Bovine Staphylococcus aureus Secretes the Leukocidin LukMF′ To Kill Migrating Neutrophils through CCR1
ABSTRACTAlthoughStaphylococcus aureusis best known for infecting humans, bovine-specific strains are a major cause of mastitis in dairy cattle. The bicomponent leukocidin LukMF′, exclusively harbored byS. aureusof ruminant origin, is a virulence factor associated with bovine infections. In this study, the molecular basis of the host specificity of LukMF′ is elucidated by identification of chemokine receptor CCR1 as its target. Bovine neutrophils, the major effector cells in the defense against staphylococci, express significant cell surface levels of CCR1, whereas human neutrophils do not. This causes the particular susceptibility of bovine neutrophils to pore formation induced by LukMF′. BovineS. aureusstrains produce high levels of LukMF′in vitro. In culture supernatant of the mastitis field isolate S1444, LukMF′ was the most important cytotoxic agent for bovine neutrophils. In a fibrin gel matrix, the effects of thein situsecreted toxins on neutrophils migrating towardS. aureuswere visualized. Under these physiologicalex vivoconditions, bovineS. aureusS1444 efficiently killed approaching neutrophils at a distance through secretion of LukMF′. Altogether, our findings illustrate the coevolution of pathogen and host, provide new targets for therapeutic and vaccine approaches to treat staphylococcal diseases in the cow, and emphasize the importance of staphylococcal toxins in general.IMPORTANCEThis study explains the mechanism of action of LukMF′, a bicomponent toxin found in bovine lineages ofS. aureusthat is associated with mastitis in cattle. At a molecular level, we describe how LukMF′ can specifically kill bovine neutrophils. Here, we demonstrate the contribution of toxins in the determination of host specificity and contribute to the understanding of mechanisms of coevolution of pathogen and host. Our study provides new targets that can be used in therapeutic and vaccine approaches to treat staphylococcal diseases in the cow. We also demonstrate the importance of toxins in specific elimination of immune cells, which has broader implications, especially in human infections.