scholarly journals Immune Responses in U.S. Military Personnel Who Received Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine (MenACWY) Concomitantly with Other Vaccines Were Higher than in Personnel Who Received MenACWY Alone

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 672-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Broderick ◽  
Sandra Romero-Steiner ◽  
Gowrisankar Rajam ◽  
Scott E. Johnson ◽  
Andrea Milton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Immunological Responses ◽  
Bactericidal Antibody ◽  
Functional Antibodies ◽  
Serum Bactericidal Antibody Assay ◽  
The Military

ABSTRACTImmunological responses to vaccination can differ depending on whether the vaccine is given alone or with other vaccines. This study was a retrospective evaluation of the immunogenicity of a tetravalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine for serogroups A, C, W, and Y (MenACWY) administered alone (n= 41) or concomitantly with other vaccines (n= 279) to U.S. military personnel (mean age, 21.6 years) entering the military between 2006 and 2008. Concomitant vaccines included tetanus/diphtheria (Td), inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), hepatitis vaccines, and various influenza vaccines, among others; two vaccine groups excluded Tdap and IPV. Immune responses were evaluated in baseline and postvaccination sera forNeisseria meningitidisserogroups C and Y 1 to 12 months (mean, 4.96 months) following vaccination. Functional antibodies were measured by using a serum bactericidal antibody assay with rabbit complement (rSBA) and by measurement of serogroup-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. The percentage of vaccinees reaching threshold levels (IgG concentration in serum, ≥2 μg/ml; rSBA titer, ≥8) corresponding to an immunologic response was higher postvaccination than at baseline (P< 0.001). Administration of MenACWY along with other vaccines was associated with higher geometric means of IgG concentrations and rSBA titers than those measured 4.60 months after a single dose of MenACWY. In addition, higher percentages of vaccinees reached the immunological threshold (range of odds ratios [ORs], 1.5 to 21.7) and more of them seroconverted (OR range, 1.8 to 4.8) when MenACWY was administered with any other vaccine than when administered alone. Additional prospective randomized clinical trials are needed to confirm the observed differences among groups in the immune response to MenACWY when given concomitantly with other vaccines to U.S. military personnel.

scholarly journals Assessment of Antibody Response Elicited by a 7-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Tarragó ◽  
Julio Casal ◽  
Jesús Ruiz-Contreras ◽  
J. Tomás Ramos ◽  
Pablo Rojo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Vaccine Immunogenicity ◽  
Functional Antibodies

ABSTRACT We investigated antibody responses against pneumococci of serotypes 6B, 14, and 23F in 56 children and adolescents with perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection who were vaccinated with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Overall immune responses differed greatly between serotypes. Correlation coefficients between immunoglobulin G (IgG) measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and functional antibodies measured by a flow cytometry opsonophagocytosis assay (OPA) varied with serotype and time points studied. After 3 months of administering a second PCV7 dose we got the highest correlation (with significant r values of 0.754, 0.414, and 0.593 for serotypes 6B, 14, and 23F, respectively) but no significant increase in IgG concentration and OPA titers compared to the first dose. We defined a responder to a serotype included in the vaccine with two criteria: frequency of at least twofold OPA and ELISA increases for each serotype and frequency of conversion from negative to positive OPA levels. Responders varied from 43.9% to 46.3%, 28.5% to 50.0%, and 38.0% to 50.0% for serotypes 6B, 14, and 23F, respectively, depending on the response criterion. The present research highlights the importance of demonstrating vaccine immunogenicity with suitable immunological endpoints in immunocompromised patients and also the need to define how much antibody is required for protection from different serotypes, since immunogenicity differed significantly between serotypes.

TMTpedia: a case of extended Wikipedia for the military-based application in Taiwan

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 450-467
Author(s):  
Liang-Chu Chen ◽  
Ting-Jung Yu ◽  
Chi-Li Chang
Keyword(s):  
Military Personnel ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Sql Server ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Content Type ◽  
External Resources ◽  
Reference Framework ◽  
Information Operations ◽  
The Military ◽  
Prototype Design

Purpose – This paper aims to collect the terminologies from the Ministry of National Defense military dictionary and to design a military-based wiki system, TMTpedia, to serve as a collaborative and sharing platform for military personnel. Design/methodology/approach – The development of the system is based on a prototype design and case illustration. The framework of the Taiwan Military Terminology Wikipedia system (TMTpedia) consists of three major subsystems, namely, Military Terminology Dictionary Processing, Military Article Contents Extension and Military Article and Resource Recommendation. This paper applies the engines of MediaWiki to design the proposed TMTpedia, and embedded different functions into a variety of system modules are developed by using such tools as C#, Java and SQL Server. Findings – In this demonstration, the focus is on the topics of “Communications, Electronics and Information Operations” that are illustrative of cases that reveal the results of the TMTpedia system. Originality/value – The main contributions of this paper are to transform military terminologies from a traditional dictionary into Wiki-based platform that can provide a reference framework for knowledge collaboration, to extend the content on the TMTpedia system from an external knowledge encyclopedia to an extensible mechanism that can renew military concepts for the accuracy of knowledge sharing and transformation and to implement a recommendation model into the TMTpedia system that dynamically provides relevant military information from external resources to enhance the effectiveness of knowledge acquisition.

scholarly journals Serum Bactericidal Assays To Evaluate Typhoidal and Nontyphoidal Salmonella Vaccines

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 712-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Adetinuke Boyd ◽  
Sharon M. Tennant ◽  
Venant A. Saague ◽  
Raphael Simon ◽  
Khitam Muhsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Live Attenuated Vaccines ◽  
Bactericidal Antibody ◽  
Paratyphi B ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Functional Antibodies ◽  
New Vaccines

ABSTRACTInvasiveSalmonellainfections for which improved or new vaccines are being developed include enteric fever caused bySalmonella entericaserovars Typhi, Paratyphi A, and Paratyphi B and sepsis and meningitis in young children in sub-Saharan Africa caused by nontyphoidalSalmonella(NTS) serovars, particularlyS. entericaserovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis. Assays are needed to measure functional antibodies elicited by the new vaccines to assess their immunogenicities and potential protective capacities. We developedin vitroassays to quantify serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) activity induced byS. Typhi,S. Paratyphi A,S. Typhimurium, andS. Enteritidis vaccines in preclinical studies. Complement from various sources was tested in assays designed to measure antibody-dependent complement-mediated killing. Serum from rabbits 3 to 4 weeks of age provided the best complement source compared to serum from pigs, goats, horses, bovine calves, or rabbits 8 to 12 weeks of age. ForS. Enteritidis,S. Typhimurium, andS. Typhi SBA assays to be effective, bacteria had to be harvested at log phase. In contrast,S. Paratyphi A was equally susceptible to killing whether it was grown to the stationary or log phase. The typhoidal serovars were more susceptible to complement-mediated killing than were the nontyphoidal serovars. Lastly, the SBA endpoint titers correlated with serum IgG anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) titers in mice immunized with mucosally administeredS. Typhimurium,S. Enteritidis, andS. Paratyphi A but notS. Typhi live attenuated vaccines. The SBA assay described here is a useful tool for measuring functional antibodies elicited bySalmonellavaccine candidates.

scholarly journals Immunogenicity and safety of a quadrivalent meningococcal tetanus toxoid-conjugate vaccine (MenACYW-TT) vs. a licensed quadrivalent meningococcal tetanus toxoid-conjugate vaccine in meningococcal vaccine-naïve and meningococcal C conjugate vaccine-primed toddlers: a phase III randomised study

2021 ◽  
Vol 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. van der Vliet ◽  
T. Vesikari ◽  
B. Sandner ◽  
F. Martinón-Torres ◽  
G. Muzsay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Tetanus Toxoid ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Meningococcal Vaccine ◽  
Antibody Assay ◽  
Randomised Study ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Bactericidal Antibody ◽  
Serum Bactericidal Antibody Assay ◽  
Quadrivalent Meningococcal Vaccine

Abstract Vaccination remains the best strategy to reduce invasive meningococcal disease. This study evaluated an investigational tetanus toxoid-conjugate quadrivalent meningococcal vaccine (MenACYW-TT) vs. a licensed tetanus toxoid-conjugate quadrivalent meningococcal vaccine (MCV4-TT) (NCT02955797). Healthy toddlers aged 12–23 months were included if they were either meningococcal vaccine-naïve or MenC conjugate (MCC) vaccine-primed (≥1 dose of MCC prior to 12 months of age). Vaccine-naïve participants were randomised 1:1 to either MenACYW-TT (n = 306) or MCV4-TT (n = 306). MCC-primed participants were randomised 2:1 to MenACYW-TT (n = 203) or MCV4-TT (n = 103). Antibody titres against each of the four meningococcal serogroups were measured by serum bactericidal antibody assay using the human complement. The co-primary objectives of this study were to demonstrate the non-inferiority of MenACYW-TT to MCV4-TT in terms of seroprotection (titres ≥1:8) at Day 30 in both vaccine-naïve and all participants (vaccine-naïve and MCC-primed groups pooled). The immune response for all four serogroups to MenACYW-TT was non-inferior to MCV4-TT in vaccine-naïve participants (seroprotection: range 83.6–99.3% and 81.4–91.6%, respectively) and all participants (seroprotection: range 83.6–99.3% and 81.4–98.0%, respectively). The safety profiles of both vaccines were comparable. MenACYW-TT was well-tolerated and demonstrated non-inferior immunogenicity when administered to MCC vaccine-primed and vaccine-naïve toddlers.

scholarly journals Development and Use of a Serum Bactericidal Assay Using Pooled Human Complement To Assess Responses to a Meningococcal Group A Conjugate Vaccine in African Toddlers

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 755-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret C. Bash ◽  
Freyja Lynn ◽  
Brian Mocca ◽  
Ray Borrow ◽  
Helen Findlow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Antibody Concentration ◽  
Human Complement ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Meningococcal Group ◽  
Bactericidal Antibody ◽  
Pooling Strategies ◽  
Group A

ABSTRACTA meningococcal group A polysaccharide (PS) conjugate vaccine (PsA-TT) has been developed for African countries affected by epidemic meningitis caused byNeisseria meningitidis. Complement-mediated serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) assays are used to assess protective immune responses to meningococcal vaccination. Human complement (hC′) was used in early studies demonstrating antibody-mediated protection against disease, but it is difficult to obtain and standardize. We developed and evaluated a method for sourcing hC′ and then used the SBA assay with hC′ (hSBA) to measure bactericidal responses to PsA-TT vaccination in 12- to 23-month-old African children. Sera with active complement from 100 unvaccinated blood donors were tested for intrinsic bactericidal activity, SBA titer using rabbit complement (rSBA), and anti-group A PS antibody concentration. Performance criteria and pooling strategies were examined and then verified by comparisons of three independently prepared hC′ lots in two laboratories. hSBA titers of clinical trial sera were then determined using this complement sourcing method. Two different functional antibody tests were necessary for screening hC′. hSBA titers determined using three independent lots of pooled hC′ were within expected assay variation among lots and between laboratories. In African toddlers, PsA-TT elicited higher hSBA titers than meningococcal polysaccharide or Hib vaccines. PsA-TT immunization or PS challenge of PsA-TT-primed subjects resulted in vigorous hSBA memory responses, and titers persisted in boosted groups for over a year. Quantifying SBA using pooled hC′ is feasible and showed that PsA-TT was highly immunogenic in African toddlers.

scholarly journals Immunoglobulin G Subclass Response to a Meningococcal Quadrivalent Polysaccharide-Diphtheria Toxoid Conjugate Vaccine

2006 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Findlow ◽  
Jo Southern ◽  
Lesley Mabey ◽  
Paul Balmer ◽  
Robert S. Heyderman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Diphtheria Toxoid ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Bactericidal Antibody ◽  
Group A ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Cellular Control ◽  
Serum Bactericidal Antibody Assay ◽  
Conjugate Vaccination

ABSTRACT Changes in the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1)/IgG2 ratio following vaccination can indicate the activation of cellular control mechanisms typical of a T-cell-dependent response. We examined IgG subclass ratios in 17 healthy adults (26 to 55 years of age) before and 4 to 6 weeks following immunization with a quadrivalent meningococcal-polysaccharide diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine against serogroups A, C, Y, and W135. Serologic responses were determined by serum bactericidal antibody assay and serogroup-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Prevaccination serogroup A-specific IgG1/IgG2 ratios were <1 for all subjects and differed by subject for C, Y, and W-135. Postvaccination, significant increases in IgG, IgG1, and IgG2, were observed for all serogroups. Serogroup-specific IgG1/IgG2 ratios increased for group A (14/17 subjects, 88%), decreased in more than half of subjects for groups C (9/17, 53%) and W135 (12/17, 71%) and decreased for serogroup Y (16/17, 94%). IgG1/IgG2 ratios differed between individual vaccinees and were similar to the responses of adults who received pneumococcal conjugate vaccines or a monovalent C conjugate vaccine. Further studies on IgG subclasses following meningococcal polysaccharide and conjugate vaccination are needed.

scholarly journals Why do firms appoint former military personnel as directors? Evidence of loan interest rate in militarily connected firms in Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iman Harymawan
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Board Members ◽  
Exact Matching ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Listed Firms ◽  
The Military

Purpose Anecdotal evidence shows that a number of military personnel have been appointed as board members by listed firms in Indonesia. Taking advantage of the unique setting of the strong influence of the military in Indonesian politics, the purpose of this paper is to provide direct empirical evidence on the effect of military connections on interest rate for listed firms in Indonesia. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a sample of 1,818 firm-year observations of firms listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2004 to 2012 and employs Heckman’s two-stage regression and Coarsened Exact Matching methods to address endogeneity concerns on the firms’ establishment of military connections. Findings The finding reveals that connected firms significantly enjoy lower interest rates on debt than non-connected ones. These findings are robust to several robustness checks. Research limitations/implications The results of this study should be treated with caution since the proxy of military connections limited only based on board connections. Hence, this may underestimate the results from this study. This research has implications for Indonesia’s regulators who are striving to improve accounting information and transparency of militarily connected firms. Originality/value The results of this study add to the literature that connected firms enjoy preferential benefits provided by the connections through lower interest charges from banks.

scholarly journals Rotavirus spike protein ΔVP8* as a novel carrier protein for conjugate vaccine platform with demonstrated antigenic potential for use as bivalent vaccine

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wook-Jin Park ◽  
Yeon-Kyung Yoon ◽  
Ji-Sun Park ◽  
Ruchirkumar Pansuriya ◽  
Yeong-Jae Seok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Carrier Protein ◽  
Vaccine Platform ◽  
Bivalent Vaccine ◽  
Polysaccharide Antigens ◽  
Vi Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Functional Antibodies

AbstractConjugate vaccine platform is a promising strategy to overcome the poor immunogenicity of bacterial polysaccharide antigens in infants and children. A carrier protein in conjugate vaccines works not only as an immune stimulator to polysaccharide, but also as an immunogen; with the latter generally not considered as a measured outcome in real world. Here, we probed the potential of a conjugate vaccine platform to induce enhanced immunogenicity of a truncated rotavirus spike protein ΔVP8*. ΔVP8* was covalently conjugated to Vi capsular polysaccharide (Vi) of Salmonella Typhi to develop a bivalent vaccine, termed Vi-ΔVP8*. Our results demonstrated that the Vi-ΔVP8* vaccine can induce specific immune responses against both antigens in immunized mice. The conjugate vaccine elicits high antibody titers and functional antibodies against S. Typhi and Rotavirus (RV) when compared to immunization with a single antigen. Together, these results indicate that Vi-ΔVP8* is a potent and immunogenic vaccine candidate, thus strengthening the potential of conjugate vaccine platform with enhanced immune responses to carrier protein, including ΔVP8*.

THE EFFECT OF THE RELIGIOUS FACTOR ON THE MILITARY MEN VALUE BASED ORIENTATION FORMING

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
ALEXEY ROMAKHIN ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
Religious Factor ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
The Military

This article reveals the problem of the role of the religious factor in the formation of the value orientations of the military personnel of the Russian army from its inception to the present state. In the article, the author reveals the significance of the Church in the formation of the value orientations of military personnel. The problem of religious situation in foreign armies is considered. The article presents data from sociological studies confirming the increase in the number of religious servicemen in the modern Armed Forces. The concept of “religious factor” is revealed. The author suggests considering the influence of the religious factor on the formation of value orientations through the functions of religion. The article provides examples of the influence of religion on the formation of value orientations of military personnel from the time of the Baptism of Russia to the present. Examples of writers of Russian classical literature about the influence of religion on the morale of troops are given. Examples of religious participation in major battles and wars of the past years are shown. The significance of the religious factor in uniting the people and the army is shown. The work of officials of the Ministry of defense of the Russian Federation in strengthening values among military personnel in modern conditions is demonstrated. The role of the Minister of defense of the Russian Federation, General of the army S.K. Shoigu in strengthening the faith of the Russian army is outlined. Issues related to the construction of the Main Temple of the Armed Forces and its impact on the public masses were discussed. In this study, the author aims to show the significant role of religion in the formation of value orientations in Russian military personnel. The analysis shows an increasing role of religion in the minds of military personnel in modern conditions.

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