scholarly journals Yellow Fever Virus Reemergence and Spread in Southeast Brazil, 2016–2019

2019 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Giovanetti ◽  
Marcos Cesar Lima de Mendonça ◽  
Vagner Fonseca ◽  
Maria Angélica Mares-Guia ◽  
Allison Fabri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Genomic Data ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Espirito Santo ◽  
Southeastern Region

ABSTRACT The recent reemergence of yellow fever virus (YFV) in Brazil has raised serious concerns due to the rapid dissemination of the virus in the southeastern region. To better understand YFV genetic diversity and dynamics during the recent outbreak in southeastern Brazil, we generated 18 complete and nearly complete genomes from the peak of the epidemic curve from nonhuman primates (NHPs) and human infected cases across the Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro states. Genomic sequencing of 18 YFV genomes revealed the estimated timing, source, and likely routes of yellow fever virus transmission and dispersion during one of the largest outbreaks ever registered in Brazil. We showed that during the recent epidemic, YFV was reintroduced from Minas Gerais to the Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro states multiple times between 2016 and 2019. The analysis of data from portable sequencing could identify the corridor of spread of YFV. These findings reinforce the idea that continued genomic surveillance strategies can provide information on virus genetic diversity and transmission dynamics that might assist in understanding arbovirus epidemics. IMPORTANCE Arbovirus infections in Brazil, including yellow fever, dengue, zika, and chikungunya, result in considerable morbidity and mortality and are pressing public health concerns. However, our understanding of these outbreaks is hampered by the limited availability of genomic data. In this study, we investigated the genetic diversity and spatial distribution of YFV during the current outbreak by analyzing genomic data from areas in southeastern Brazil not covered by other previous studies. To gain insights into the routes of YFV introduction and dispersion, we tracked the virus by sequencing YFV genomes sampled from nonhuman primates and infected patients from the southeastern region. Our study provides an understanding of how YFV initiates transmission in new Brazilian regions and illustrates that genomics in the field can augment traditional approaches to infectious disease surveillance and control.

scholarly journals Yellow fever virus spread in Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo, 2016-2019: Phylodynamic assessment to improve intervention strategies

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Giovanetti ◽  
Marcos Cesar Lima de Mendonça ◽  
Vagner Fonseca ◽  
Maria Angélica Mares-Guia ◽  
Allison Fabri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Espírito Santo ◽  
Espirito Santo ◽  
Southeastern Region

ABSTRACTThe recent re-emergence of yellow fever virus (YFV) in Brazil has raised serious concerns due to the virus’ rapid dissemination in the southeastern region. To better understand YFV genetic diversity and dynamics during the recent outbreak in southeastern Brazil we generated 18 complete and near-complete genomes from the peak of the epidemic curve from non-human primates (NHPs) and human infected cases across Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro states. Genomic sequencing of 18 YFV genomes revealed the timing, source and likely routes of yellow fever virus transmission and dispersion during the one of the largest outbreaks ever registered in Brazil. We showed that the recent YFV epidemic spillover southwards several times from Minas Gerais to Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro states in 2016 to 2019. The quick production and analysis of data from portable sequencing could identify the corridor of spread of YFV. These findings reinforce that real-time and continued genomic surveillance strategies can assist in the monitoring and public health responses of arbovirus epidemics.IMPORTANCEArbovirus infections in Brazil including Yellow Fever, Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya result in considerable morbidity and mortality and are pressing public health concerns. However, our understanding of these outbreaks is hampered by limited availability of real time genomic data. In this study, we investigated the genetic diversity and spatial distribution of YFV during the current outbreak in southeastern Brazil. To gain insights into the routes of YFV introduction and dispersion, we tracked the virus by sequencing YFV genomes sampled from non-human primates and infected patients from the southeastern region. Our study provides an understanding of how YFV initiates transmission in new Brazilian regions and illustrates that near-real time genomics in the field can augment traditional approaches to infectious disease surveillance and control.

Genomic evidence of yellow fever virus in Aedes scapularis, southeastern Brazil, 2016

Acta Tropica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 205 ◽  
pp. 105390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Sequetin Cunha ◽  
Nuno Rodrigues Faria ◽  
Giovana Santos Caleiro ◽  
Darlan Silva Candido ◽  
Sarah C. Hill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Southeastern Brazil

scholarly journals Oviposition activity of Haemagogus leucocelaenus (Diptera: Culicidae) during the rainy and dry seasons, in areas with yellow fever virus circulation in the Atlantic Forest, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0261283
Author(s):  
Jeronimo Alencar ◽  
Cecilia Ferreira de Mello ◽  
Paulo José Leite ◽  
Amanda Queiroz Bastos ◽  
Shayenne Olsson Freitas Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Sampling Points ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Hatching Rates

The present study aims to analyze the effectiveness of ovitraps in the capture of Hg leucocelaenus eggs and evaluate the influence of the dry and rainy seasons on their abundance and hatching rates. The eggs were collected in the Atlantic Forest of State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, an area in which the yellow fever virus is known to circulate. We distributed 15 ovitraps in three sampling points, with five ovitraps per point. We distributed 15 ovitraps in three sampling points on trees within a forested area, which were sequentially numbered, monitored, and replaced every two weeks from October 2016 to April 2018. There was a high dominance of Hg. leucocelaenus eggs (98.4%) and a variation in egg hatching rates between the wet and dry seasons. These rates were 1.5 times higher in the rainy season than in the dry season. The rainy season also showed a greater abundance of eggs and higher values of ovitrap positivity and egg density indexes in the installed ovitraps. The abundances of Hg. leucocelaenus eggs were positively correlated with mean monthly temperature and air humidity but not significantly correlated with accumulated precipitation. These results, as well as their implications for the possible use of ovitraps to monitor vector mosquitoes of yellow fever in the study region, are discussed.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity of begomovirus infecting tomato and associated weeds in Southeastern Brazil

2002 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 372-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUCIANA P. AMBROZEVICIUS ◽  
RENATA F. CALEGARIO ◽  
ELIZABETH P.B. FONTES ◽  
MURILO G. DE CARVALHO ◽  
F. MURILO ZERBINI
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Espírito Santo ◽  
Chlorotic Mottle Virus ◽  
Chlorotic Mottle ◽  
Espirito Santo ◽  
High Degree

The genetic diversity of begomovirus isolates from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fields in the Southeastern region of Brazil was analyzed by direct sequencing of PCR fragments amplified by using universal oligonucleotides for the begomovirus DNA-A, and subsequent computer-aided phylogenetic analysis. Samples of tomato plants and associated weeds showing typical symptoms of virus infection were collected at seven locations in the states of Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro. A total of 137 out of 369 samples were infected with a begomovirus based on PCR analysis. Phylogenetic analysis indicated a high degree of genetic diversity among begomoviruses infecting tomatoes in the sampled area. One species (Tomato chlorotic mottle virus, TCMV) occurs predominantly in Minas Gerais, whereas in Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo a distinct species, not yet fully characterized, predominates. Phylogenetic analysis further indicates the presence of an additional four possible new species. This high degree of genetic diversity suggests a recent transfer of indigenous begomovirus from wild hosts into tomatoes. The close phylogenetic relationship verified between begomovirus infecting tomato and associated weeds favors this hypothesis.

Two new species of Callibaetis Eaton (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Southeastern Brazil

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2261 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. CRUZ ◽  
F. F. SALLES ◽  
N. HAMADA
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Espírito Santo ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Espirito Santo ◽  
Southeastern Region

Two new species of Callibaetis are described based on nymphs and adults of both genders. Specimens were collected in the states of Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo, in the Southeastern region of Brazil. With the description of C. fluminensis sp. n. and C. capixaba sp. n. we increase the number of species in the genus Callibaetis in Brazil to eleven.

scholarly journals Reemergence of yellow fever virus in southeastern Brazil, 2017-2018: what sparked the spread?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joelle I. Rosser ◽  
Karin Nielsen-Saines ◽  
Eduardo Saad ◽  
Trevon Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Rural Area ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Outdoor Exposure ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Severe Drought

AbstractBackgroundThe 2017-2018 yellow fever virus (YFV) outbreak in southeastern Brazil marked a reemergence of YFV in urban states that had been YFV free for nearly a century. Unlike earlier urban YFV transmission, this epidemic was also driven by forest mosquitos. The objective of this study was to evaluate environmental drivers of this outbreak.Methodology/Principal FindingsUsing surveillance data from the Brazilian Ministry of Health of human and non-human primate (NHP) cases of yellow fever, we traced the spatiotemporal progression of the outbreak. We then assessed the epidemic timing in relation to drought using a monthly Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Lastly, we evaluated demographic risk factors for rural or outdoor exposure amongst YFV cases. Both human and NHP cases were first identified in a hot, dry, rural area in northern Minas Gerais before spreading southeast into the more cool, wet urban states of Espírito Santo, São Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro. Outbreaks also coincided with drought in all four southeastern states of Brazil. Confirmed YFV cases had an increased odds of being male (OR 2.58; 95% CI 2.28-2.92), working age (OR: 2.03; 95% CI: 1.76-2.35), and reporting recent travel from an urban to a rural area (OR: 5.02; 95% CI: 3.76-6.69).Conclusions/SignificanceThe 2017-2018 YFV epidemic in Brazil originated in hot, dry rural areas of Minas Gerais before expanding south into urban centers. An unusually severe drought in this region may have created environmental pressures that sparked the reemergence of YFV in Brazil’s southeastern cities.Author SummaryIn 2017-2018, cities in southeastern Brazil experienced an unusual outbreak of yellow fever virus. In the early 20th century, these cities had large outbreaks of yellow fever, spread by Aedes mosquitos. But until this recent outbreak, they had been free of yellow fever for nearly a century. While this outbreak was spread by Haemagogous forest mosquitos, the reemergence of yellow fever in densely populated urban areas raises serious concerns about it reestablishing ongoing transmission in cities, spread by urban Aedes mosquitos. Our study sought to understand how and why yellow fever virus remerged in this area. We traced the outbreak, finding that it started in hot, dry, rural areas and spread south into cool, wet urban areas. Additionally, the outbreak coincided with a severe drought; this extreme weather may have promoted the spread of yellow fever. Infection was also associated with rural and outdoor exposure, further suggesting this epidemic originated in rural areas.

scholarly journals Yellow fever virus outbreak in Brazil under current and future climate

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 664-677
Author(s):  
Tara Sadeghieh ◽  
Jan M. Sargeant ◽  
Amy L. Greer ◽  
Olaf Berke ◽  
Guillaume Dueymes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Future Climate

scholarly journals Yellow Fever Outbreak in Eastern Senegal, 2020–2021

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1475
Author(s):  
Moussa Moïse Diagne ◽  
Marie Henriette Dior Ndione ◽  
Alioune Gaye ◽  
Mamadou Aliou Barry ◽  
Diawo Diallo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
World Health ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Ministry Of Health

Yellow fever virus remains a major threat in low resource countries in South America and Africa despite the existence of an effective vaccine. In Senegal and particularly in the eastern part of the country, periodic sylvatic circulation has been demonstrated with varying degrees of impact on populations in perpetual renewal. We report an outbreak that occurred from October 2020 to February 2021 in eastern Senegal, notified and managed through the synergistic effort yellow fever national surveillance implemented by the Senegalese Ministry of Health in collaboration with the World Health Organization, the countrywide 4S network set up by the Ministry of Health, the Institut Pasteur de Dakar, and the surveillance of arboviruses and hemorrhagic fever viruses in human and vector populations implemented since mid 2020 in eastern Senegal. Virological analyses highlighted the implication of sylvatic mosquito species in virus transmission. Genomic analysis showed a close relationship between the circulating strain in eastern Senegal, 2020, and another one from the West African lineage previously detected and sequenced two years ago from an unvaccinated Dutch traveler who visited the Gambia and Senegal before developing signs after returning to Europe. Moreover, genome analysis identified a 6-nucleotide deletion in the variable domain of the 3′UTR with potential impact on the biology of the viral strain that merits further investigations. Integrated surveillance of yellow fever virus but also of other arboviruses of public health interest is crucial in an ecosystem such as eastern Senegal.

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