Is ankylosing spondylitis a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and how do these risks compare with those in rheumatoid arthritis?

2016 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 364-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas K Eriksson ◽  
Lennart Jacobsson ◽  
Karin Bengtsson ◽  
Johan Askling
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Ankylosing Spondylitis ◽  
General Population ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Models ◽  
Increased Risk

AimsTo assess and compare the incidence of cardiovascular (CV) events, by CV phenotype, between patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the general population.MethodsUsing linkages of national and population-based registers, we identified one cohort of prevalent patients with AS (n=5358), one with RA (n=37 245) and one with matched general population subjects (n=25 006). These cohorts were identified in 2006 through 2011 and were followed in 31 December 2012, for first ever occurrence of acute coronary syndromes (ACS), deep venous thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism and stroke, respectively. For each outcome, we calculated incidence rates standardised to the age and sex distribution of the AS cohort, as well as relative risks using Cox proportional hazards models.ResultsBased on 69 ACS events during 20 251 person-years of follow-up of the patients with AS, and 966 events during 127 014 person-years in the RA cohort, the age/sex-adjusted relative risks for ACS compared with the general population was 1.3 (95% CI 1.0 to 1.7) for AS and 1.7 (1.4 to 2.0) for RA. For thromboembolic events, the corresponding risks were 1.4 (1.1 to 1.9) in AS and 1.8 (1.5 to 2.1) in RA. Finally, for stroke, the relative risks were 1.5 (1.1 to 2.0) in AS and 1.5 (1.2 to 1.8) in RA, compared with the general population.ConclusionsPrevalent patients with AS are at a 30%–50% increased risk of incident CV events. When compared with patients with RA, this level of increase was similar for stroke, but only half as high for ACS and thrombotic events.

The Risk and Consequences of Vertebral Fracture in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Population-based Data Linkage Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 1629-1636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milica Ognjenovic ◽  
Warren D. Raymond ◽  
Charles A. Inderjeeth ◽  
Helen I. Keen ◽  
David B. Preen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ankylosing Spondylitis ◽  
Vertebral Fracture ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitor ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Linkage Study ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Increased Risk

Objective.To compare the long-term prevalence, incidence, and outcomes of vertebral fracture (VF) between ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients and matched controls, including the role of extraarticular manifestations (EAM) and osteoporosis.Methods.This was a statewide observational study using linked health data for 2321 patients with AS and 22,976 controls presenting to hospital from 1980 to 2015. Data were analyzed using incidence rates (per 1000 person-yrs) and ratios (IRR), multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression, and Kaplan-Meier survival curves.Results.Over a median 13.92 (interquartile range 7.58–21.67) years of follow-up, patients with AS had a greater VF prevalence and greater incidence of developing a new VF compared to controls (9.3% vs 2.5%, 6.8% vs 1.9%, respectively, all P < 0.001). Patients with AS had an increased risk of developing a VF after adjustments for age, sex, and osteoporosis (HR 2.55, 95% CI 2.11–3.09) compared to controls; this risk remained throughout the study period. Patients with AS were 5 years younger at time of first VF (P = 0.008) and had a greater likelihood of a recurrent VF (IRR 4.64; 95% CI 4.54–4.75) compared to respective controls. Mortality overall was comparable between patients with AS and controls after adjustment for age, sex, osteoporosis, and VF status (HR 0.90; 95% CI 0.80–1.01).Conclusion.The significantly increased risk of VF in patients with AS has not altered following the introduction of tumor necrosis factor inhibitor treatment. Although patients with AS experience a first VF at a younger age than controls, this does not lead to an increased risk of death.

scholarly journals Appendectomy and Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Infection: A Population-Based Matched Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1466
Author(s):  
Den-Ko Wu ◽  
Kai-Shan Yang ◽  
James Cheng-Chung Wei ◽  
Hei-Tung Yip ◽  
Renin Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Research Database ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Models ◽  
Increased Risk

The potential association between appendectomy and non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection has not been elucidated. We hypothesized that appendectomy may be associated with gut vulnerability to NTS. The data were retrospectively collected from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database to describe the incidence rates of NTS infection requiring hospital admission among patients with and without an appendectomy. A total of 208,585 individuals aged ≥18 years with an appendectomy were enrolled from January 2000 to December 2012, and compared with a control group of 208,585 individuals who had never received an appendectomy matched by propensity score (1:1) by index year, age, sex, occupation, and comorbidities. An appendectomy was defined by the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification Procedure Codes. The main outcome was patients who were hospitalized for NTS. Cox proportional hazards models were applied to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Two sensitivity analyses were conducted for cross-validation. Of the 417,170 participants (215,221 (51.6%) male), 208,585 individuals (50.0%) had an appendectomy, and 112 individuals developed NTS infection requiring hospitalization. In the fully adjusted multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model, the appendectomy group had an increased risk of NTS infection (adjusted HR (aHR), 1.61; 95% CI, 1.20–2.17). Females and individuals aged 18 to 30 years with a history of appendectomy had a statistically higher risk of NTS than the control group (aHR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.26–2.93 and aHR, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.41–5.07). In this study, appendectomy was positively associated with subsequent hospitalization for NTS. The mechanism behind this association remains uncertain and needs further studies to clarify the interactions between appendectomy and NTS.

scholarly journals Independent impact of gout on the risk of acute myocardial infarction among elderly women: a population-based study

2010 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 1162-1164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary A De Vera ◽  
M Mushfiqur Rahman ◽  
Vidula Bhole ◽  
Jacek A Kopec ◽  
Hyon K Choi
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Models ◽  
Prescription Drug Use ◽  
Increased Risk

BackgroundMen with gout have been found to have an increased risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but no corresponding data are available among women.ObjectiveTo evaluate the potential independent association between gout and the risk of AMI among elderly women, aged ≥65 years.MethodsA population-based cohort study was conducted using the British Columbia Linked Health Database and compared incidence rates of AMI between 9642 gout patients and 48 210 controls, with no history of ischaemic heart disease. Cox proportional hazards models stratified by gender were used to estimate the relative risk (RR) for AMI, adjusting for age, comorbidities and prescription drug use.ResultsOver a 7-year median follow-up, 3268 incident AMI cases, were identified, 996 among women. Compared with women without gout, the multivariate RRs among women with gout were 1.39 (95% CI 1.20 to 1.61) for all AMI and 1.41 (95% CI 1.19 to 1.67) for non-fatal AMI. These RRs were significantly larger than those among men (multivariate RRs for all AMI and non-fatal AMI, 1.11 and 1.11; p values for interaction, 0.003 and 0.005, respectively).ConclusionThese population-based data suggest that women with gout have an increased risk for AMI and the magnitude of excess risk is higher than in men.

scholarly journals Incidence of Major Hemorrhage Among CLL and MCL Patients Compared to the General Elderly Population: An Analysis of the US SEER-Medicare Linked Database

Blood ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 126 (23) ◽  
pp. 3268-3268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dina M Gifkins ◽  
Amy Matcho ◽  
Huiying Yang ◽  
Yimei Xu ◽  
Mary Ann Gooden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Administrative Claims ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Major Hemorrhage ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Introduction: Patients with B cell malignancies have an inherent increased risk of bleeding. However, the incidence of major hemorrhage among patients with MCL and CLL has not been described. The objective of this study is to evaluate the risk of major hemorrhage in a real world setting by using a population-based data source. Methods: The SEER-Medicare linked database, a database of SEER cancer registry data linked to individual Medicare administrative claims, was utilized to follow a cohort of persons newly treated for CLL or MCL to estimate the incidence of major hemorrhage (CNS and non-CNS). Major hemorrhage was defined as having at least one code for hemorrhage in a critical area or organ or having another bleeding code with a transfusion within 14 days of the event. Patients with a cancer diagnosis on or after 1/1/2000 were followed through disenrollment from the database, death, the occurrence of major hemorrhage, or the end of the study period (12/31/2011), whichever came first. Incidence rates (IR) of major hemorrhage were characterized in terms of incidence per person-years (pys) of follow-up with 95% confidence intervals calculated according to a Poisson distribution. Rates in the CLL and MCL populations were compared to those in the age and gender-matched general population of a sample of non-cancer Medicare patients using Cox proportional hazards models. Results: A total of 1,587 treated MCL patients, 6,717 treated CLL/SLL patients, and 14,816 age and gender-matched non-cancer patients were identified in the database. Median age among all three cohorts was approximately 75 years. Among patients treated for MCL, 287 (18%) had at least one major hemorrhage, corresponding to an incidence of 5.8 per 100 pys. Among 6,717 CLL patients, 1,211 (18%) had at least one major hemorrhage (IR: 6.0 per 100 pys). In the age and gender-matched non-cancer population, incidence of major hemorrhage was 1.6 per 100 pys. The hazard ratio for development of any major hemorrhage among CLL patients compared to the non-cancer cohort was 8.3 (95% CI: 7.5-9.2), and for MCL compared to the non-cancer cohort was 8.8 (95% CI: 7.6-10.2). IR of CNS hemorrhage was also higher among MCL and CLL patients (0.9 and 1.2 per 100 pys, respectively) compared to the non-cancer cohort (0.04 per 100 pys). Gastrointestinal hemorrhage was the most frequent site of occurrence. Conclusions: Among persons newly initiating treatment for CLL and MCL, incidence of major hemorrhage was found to be over 8 times higher than that of the age- and gender-matched general population. Additional analyses to establish whether this increased risk is attributable to the disease itself, comorbid conditions, choice of cancer therapy, or concomitant medications in the patient population and/or other risk factors are planned. Baseline risks among CLL and MCL patients should be considered when establishing risk/benefit profiles of a particular treatment. Disclosures Gifkins: Johnson and Johnson: Employment. Matcho:Johnson and Johnson: Employment. Yang:Pharmacyclics, Inc: Employment. Xu:Johnson and Johnson: Employment. Gooden:Pharmacyclics, Inc.: Employment. Wildgust:Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Employment.

scholarly journals Assessing relative COVID-19 mortality: a Swiss population-based study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. e042387
Author(s):  
Torsten Hothorn ◽  
Matthias Bopp ◽  
Huldrych Günthard ◽  
Olivia Keiser ◽  
Maroussia Roelens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Relative Mortality ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Models ◽  
Swiss Population ◽  
Time Of Year

ObjectiveSeverity of the COVID-19 has been previously reported in terms of absolute mortality in SARS-CoV-2 positive cohorts. An assessment of mortality relative to mortality in the general population is presented.DesignRetrospective population-based study.SettingIndividual information on symptomatic confirmed SARS-CoV-2 patients and subsequent deaths from any cause were compared with the all-cause mortality in the Swiss population of 2018. Starting 23 February 2020, mortality in COVID-19 patients was monitored for 80 days and compared with the population mortality observed in the same time of year starting 23 February 2018.Participants5 102 300 inhabitants of Switzerland aged 35–95 without COVID-19 (general population in spring 2018) and 20 769 persons tested positively for COVID-19 during the first wave in spring 2020.MeasurementsSex-specific and age-specific mortality rates were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. Absolute probabilities of death were predicted and risk was assessed in terms of relative mortality by taking the ratio between the sex-specific and age-specific absolute mortality in COVID-19 patients and the corresponding mortality in the 2018 general population.ResultsAbsolute mortalities increased with age and were higher for males compared with females, both in the general population and in positively tested persons. A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups at least eightfold. The highest relative mortality risks were observed among males and younger patients. Male COVID-19 patients exceeded the population hazard for males (HR 1.21, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.44). An additional year of age increased the population hazard in COVID-19 patients only marginally (HR 1.00, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.01).ConclusionsHealthcare professionals, decision-makers and societies are provided with an additional population-adjusted assessment of COVID-19 mortality risk. In combination with absolute measures of risk, the relative risks presented here help to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the actual impact of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Risk of Appendicitis among Children with Different Piped Water Supply: A Nationwide Population-Based Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1601
Author(s):  
Hao-Ming Li ◽  
Shi-Zuo Liu ◽  
Ying-Kai Huang ◽  
Yuan-Chih Su ◽  
Chia-Hung Kao
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Research Database ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Increased Risk

Appendicitis is a common surgical condition for children. However, environmental effects, such as piped water supply, on pediatric appendicitis risk remain unclear. This longitudinal, nationwide, cohort study aimed to compare the risk of appendicitis among children with different levels of piped water supply. Using data from Taiwan Water Resource Agency and National Health Insurance Research Database, we identified 119,128 children born in 1996–2010 from areas of the lowest piped water supply (prevalence 51.21% to 63.06%) as the study cohort; additional 119,128 children of the same period in areas of the highest piped water supply (prevalence 98.97% to 99.63%) were selected as the controls. Both cohorts were propensity-score matched by baseline variables. We calculated the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of appendicitis in the study cohort compared to the controls by Cox proportional hazards regression. The study cohort had a raised overall incidence rates of appendicitis compared to the control cohort (12.8 vs. 8.7 per 10,000 person-years). After covariate adjustment, the risk of appendicitis was significantly increased in the study cohort (adjusted HR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.35, 1.58, p < 0.001). Subgroup and sensitivity analyses showed consistent results that children with low piped water supply had a higher risk of appendicitis than those with high piped water supply. This study demonstrated that children with low piped water supply were at an increased risk of appendicitis. Enhancement of piped water availability in areas lacking adequate, secure, and sanitized water supply may protect children against appendicitis.

scholarly journals Long-term cardiovascular and cerebrovascular morbidity in Israeli thyroid cancer survivors

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 398-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Izkhakov ◽  
Joseph Meyerovitch ◽  
Micha Barchana ◽  
Yacov Shacham ◽  
Naftali Stern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Thyroid Disease ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
American Thyroid Association ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Models ◽  
Increased Risk

Objective Thyroid cancer (TC) survivors may be at risk of subsequent cardiovascular and cerebrovascular (CaV&CeV) morbidity. The 2009 American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines recommended less aggressive treatment for low-risk TC patients. The aim of this study was to assess the atherosclerotic CaV&CeV outcome of Israeli TC survivors compared to individuals with no thyroid disease, and the atherosclerotic CaV&CeV outcome before (2000–2008) and after (2009–2011) implementation of the 2009 ATA guidelines. Methods All members of the largest Israeli healthcare organization who were diagnosed with TC from 1/2000 to 12/2014 (study group) and age- and sex-matched members with no thyroid disease (controls) were included. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models. Results The mean follow-up was 7.6 ± 4.2 and 7.8 ± 4.1 years for the study (n = 5,677, 79% women) and control (n = 23,962) groups, respectively. The former had an increased risk of new atherosclerotic CaV&CeV events (adjusted HR 1.26, 95% CI 1.15–1.39). The 5-year incidence of CaV&CeV was lower (adjusted HR 0.49, 95% CI 0.38–0.62) from 2009 to 2011 compared to 2000 to 2008, but remained higher in the study group than in the control group (adjusted HR 1.5, 95% CI 1.14–1.69). Conclusions This large Israeli population-based cohort study showed greater atherosclerotic CaV&CeV morbidity in TC survivors compared to individuals with no thyroid diseases. There was a trend toward a decreased 5-year incidence of atherosclerotic CaV&CeV events among TC survivors following the implementation of the 2009 ATA guidelines, but it remained higher compared to the general population.

scholarly journals The Importance of Screening for Thyroid Cancer in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome or its Components: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae Hyun Park ◽  
Hyun Seok Cho ◽  
Gilseong Moon ◽  
Jong Ho Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Korean National Health Insurance

Abstract Background The rapidly increasing coincidence of thyroid cancer and metabolic syndrome (MS) in recent decades suggests an association between the two disorders. To investigate this association, we conducted a nationwide study of a large-scale patient cohort. Methods Between 2009 and 2011, data were collected by the Korean National Health Insurance Service for 4,658,473 persons aged 40–70 years without thyroid cancer. During the 6-year follow-up period, participants were monitored for the development of thyroid cancer. The relative risks and incidences of thyroid cancer were calculated using multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses after adjusting for age and body mass index. Results At the end of the study, 47,325 subjects (1.0%) were newly diagnosed with thyroid cancer. The risk of thyroid cancer was significantly elevated in men and women with MS or MS components, except for hyperglycaemia (p = 0.723) or hypertriglyceridemia (p = 0.211) in men. The incidence of thyroid cancer per 10,000 person-years in individuals with MS was significantly higher in men (6.2, p < 0.001) and women (21.3, p < 0.001) compared to those without MS. Additionally, the risk of thyroid cancer increased significantly with an increasing number of MS components even in individuals with only one or two MS components. Conclusions MS and its components were significantly associated with increased risk of developing thyroid cancer. Patients with MS or MS components should be regularly screened for thyroid cancer to enable swift therapeutic response in this at-risk population.

scholarly journals Visual impairment and risk of dementia in two population-based prospective cohorts: UK Biobank and EPIC-Norfolk

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J Littlejohns ◽  
Shabina Hayat ◽  
Robert Luben ◽  
Carol Brayne ◽  
Megan Conroy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Uk Biobank ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Models ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Promising Target ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Visual impairment has emerged as a potential modifiable risk factor for dementia. However, there are a lack of large studies with objective measures of vison and with more than ten years of follow-up. We investigated whether visual impairment is associated with an increased risk of incident dementia in UK Biobank and EPIC-Norfolk. In both cohorts, visual acuity was measured using a “logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution” (LogMAR) chart and categorised as no (≤0.30 LogMAR), mild (&gt;0.3 - ≤0.50 LogMAR), and moderate to severe (&gt;0.50 LogMAR) impairment. Dementia was ascertained through linkage to electronic medical records. After restricting to those aged ≥60 years, without prevalent dementia and with eye measures available, the analytic samples consisted of 62,206 UK Biobank and 7,337 EPIC-Norfolk participants, respectively. In UK Biobank and EPIC-Norfolk. respectively, 1,113 and 517 participants developed dementia over 11 and 15 years of follow-up. Using multivariable cox proportional-hazards models, the hazard ratios for mild and moderate to severe visual impairment were 1.26 (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.92-1.72) and 2.16 (95% CI 1.37-3.40), in UK Biobank, and 1.05 (95% CI 0.72-1.53) and 1.93 (95% CI 1.05-3.56) in EPIC-Norfolk, compared to no visual impairment. When excluding participants censored within 5 years of follow-up or with prevalent poor or fair self-reported health, the direction of the associations remained similar for moderate impairment but were not statistically significant. Our findings suggest visual impairment might be a promising target for dementia prevention, however the possibility of reverse causation cannot be excluded.

Risk of venous thromboembolism in ankylosing spondylitis: a general population-based study

2019 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 480-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Antonio Aviña-Zubieta ◽  
Jonathan Chan ◽  
Mary De Vera ◽  
Eric C Sayre ◽  
Hyon Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Venous Thromboembolism ◽  
Ankylosing Spondylitis ◽  
General Population ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
First Year ◽  
Healthcare Database ◽  
Cox Models ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Incident Cases

BackgroundVenous thromboembolism (VTE), including pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep venous thrombosis (DVT), can be life threatening. An increased frequency of VTE has been found in inflammatory conditions. To date, evidence assessing whether this risk is also greater in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is scarce.MethodsUsing the provincial British Columbia, Canada healthcare database that encompasses all residents within the province, we conducted matched cohort analyses of incident PE, DVT and overall VTE among incident cases of AS and compared them with individuals randomly selected from the general population without AS. We calculated incidence rates (IRs) of VTE and multivariable analyses after adjusting for traditional risk factors using Cox models.ResultsAmong 7190 incident cases of AS, 35 developed PE and 47 developed DVT. IRs of PE, DVT and overall VTE per 1000 person-years for patients with AS were 0.79, 1.06, 1.56 compared with 0.40, 0.50, 0.77 in the control cohort. Corresponding fully adjusted HRs (95% CI) of PE, DVT and VTE were 1.36 (0.92 to 1.99), 1.62 (1.16 to 2.26) and 1.53 (1.16 to 2.01), respectively. The risks of PE, DVT and VTE were highest in the first year of diagnosis with HR (95% CI) of 2.88 (0.87 to 9.62), 2.20 (0.80 to 6.03) and 2.10 (0.88 to 4.99), respectively.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate an increased risk of VTE in the general AS population. This risk appears the most prominent in the first year after diagnosis.

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