST-1-associated menstrual toxic shock syndrome (TSS). IMPORTANCE Monitoring pathogen emergence provides insight into how pathogens adapt in the human population. Secreted virulence factors, important contributors to infections, may differ in a manner dependent on the strain and host. Temporal changes of Staphylococcus aureus toxigenic potential, for example, in encoding toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), contributed to an epidemic of TSS with significant health impact. This study monitored changes in atopic dermatitis (AD) S. aureus isolates and demonstrated both temporal and host infection differences according to host race based on secreted superantigen potential. The current temporal increase in enterotoxin gene cluster superantigen prevalence and lack of the gene encoding TSST-1 in AAs predict differences in infection types and presentations.

scholarly journals Influence of the Vaginal Microbiota on Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1 Production by Staphylococcus aureus

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 1835-1842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roderick A. MacPhee ◽  
Wayne L. Miller ◽  
Gregory B. Gloor ◽  
John K. McCormick ◽  
Jo-Anne Hammond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Aerobic Vaginitis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin

ABSTRACTMenstrual toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a serious illness that afflicts women of premenopausal age worldwide and arises from vaginal infection byStaphylococcus aureusand concurrent production of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1). Studies have illustrated the capacity of lactobacilli to reduceS. aureusvirulence, including the capacity to suppress TSST-1. We hypothesized that an aberrant microbiota characteristic of pathogenic bacteria would induce the increased production of TSST-1 and that this might represent a risk factor for the development of TSS. AS. aureusTSST-1 reporter strain was grown in the presence of vaginal swab contents collected from women with a clinically healthy vaginal status, women with an intermediate status, and those diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis (BV). Bacterial supernatant challenge assays were also performed to test the effects of aerobic vaginitis (AV)-associated pathogens toward TSST-1 production. While clinical samples from healthy and BV women suppressed toxin production,in vitrostudies demonstrated thatStreptococcus agalactiaeandEnterococcusspp. significantly induced TSST-1 production, while someLactobacillusspp. suppressed it. The findings suggest that women colonized byS. aureusand with AV, but not BV, may be more susceptible to menstrual TSS and would most benefit from prophylactic treatment.

Prevalence of producers of enterotoxins and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 amongStaphylococcus aureus strains isolated from atopic dermatitis lesions

1996 ◽  
Vol 288 (7) ◽  
pp. 418-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hisanori Akiyama ◽  
Yoichiro Toi ◽  
Hiroko Kanzaki ◽  
Joji Tada ◽  
Jirô Arata
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin
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