scholarly journals Cattle Can Be a Reservoir of Sorbitol-Fermenting Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157:H−Strains and a Source of Human Diseases

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 3470-3473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Bielaszewska ◽  
Herbert Schmidt ◽  
Almut Liesegang ◽  
Rita Prager ◽  
Wolfgang Rabsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Immunomagnetic Separation ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Separation Procedure ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Clonal Relatedness ◽  
Uremic Syndrome ◽  
Genotypic Characteristics

Using the immunomagnetic separation procedure, we isolated sorbitol-fermenting (SF) Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H− strains from two patients, one with hemolytic-uremic syndrome and the other with diarrhea, and from a dairy cow epidemiologically associated with the patients. The phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of all isolates were identical or closely related. Moreover, the bovine isolate showed a clonal relatedness to SF STEC O157:H− strains isolated from patients in Germany and the Czech Republic from 1988 to 1998. This is the first evidence that cattle can be a reservoir of SF STEC O157:H− and a source of human diseases.

scholarly journals Isolation and Characterization of Sorbitol-Fermenting Shiga Toxin (Verocytotoxin)-Producing Escherichia coli O157:Hßtrains in the Czech Republic

1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 2135-2137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Bielaszewska ◽  
Herbert Schmidt ◽  
Mohamed A. Karmali ◽  
Rasik Khakhria ◽  
Jan Janda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
First Finding ◽  
Uremic Syndrome ◽  
Genotypic Characteristics

Two sorbitol-fermenting (SF) Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli (STEC) O157:H− strains were isolated from patients with hemolytic-uremic syndrome in the Czech Republic in 1995. Their phenotypic and genotypic characteristics and genomic DNA fingerprints were identical or closely related to those of SF STEC O157:H− strains isolated in Germany in 1988 to 1997. This indicates that the Czech isolates belong to the SF STEC O157 clone which is widespread in Germany. It is the first finding of the clone outside Germany.

Prevalence, Characterization, and Genotypic Analysis of Escherichia coli O157:H7/NM fromSelected Beef Exporting Abattoirs of Argentina

2010 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 649-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. O. MASANA ◽  
G. A. LEOTTA ◽  
L. L. DEL CASTILLO ◽  
B. A. D'ASTEK ◽  
P. M. PALLADINO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Clonal Relatedness ◽  
Genotypic Analysis ◽  
Shiga Toxin 2 ◽  
Uremic Syndrome ◽  
Fecal Content

In Argentina, Escherichia coli O157:H7/NM (STEC O157) is the prevalent serotype associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), which is endemic in the country with more than 400 cases per year. In order to estimate the prevalence and characteristics of STEC O157 in beef cattle at slaughter, a survey of 1,622 fecal and carcass samples was conducted in nine beef exporting abattoirs from November 2006 to April 2008. A total of 54 samples were found positive for STEC O157, with an average prevalence of 4.1% in fecal content and 2.6% in carcasses. Calves and heifers presented higher percentages of prevalence in feces, 10.5 and 8.5%, respectively. All STEC O157 isolates harbored stx2 (Shiga toxin 2), eae (intimin), ehxA (enterohemolysin), and fliCH7 (H7 flagellin) genes, while stx1 (Shiga toxin 1) was present in 16.7% of the strains. The prevalent (56%) stx genotype identified was stx2 combined with variant stx2c (vh-a), the combination of which is also prevalent (>90%) in STEC O157 post–enteric HUS cases in Argentina. The clonal relatedness of STEC O157 strains was established by phage typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The 54 STEC isolates were categorized into 12 different phage types and in 29 XbaI-PFGE patterns distributed in 27 different lots. STEC O157 strains isolated from 5 of 21 carcasses were identical by PFGE (100% similarity) to strains of the fecal content of the same or a contiguous bovine in the lot. Five phage type–PFGE–stx profiles of 10 strains isolated in this study matched with the profiles of the strains recovered from 18 of 122 HUS cases that occurred in the same period.

How Does Escherichia coli O157:H7 Testing in Meat Compare with What We Are Seeing Clinically?

2000 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 819-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID W. K. ACHESON
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
The United States ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Current Policy ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Uremic Syndrome

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is but one of a group of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) that cause both intestinal disease such as bloody and nonbloody diarrhea and serious complications like hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). While E. coli O157: H7 is the most renowned STEC, over 200 different types of STEC have been documented in meat and animals, at least 60 of which have been linked with human disease. A number of studies have suggested that non-O157 STEC are associated with clinical disease, and non-O157 STEC are present in the food supply. Non-O157 STEC, such as O111 have caused large outbreaks and HUS in the United States and other countries. The current policy in the United States is to examine ground beef for O157:H7 only, but restricting the focus to O157 will miss other important human STEC pathogens.

Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Characterization of Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia coli O157 from Hides of Cattle at Slaughter

2002 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 1172-1176 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. AVERY ◽  
A. SMALL ◽  
C.-A. REID ◽  
S. BUNCIC
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Immunomagnetic Separation ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Pulsed Field ◽  
E Coli ◽  
High Prevalence

Contamination of the brisket areas of the hides of healthy adult cattle with Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli O157 at slaughter in England was studied. In total, 73 cattle consignments comprising 584 animals delivered to one abattoir over 3 days during 1 week in July 2001 were studied: 26 cattle consignments arriving on Monday, 32 consignments arriving on Wednesday, and 15 consignments arriving on Friday. Consignment sizes ranged from 1 to 23 animals, with a mean consignment size of 8. The hide of the first animal to be slaughtered in each consignment was sampled by using a sponge swab moistened with 0.85% saline to rub an unmeasured brisket (ventral) area (ca. 30 by 30 cm). The process of isolating E. coli O157 from the swabs consisted of enrichment, screening with immunoprecipitation assay kits, and immunomagnetic separation. E. coli O157 was found on 24 of 73 (32.9%) cattle hides examined, and 21 of these 24 isolates produced Shiga toxins. The 24 E. coli O157 isolates produced six different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles, and 18 (75%) of the isolates were of one prevalent clone. The high prevalence of one E. coli O157 clone on the hides of cattle at slaughter could be due to a high prevalence of that clone on the 18 farms involved (not investigated in the current study), in the postfarm transport or lairage environments, or both. Since the lairage environment, but not the farm of origin or the postfarm transport vehicle, was a factor common to all 18 cattle consignments, it could have played an important role in spreading the prevalent E. coli O157 clone to the cattle hides. Lairage pen floors and the stunning box floor were identified as the most probable sites along the unloading-to-slaughter route at which the brisket areas of cattle hides could become contaminated.

scholarly journals Enhanced Virulence of the Escherichia coli O157:H7 Spinach-Associated Outbreak Strain in Two Animal Models Is Associated with Higher Levels of Stx2 Production after Induction with Ciprofloxacin

2014 ◽  
Vol 82 (12) ◽  
pp. 4968-4977 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Zangari ◽  
A. R. Melton-Celsa ◽  
A. Panda ◽  
M. A. Smith ◽  
I. Tatarov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Hemorrhagic Colitis ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Outbreak Strain ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Intestinal Pathology ◽  
Phage Dna ◽  
Uremic Syndrome

ABSTRACTShiga toxin (Stx)-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) causes hemorrhagic colitis and the hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). STEC strains may produce Stx1a and/or Stx2a or variants of either toxin. A 2006 spinach-associated outbreak of STEC O157:H7 resulted in higher hospitalization and HUS rates than previous STEC outbreaks. The spinach isolate, strain K3995, contains bothstx2aandstx2c. We hypothesized that the enhanced virulence of K3995 reflects the combination ofstx2alleles (carried on lysogenic phages) and/or the amount of Stx2 made by that strain. We compared the virulence of K3995 to those of other O157:H7 isolates and an isogenic Stx2 mutant in rabbits and mice. We also measured the relative levels of Stx2 produced from those strains with or without induction of thestx-carrying phage. Some rabbits infected with K3995 exhibited intestinal pathology and succumbed to infection, while none of those infected with O157:H7 strain 2812 (Stx1a+Stx2a+) died or showed pathological signs. Rabbits infected with the isogenic Stx2a mutant K3995stx2a::catwere not colonized as well as those infected with K3995 and exhibited no signs of disease. In the streptomycin-treated mouse model, more animals infected with K3995 died than did those infected with O157:H7 strain 86-24 (Stx2a+). Additionally, K3995 produced higher levels of total Stx2 and toxin phage DNA in cultures after phage induction than did 86-24. Our results demonstrate the greater virulence of K3995 compared to other O157:H7 strains in rabbits and mice. We conclude that this enhanced virulence is linked to higher levels of Stx2 expression as a consequence of increased phage induction.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157 in the Province of Alberta, Canada, 2009–2016

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisboa ◽  
Szelewicki ◽  
Lin ◽  
Latonas ◽  
Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
One Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Uremic Syndrome ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Made In ◽  
Marked Drop

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections are the product of the interaction between bacteria, phages, animals, humans, and the environment. In the late 1980s, Alberta had one of the highest incidences of STEC infections in North America. Herein, we revisit and contextualize the epidemiology of STEC O157 human infections in Alberta for the period 2009–2016. STEC O157 infections were concentrated in large urban centers, but also in rural areas with high cattle density. Hospitalization was often required when the Shiga toxin genotype stx2a stx2c was involved, however, only those aged 60 years or older and infection during spring months (April to June) independently predicted that need. Since the late 1980s, the rate of STEC O157-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in Alberta has remained unchanged at 5.1%, despite a marked drop in the overall incidence of the infection. While Shiga toxin genotypes stx1a stx2c and stx2a stx2c seemed associated with HUS, only those aged under 10 years and infection during spring months were independently predictive of that complication. The complexity of the current epidemiology of STEC O157 in Alberta highlights the need for a One Health approach for further progress to be made in mitigating STEC morbidity.

Escherichia coli O157 and non-O157 Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia coli in Fecal Samples of Finished Pigs at Slaughter in Switzerland

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. KAUFMANN ◽  
C. ZWEIFEL ◽  
M. BLANCO ◽  
J. E. BLANCO ◽  
J. BLANCO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
E Coli ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Strain Testing ◽  
Typical Epec ◽  
Uremic Syndrome

Fecal samples from 630 slaughtered finisher pigs were examined by PCR to assess the shedding of Escherichia coli O157 (rfbE) and Shiga toxin–producing E. coli (STEC, stx). The proportion of positive samples was 7.5% for rfbE and 22% for stx. By colony hybridization, 31 E. coli O157 and 45 STEC strains were isolated, and these strains were further characterized by phenotypic and genotypic traits. Among E. coli O157 strains, 30 were sorbitol positive, 30 had an H type other than H7, and none harbored stx genes. Intimin (eae), enterohemolysin (ehxA), EAST1 (astA), and porcine A/E–associated protein (paa) were present in 10, 3, 26, and 6% of strains. Among them, one eae-γ1–positive O157:H7 strain testing positive for ehxA and astA and two eae-α1–positive O157:H45 strains were classified as enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). The O157:H45 EPEC harbored the EAF plasmid and the bfpA gene, factors characteristic for typical EPEC. The isolated STEC strains (43 sorbitol positive) belonged to 11 O:H serotypes, including three previously reported in human STEC causing hemolytic uremic syndrome (O9:H−, O26:H−, and O103:H2). All but one strain harbored stx2e. The eae and ehxA genes, which are strongly correlated with human disease, were present in only one O103:H2 strain positive for stx1 and paa, whereas the astA gene was found more frequently (14 strains). High prevalence of STEC was found among finisher pigs, but according to the virulence factors the majority of these strains seem to be of low virulence.

scholarly journals Contribution and Interaction of Shiga Toxin Genes to Escherichia coli O157:H7 Virulence

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian A.M. Tarr ◽  
Taryn Stokowski ◽  
Smriti Shringi ◽  
Phillip I. Tarr ◽  
Stephen B. Freedman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Additive Interaction ◽  
Shiga Toxins ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Uremic Syndrome ◽  
Shiga Toxin Genes

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is the predominant cause of diarrhea-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) worldwide. Its cardinal virulence traits are Shiga toxins, which are encoded by stx genes, the most common of which are stx1a, stx2a, and stx2c. The toxins these genes encode differ in their in vitro and experimental phenotypes, but the human population-level impact of these differences is poorly understood. Using Shiga toxin-encoding bacteriophage insertion typing and real-time polymerase chain reaction, we genotyped isolates from 936 E. coli O157:H7 cases and verified HUS status via chart review. We compared the HUS risk between isolates with stx2a and those with stx2a and another gene and estimated additive interaction of the stx genes. Adjusted for age and symptoms, the HUS incidence of E. coli O157:H7 containing stx2a alone was 4.4% greater (95% confidence interval (CI) −0.3%, 9.1%) than when it occurred with stx1a. When stx1a and stx2a occur together, the risk of HUS was 27.1% lower (95% CI −87.8%, −2.3%) than would be expected if interaction were not present. At the population level, temporal or geographic shifts toward these genotypes should be monitored, and stx genotype may be an important consideration in clinically predicting HUS among E. coli O157:H7 cases.

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