scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequence of Macrococcus caseolyticus Strain JSCS5402, Reflecting the Ancestral Genome of the Human-Pathogenic Staphylococci

2008 ◽  
Vol 191 (4) ◽  
pp. 1180-1190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadashi Baba ◽  
Kyoko Kuwahara-Arai ◽  
Ikuo Uchiyama ◽  
Fumihiko Takeuchi ◽  
Teruyo Ito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Small Chromosome ◽  
Gene Complex ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
The Family ◽  
Genome Nucleotide Sequence

ABSTRACT We isolated the methicillin-resistant Macrococcus caseolyticus strain JCSC5402 from animal meat in a supermarket and determined its whole-genome nucleotide sequence. This is the first report on the genome analysis of a macrococcal species that is evolutionarily closely related to the human pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus anthracis. The essential biological pathways of M. caseolyticus are similar to those of staphylococci. However, the species has a small chromosome (2.1 MB) and lacks many sugar and amino acid metabolism pathways and a plethora of virulence genes that are present in S. aureus. On the other hand, M. caseolyticus possesses a series of oxidative phosphorylation machineries that are closely related to those in the family Bacillaceae. We also discovered a probable primordial form of a Macrococcus methicillin resistance gene complex, mecIRAm , on one of the eight plasmids harbored by the M. caseolyticus strain. This is the first finding of a plasmid-encoding methicillin resistance gene. Macrococcus is considered to reflect the genome of ancestral bacteria before the speciation of staphylococcal species and may be closely associated with the origin of the methicillin resistance gene complex of the notorious human pathogen methicillin-resistant S. aureus.

scholarly journals Mannitol Fermenting Methicillin-Resistant Coagulase Negative Staphylococci Isolated From Diabetic Foot Infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 6095-6101
Author(s):  
Samira Fattah Hamid ◽  
Aza Bahadeen Taha
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Diabetic Foot ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Diabetic Foot Infections

Detection of mannitol fermenting coagulase-negative staphylococci is frequently unnoticed when Staphylococcus aureus is screening in the laboratory. On the other hand, the emergence of coagulase-negative staphylococci as critical human pathogens need dependable methods for the identification of clinically significant coagulase-negative staphylococci to understand the epidemiology of infections caused by these bacteria. The study aimed to identify mannitol fermenting coagulase-negative staphylococci that assumed to be Staphylococcus aureus as they formed yellow colonies on Mannitol Salt agar plates. Samples were taken from eighty-four patients with diabetic foot infections. The specimen was cultured on Blood agar and Mannitol Salt agar. Mannitol fermenting coagulase-negative staphylococci isolates diagnosed through Vitek2 system then confirmed by detecting 16S rRNA gene and absence of the nuc gene. Antibiotic sensitivity and methicillin resistance were detected by Vitek2 system, then methicillin resistance was confirmed by Oxacillin Salt Agar Screen test and detection of the mecA gene. Out of 81 Staphylococcus isolated from foot and nose of diabetic foot patients, twenty isolates were mannitol fermenting coagulase-negative staphylococci, they related to following species; Staphylococcus haemolyticus, staphylococcus lentus, Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus galinarum and Staphylococcus saprophyticus). The majority of them (85%) were phenotypically methicillin-resistant and genotypically harbouring mecA gene. 80% were resistant to Erythromycin, 70% to Clindamycin, 35% to Trimethoprim-Sulphamethoxazole, 30% to Gentamicin and Rifampicin, 15% to Levofloxacin and Teicoplanin. 30% expressed inducible clindamycin resistance.

scholarly journals Emergence of methicillin resistance predates the clinical use of antibiotics

Nature ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesper Larsen ◽  
Claire L. Raisen ◽  
Xiaoliang Ba ◽  
Nicholas J. Sadgrove ◽  
Guillermo F. Padilla-González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Trichophyton Erinacei ◽  
Human Ecosystems

AbstractThe discovery of antibiotics more than 80 years ago has led to considerable improvements in human and animal health. Although antibiotic resistance in environmental bacteria is ancient, resistance in human pathogens is thought to be a modern phenomenon that is driven by the clinical use of antibiotics1. Here we show that particular lineages of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus—a notorious human pathogen—appeared in European hedgehogs in the pre-antibiotic era. Subsequently, these lineages spread within the local hedgehog populations and between hedgehogs and secondary hosts, including livestock and humans. We also demonstrate that the hedgehog dermatophyte Trichophyton erinacei produces two β-lactam antibiotics that provide a natural selective environment in which methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates have an advantage over susceptible isolates. Together, these results suggest that methicillin resistance emerged in the pre-antibiotic era as a co-evolutionary adaptation of S. aureus to the colonization of dermatophyte-infected hedgehogs. The evolution of clinically relevant antibiotic-resistance genes in wild animals and the connectivity of natural, agricultural and human ecosystems demonstrate that the use of a One Health approach is critical for our understanding and management of antibiotic resistance, which is one of the biggest threats to global health, food security and development.

scholarly journals Characterisation of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus aureus – like strains isolated from table eggs

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewelina Pyzik ◽  
Agnieszka Marek ◽  
Tomasz Hauschild
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationship ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Consumer Health ◽  
Specific Product ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Chicken Eggs ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

AbstractThe aim of the study was to provide a detailed phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of Staphylococcus aureus strains and the group of microorganisms with unusual biochemical patterns (called Staphylococcus aureus-like) isolated from table chicken eggs. All of the strains tested exhibited resistance to at least one of the 17 antibiotics tested, and 55.55% of isolates were found to be resistant to five or more of them. PCR used for detection of the methicillin resistance gene (mecA) confirmed the presence of a specific product of 533 bp in the case of two of the isolated S. aureus-like strains. Analysis of the phylogenetic relationship between eight of S. aureus and ten S. aureus-like strains distinguished 18 macrorestriction profiles following digestion with SmaI endonuclease, indicating that there were no identical strains with the same macrorestriction profile. However, the presence of methicillin-resistant strains indicates a serious risk to consumer health.

scholarly journals Identification in Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus hominis of an Active Primordial Mobile Genetic Element for the Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

2003 ◽  
Vol 185 (9) ◽  
pp. 2711-2722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuki Katayama ◽  
Fumihiko Takeuchi ◽  
Teruyo Ito ◽  
Xiao Xue Ma ◽  
Yoko Ui-Mizutani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Mobile Genetic Element ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Type I ◽  
Genetic Element ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Staphylococcus Hominis ◽  
Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome

ABSTRACT We previously reported that the methicillin resistance gene mecA is carried by a novel type of mobile genetic element, SCCmec (staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec), in the chromosome of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). These elements are precisely excised from the chromosome and integrated into a specific site on the recipient chromosome by a pair of recombinase proteins encoded by the cassette chromosome recombinase genes ccrA and ccrB. In the present work, we detected homologues of the ccr genes in Staphylococcus hominis type strain GIFU12263 (equivalent to ATCC 27844), which is susceptible to methicillin. Sequence determination revealed that the ccr homologues in S. hominis were type 1 ccr genes (ccrA1 and ccrB1) that were localized on a genetic element structurally very similar to SCCmec except for the absence of the methicillin-resistance gene, mecA. This genetic element had mosaic-like patterns of homology with extant SCCmec elements, and we designated it SCC12263 and considered it a type I staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC). The ccrB1 gene identified in the S. hominis strain is the first type 1 ccrB gene discovered to retain its function through the excision process as judged by two criteria: (i) SCC12263 was spontaneously excised during cultivation of the strain and (ii) introduction of the S. hominis ccrB1 into an MRSA strain carrying a type I SCCmec whose ccrB1 gene is inactive generated SCCmec excisants at a high frequency. The existence of an SCC without a mec determinant is indicative of a staphylococcal site-specific mobile genetic element that serves as a vehicle of transfer for various genetic markers between staphylococcal species.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Methicillin Resistant S. aureus Isolated from Frozen Chicken Meat in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 636
Author(s):  
Mst. Sonia Parvin ◽  
Md. Yamin Ali ◽  
Sudipta Talukder ◽  
Azimun Nahar ◽  
Emdadul Haque Chowdhury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Disk Diffusion Test ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Meat Samples

Infections by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are continuously expanding within the community. Chicken meat is usually contaminated by MRSA, and this contaminated chicken meat is an important source of foodborne infections in humans. In this study, a cross-sectional supershop survey was conducted to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of MRSA in 113 domestic frozen chicken meat samples purchased from nine branded supershops available in five divisional megacities of Bangladesh. The study also focused on the determination of methicillin resistance gene in MRSA isolates. S. aureus was identified by standard culture-based and molecular methods, and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. MRSA was screened by cefoxitin disk diffusion test. Methicillin resistance gene was identified by PCR. Of samples, 54.9% were positive for S. aureus, and, of these, 37.1% isolates were identified as MRSA. All the isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR): 52.2% were resistant to 6–8 antimicrobial classes, and 47.8% isolates to 9–12 classes. Three (3.2%) isolates of S. aureus were possible extensively drug resistant. The highest rates of resistance were observed against cefoxitin (100%), followed by nalidixic acid, ampicillin and oxacillin (97.7%), colistin (91.3%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and amoxicillin (87%), penicillin-G and cloxacillin (82.6%), oxytetracycline (78.3%), and cefixime (73.9%). Screening of methicillin resistance gene revealed that 43.5% isolates of MRSA were positive for mecA gene. The high prevalence of MDR MRSA in frozen chicken meat samples in this study emphasizes the need for better sanitary education of food handlers in hygienic practices focusing on their potential role as reservoirs and spreaders of MRSA.

scholarly journals Genetic Organization of the Chromosome Region Surrounding mecA in Clinical Staphylococcal Strains: Role of IS431-Mediated mecI Deletion in Expression of Resistance in mecA-Carrying, Low-Level Methicillin- Resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus

2001 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 1955-1963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuki Katayama ◽  
Teruyo Ito ◽  
Keiichi Hiramatsu
Keyword(s):  
Gene Transcription ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Chromosome Region ◽  
Population Analysis ◽  
Phenotypic Expression ◽  
Gene Complex ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Class A ◽  
Class C

ABSTRACT We report on the structural diversity of mecA gene complexes carried by 38 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and 91 methicillin-resistant coagulase-negativeStaphylococcus strains of seven different species with a special reference to its correlation with phenotypic expression of methicillin resistance. The most prevalent and widely disseminatedmec complex had the structuremecI-mecR1-mecA-IS431R (or IS431mec), designated the class A mecA gene complex. In contrast, in S. haemolyticus, mecA was bracketed by two copies of IS431, forming the structure IS431L-mecA-IS431R. Of the 38 S. haemolyticus strains, 5 had low-level methicillin resistance (MIC, 1 to 4 mg/liter) and characteristic heterogeneous methicillin resistance as judged by population analysis. In these five strains, IS431L was located to the left of an intactmecI gene, forming the structure IS431L-class AmecA-gene complex. In other S. haemolyticusstrains, IS431L was associated with the deletion ofmecI and mecR1, forming the structure IS431L-ΔmecR1-mecA-IS431mec, designated the class C mecA gene complex. Mutants with the class C mecA gene complex were obtained in vitro by selecting strain SH621, containing the IS431L-class AmecA gene complex with low concentrations of methicillin (1 and 3 mg/liter). The mutants had intermediate level of methicillin resistance (MIC, 16 to 64 mg/liter). The mecA gene transcription was shown to be derepressed in a representative mutant strain, SH621-37. Our study indicated that the mecI-encoded repressor function is responsible for the low-level methicillin resistance of some S. haemolyticus clinical strains and that the IS431-mediated mecI gene deletion causes the expression of methicillin resistance through the derepression of mecA gene transcription.

scholarly journals Typing of mecD Islands in Genetically Diverse Methicillin-Resistant Macrococcus caseolyticus Strains from Cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sybille Schwendener ◽  
Aurélien Nigg ◽  
Alexandra Collaud ◽  
Gudrun Overesch ◽  
Sonja Kittl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Typing ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Gene ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACT Macrococcus caseolyticus belongs to the normal bacterial flora of dairy cows and does not usually cause disease. However, methicillin-resistant M. caseolyticus strains were isolated from bovine mastitis milk. These bacteria had acquired a chromosomal island (McRImecD-1 or McRImecD-2) carrying the methicillin resistance gene mecD. To gain insight into the distribution of McRImecD types in M. caseolyticus from cattle, 33 mecD-containing strains from Switzerland were characterized using molecular techniques, including multilocus sequence typing, antibiotic resistance gene identification, and PCR-based McRImecD typing. In addition, the same genetic features were analyzed in 27 mecD-containing M. caseolyticus strains isolated from bovine bulk milk in England/Wales using publicly available whole-genome sequences. The 60 strains belonged to 24 different sequence types (STs), with strains belonging to ST5, ST6, ST21, and ST26 observed in both Switzerland and England/Wales. McRImecD-1 was found in different STs from Switzerland (n = 19) and England/Wales (n = 4). McRImecD-2 was only found in 7 strains from Switzerland, all of which belonged to ST6. A novel island, McRImecD-3, which contains a complete mecD operon (mecD-mecR1m-mecIm [where the subscript m indicates Macrococcus]) combined with the left part of McRImecD-2 and the right part of McRImecD-1, was found in heterogeneous STs from both collections (Switzerland, n = 7; England/Wales, n = 21). Two strains from England/Wales carried a truncated McRImecD-3. Phylogenetic analyses revealed no clustering of strains according to geographical origin or carriage of McRImecD-1 and McRImecD-3. Circular excisions were also detected for McRImecD-1 and McRImecD-3 by PCR. The analyses indicate that these islands are mobile and may spread by horizontal gene transfer between genetically diverse M. caseolyticus strains. IMPORTANCE Since its first description in 2017, the methicillin resistance gene mecD has been detected in M. caseolyticus strains from different cattle sources and countries. Our study provides new insights into the molecular diversity of mecD-carrying M. caseolyticus strains by using two approaches to characterize mecD elements: (i) multiplex PCR for molecular typing of McRImecD and (ii) read mapping against reference sequences to identify McRImecD types in silico. In combination with multilocus sequence typing, this approach can be used for molecular characterization and surveillance of M. caseolyticus carrying mecD.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Methicillin Resistant S. aureus Isolated from Frozen Chicken Meat in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mst. Sonia Parvin ◽  
Md. Yamin Ali ◽  
Sudipta Talukder ◽  
Emdadul Haque Chowdhury ◽  
Md. Tanvir Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Disk Diffusion Test ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Meat Samples

Infections by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are continuously expanding within the community. Chicken meat is usually contaminated by MRSA, and this contaminated chicken meat is an important source of foodborne infections in humans. In this study, a cross-sectional supershop survey was conducted to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of MRSA in 113 domestic frozen chicken meat samples purchased from nine branded supershops available in five divisional megacities of Bangladesh. The study also focused on the determination of methicillin resistance gene in MRSA isolates. S. aureus was identified by standard culture-based and molecular methods, and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. MRSA was screened by cefoxitin disk diffusion test. Methicillin resistance gene was identified by PCR. Of samples, 54.9% were positive for S. aureus, and, of these, 37.1% isolates were identified as MRSA. All the isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR): 52.2% were resistant to 6−8 antimicrobial classes, and 47.8% isolates to 9−12 classes. Three (3.2%) isolates of S. aureus were possible extensively drug resistant. The highest rates of resistance were observed against cefoxitin (100%), followed by nalidixic acid, ampicillin and oxacillin (97.7%), colistin (91.3%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and amoxicillin (87%), penicillin-G and cloxacillin (82.6%), oxytetracycline (78.3%) and cefixime (73.9%). Screening of methicillin resistance gene revealed that 43.5% isolates of MRSA were positive for mecA gene. The high prevalence of MDR MRSA in frozen chicken meat samples in this study emphasizes the need for better sanitary education of food handlers in hygienic practices focusing on their potential role as reservoirs and spreaders of MRSA.

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