scholarly journals Antiviral CD8 T Cells Recognize Borna Disease Virus Antigen Transgenically Expressed in either Neurons or Astrocytes

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 3099-3108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Baur ◽  
Mathias Rauer ◽  
Kirsten Richter ◽  
Axel Pagenstecher ◽  
Jürgen Götz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Virus Antigen ◽  
Immune Recognition ◽  
Borna Disease Virus ◽  
Borna Disease

ABSTRACT Borna disease virus (BDV) can persistently infect the central nervous system (CNS) of mice. The infection remains nonsymptomatic as long as antiviral CD8 T cells do not infiltrate the infected brain. BDV mainly infects neurons which reportedly carry few, if any, major histocompatibility complex class I molecules on the surface. Therefore, it remains unclear whether T cells can recognize replicating virus in these cells or whether cross-presentation of viral antigen by other cell types is important for immune recognition of BDV. To distinguish between these possibilities, we used two lines of transgenic mice that strongly express the N protein of BDV in either neurons (Neuro-N) or astrocytes (Astro-N). Since these animals are tolerant to the neo-self-antigen, we adoptively transferred T cells with specificity for BDV N. In nontransgenic mice persistently infected with BDV, the transferred cells accumulated in the brain parenchyma along with immune cells of host origin and efficiently induced neurological disease. Neurological disease was also observed if antiviral T cells were injected into the brains of Astro-N or Neuro-N but not nontransgenic control mice. Our results demonstrate that CD8 T cells can recognize foreign antigen on neurons and astrocytes even in the absence of infection or inflammation, indicating that these CNS cell types are playing an active role in immune recognition of viruses.

scholarly journals CD8 T Cells Require Gamma Interferon To Clear Borna Disease Virus from the Brain and Prevent Immune System-Mediated Neuronal Damage

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (21) ◽  
pp. 13509-13518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Hausmann ◽  
Axel Pagenstecher ◽  
Karen Baur ◽  
Kirsten Richter ◽  
Hanns-Joachim Rziha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Gamma Interferon ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Borna Disease Virus ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Deficient Mice ◽  
Borna Disease

ABSTRACT Borna disease virus (BDV) frequently causes meningoencephalitis and fatal neurological disease in young but not old mice of strain MRL. Disease does not result from the virus-induced destruction of infected neurons. Rather, it is mediated by H-2 k -restricted antiviral CD8 T cells that recognize a peptide derived from the BDV nucleoprotein N. Persistent BDV infection in mice is not spontaneously cleared. We report here that N-specific vaccination can protect wild-type MRL mice but not mutant MRL mice lacking gamma interferon (IFN-γ) from persistent infection with BDV. Furthermore, we observed a significant degree of resistance of old MRL mice to persistent BDV infection that depended on the presence of CD8 T cells. We found that virus initially infected hippocampal neurons around 2 weeks after intracerebral infection but was eventually cleared in most wild-type MRL mice. Unexpectedly, young as well as old IFN-γ-deficient MRL mice were completely susceptible to infection with BDV. Moreover, neurons in the CA1 region of the hippocampus were severely damaged in most diseased IFN-γ-deficient mice but not in wild-type mice. Furthermore, large numbers of eosinophils were present in the inflamed brains of IFN-γ-deficient mice but not in those of wild-type mice, presumably because of increased intracerebral synthesis of interleukin-13 and the chemokines CCL1 and CCL11, which can attract eosinophils. These results demonstrate that IFN-γ plays a central role in host resistance against infection of the central nervous system with BDV and in clearance of BDV from neurons. They further indicate that IFN-γ may function as a neuroprotective factor that can limit the loss of neurons in the course of antiviral immune responses in the brain.

scholarly journals CD8+ T Lymphocytes Mediate Borna Disease Virus-Induced Immunopathology Independently of Perforin

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (21) ◽  
pp. 10460-10466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Hausmann ◽  
Karin Schamel ◽  
Peter Staeheli
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Borna Disease Virus ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Deficient Mice ◽  
Borna Disease

ABSTRACT Perforin-mediated lysis of target cells is the major antiviral effector mechanism of CD8+ T lymphocytes. We have analyzed the role of perforin in a mouse model for CD8+T-cell-mediated central nervous system (CNS) immunopathology induced by Borna disease virus. When a defective perforin gene was introduced into the genetic background of the Borna disease-susceptible mouse strain MRL, the resulting perforin-deficient mice developed strong neurological disease in response to infection indistinguishable from that of their perforin-expressing littermates. The onset of disease was slightly delayed. Brains of diseased perforin-deficient mice showed similar amounts and a similar distribution of CD8+ T cells as wild-type animals. Perforin deficiency had no impact on the kinetics of viral spread through the CNS. Unlike brain lymphocytes from diseased wild-type mice, lymphocytes from perforin-deficient MRL mice showed no in vitro cytolytic activity towards target cells expressing the nucleoprotein of Borna disease virus. Taken together, these results demonstrate that CD8+ T cells mediate Borna disease independent of perforin. They further suggest that the pathogenic potential of CNS-infiltrating CD8+ T cells does not primarily reside in their lytic activity but rather in other functions.

scholarly journals Pathogenic Potential of Borna Disease Virus Lacking the Immunodominant CD8 T-Cell Epitope

2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (20) ◽  
pp. 11187-11194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten Richter ◽  
Karen Baur ◽  
Andreas Ackermann ◽  
Urs Schneider ◽  
Jürgen Hausmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Cell Epitope ◽  
Cd8 T Cell ◽  
T Cell Epitope ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Antiviral T Cells ◽  
Borna Disease

ABSTRACT Borna disease virus (BDV) is a highly neurotropic, noncytolytic virus. Experimentally infected B10.BR mice remain healthy unless specific antiviral T cells that infiltrate the infected brain are triggered by immunization. In contrast, infected MRL mice spontaneously mount an antiviral T-cell response that can result in meningoencephalitis and neurological disease. The antiviral T cells may, alternatively, eliminate the virus without inducing disease if they are present in sufficient numbers before the virus replicates to high titers. Since the immune response of H-2k mice is directed mainly against the epitope TELEISSI located in the viral nucleoprotein N, we generated BDV mutants that feature TQLEISSI in place of TELEISSI. We show that adoptive transfer of BDV N-specific CD8 T cells induced neurological disease in B10.BR mice persistently infected with wild-type BDV but not with the mutant virus expressing TQLEISSI. Surprisingly, the mutant virus replicated less well in adult MRL wild-type mice than in mutant mice lacking mature CD8 T cells. Furthermore, when MRL mice were infected with the TQLEISSI-expressing BDV mutant as newborns, neurological disease was observed, although at a lower rate and with slower kinetics than in mice infected with wild-type virus. These results confirm that TELEISSI is the major CD8 T-cell epitope in H-2k mice and suggest that unidentified minor epitopes are present in the BDV proteome which are recognized rather efficiently by antiviral T cells if the dominant epitope is absent.

scholarly journals Virus-Specific CD4+ T Cells Eliminate Borna Disease Virus from the Brain via Induction of Cytotoxic CD8+T Cells

1998 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 4387-4395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerstin Nöske ◽  
Thomas Bilzer ◽  
Oliver Planz ◽  
Lothar Stitz
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Borna Disease Virus ◽  
Infected Control ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Borna Disease

ABSTRACT Persistent Borna disease virus infection of the brain can be prevented by treatment of naive rats with a virus-specific CD4+ T-cell line prior to infection. In rats receiving this treatment, only a transient low-level encephalitis was seen compared to an increasingly inflammatory reaction in untreated infected control rats. Virus replication was found in the brain for several days after infection before the virus was cleared from the central nervous system. The loss of infectivity from the brain was confirmed by negative results by reverse transcription-PCR with primers for mRNA, by in situ hybridization for both genomic and mRNA, and by immunohistology. Most importantly, in vitro assays revealed that the T-cell line used for transfusion had no cytotoxic capacity. The kinetics of virus clearance were paralleled by the appearance of CD8+ T cells and the expression of perforin in the brain. Testing of lymphocytes isolated from the brains of CD4+T-cell-treated rats after challenge revealed high cytotoxic activity due to the presence of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells at time points when brain lymphocytes from infected control rats induced low-level cytolysis of target cells. Neutralizing antiviral antibodies and gamma interferon were shown not to be involved in the elimination of virus from the brain.

scholarly journals High-Dose Borna Disease Virus Infection Induces a Nucleoprotein-Specific Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Response and Prevention of Immunopathology

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (23) ◽  
pp. 11700-11708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Furrer ◽  
Thomas Bilzer ◽  
Lothar Stitz ◽  
Oliver Planz
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Cytotoxic T Cell ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Immune Reactivity ◽  
Borna Disease Virus ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Borna Disease

ABSTRACT Experimental Borna disease virus (BDV) infection of rats and natural infection of horses and sheep leads to severe central nervous system disease based on immunopathological pathways. The virus replicates slowly, and the cellular immune response results in immunopathology. CD8+ T cells exert effector cell functions, and their activity results in the destruction of virus-infected cells. Previously, Oldach and colleagues (D. Oldach, M. C. Zink, J. M. Pyper, S. Herzog, R. Rott, O. Narayan, and J. E. Clements, Virology 206:426–434, 1995) have reported protection against Borna disease after inoculation of high-dose cell-adapted BDV. Here we show that the outcome of the infection, i.e., immunopathology versus protection, is simply dependent on the amount of virus used for infection. High-dose BDV (106 FFU) triggers an early virus-specific reaction of the immune system, as demonstrated by strong cellular and humoral responses. In particular, the early presence and function of nucleoprotein-specific CD8+ T cells could be demonstrated in the brain. We present evidence that in a noncytolytic and usually persistent virus infection, high-dose input virus mediates early control of the pathogen due to an efficient induction of an antiviral immune mechanism. From these data, we conclude that immune reactivity, in particular the cytotoxic T-cell response, determines whether the virus is controlled with prevention of the ensuing immunopathological disease or whether a persistent infection is established.

Failure to detect Borna disease virus antigen and RNA in human blood

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thorsten Wolff ◽  
Gudrun Heins ◽  
Georg Pauli ◽  
Reinhard Burger ◽  
Reinhard Kurth
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Human Blood ◽  
Virus Antigen ◽  
Borna Disease Virus ◽  
Borna Disease
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