scholarly journals POS1133 RELIABILITY OF CONVENTIONAL RADIOGRAPHY OF THE KNEE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF CHONDROCALCINOSIS: AN ANCILLARY STUDY OF THE OMERACT ULTRASOUND – CPPD GROUP

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 846.1-846
Author(s):  
S. Sirotti ◽  
F. Becce ◽  
L. M. Sconfienza ◽  
C. Pineda ◽  
M. Gutierrez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synovial Membrane ◽  
Hyaline Cartilage ◽  
Conventional Radiography ◽  
Criterion Validity ◽  
Calcium Pyrophosphate ◽  
Joint Capsule ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
The Other ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Ancillary Study

Background:Conventional Radiography (CR) has been widely used in the assessment of knee chondrocalcinosis (CC) and is still considered one of the most important diagnostic methods for the diagnosis. However, there are no studies on the reliability of CR for CC.Objectives:To assess the reliability of CR of the knee in the assessment of chondrocalcinosis (CC).Methods:This is an ancillary study of the Criterion Validity of Ultrasound in Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease (CPPD) study [1]. Consecutive patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) that were planned for total knee replacement surgery were enrolled in 4 centres from Romania, Italy, USA and Mexico. All patients underwent CR of the knees taken maximum 6 months before surgery, in posterior-anterior weight baring and lateral projections. DICOM files of the radiographs were retrieved, anonymised and read independently by two musculoskeletal radiologists with experience in microcrystalline arthropathies. Each reader performed a second evaluation 3 weeks after the first one to calculate the inter- and intra-reader agreement. For each patient a dichotomic score was assigned (absence/presence of CC) at the level of the medial and lateral menisci, tibiofemoral hyaline cartilage, quadriceps and patella tendons, synovial membrane/joint capsule. The definitions of the ACR/EULAR taskforce for identification of CPPD in conventional radiography were used in this study [paper in preparation]. According to these definitions CPPD in CR appears as “linear or punctate opacities in the region of fibro- or hyaline articular cartilage/synovial membrane or joint capsule/within tendons or entheses that are distinct from denser, nummular radio-opaque deposits due to basic calcium phosphate deposition”. Cohen’s kappa was used to calculate the agreement between the two readers.Results:We enrolled 33 patients with knee OA (60.6% female, mean age 69yo ± 8). The kappa values of the inter-reader and intra-reader agreement in the various sites of the knee are indicated in Table 1. Inter-reader agreement was substantial at the level of both menisci but only moderate or fair at the other sites of assessment. This had a negative impact on the overall evaluation of the knee joint that proved to be unreliable (k of 0.16 – none to slight agreement) if all anatomical structures are included for assessment, and moderately reliable (kappa 0.41) when both menisci and hyaline cartilage are considered. On the other hand, intra-reader kappa values were substantial or higher in all sites (except for synovial membrane/joint capsule for one reader). The striking difference of the intra-reader compared to the inter-reader kappa values, highlight a different interpretation and application of the definitions used for most of the sites with the exception of the menisci.Table 1.kappa values for intra- and inter-reader agreement. Values from 0.01–0.20 are considered as none to slight agreement, 0.21–0.40 as fair, 0.41– 0.60 as moderate, 0.61–0.80 as substantial, and 0.81–1.00 as almost perfect agreement.Medial meniscusLateral meniscusHyaline cartilageQuadriceps tendonPatellar tendonCapsule/ synoviaMenisci + cartilageEntire jointInter-reader0.670.710.340.47NA0.370.400.17Intra-reader 1st assessor0.670.900.840.65NA(insufficient number of categories)0.530.710.76Intra-reader 2nd assessor10.801110.910.860.94Conclusion:CR has been extensively used for diagnosis of OA and CPPD. The results of our study raise some concerns on the reliability of CR in identification of CPPD. Assessment of calcium crystals at the menisci level should be used for identification of CC as other sites of the knee seem to present low reliability.References:[1]Filippou G et al. Criterion validity of ultrasound in the identification of calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposits at the knee: an OMERACT ultrasound study. Ann Rheum Dis 2020. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217998Disclosure of Interests:None declared.

scholarly journals POS1132 DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF CONVENTIONAL RADIOGRAPHY OF THE KNEE FOR CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE DEPOSITION DISEASE: AN ANCILLARY STUDY OF THE OMERACT ULTRASOUND – CPPD GROUP

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 845-845
Author(s):  
S. Sirotti ◽  
F. Becce ◽  
L. M. Sconfienza ◽  
C. Pineda ◽  
M. Gutierrez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Negative Predictive Value ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Hyaline Cartilage ◽  
Conventional Radiography ◽  
Criterion Validity ◽  
Calcium Pyrophosphate ◽  
Ancillary Study ◽  
Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease ◽  
Deposition Disease

Background:Conventional Radiography (CR) has been widely used in the assessment of knee chondrocalcinosis (CC) and is still considered one of the most important diagnostic methods for the diagnosis. However, there are very few studies that examine the diagnostic accuracy of CR compared to histology of the knee tissues.Objectives:To assess the diagnostic accuracy of CR of the knee in Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease (CPPD) by using the recently created definitions for CPPD in CR of the ACR/EULAR taskforce for the new classification criteria for CPPD.Methods:This is an ancillary study of the Criterion Validity of Ultrasound in CPPD study [1]. Consecutive patients with osteoarthritis (OA) awaiting total knee replacement were enrolled in 4 centres from Romania, Italy, USA and Mexico. All patients underwent CR of the knees taken maximum 6 months before surgery, in posterior-anterior weight baring and lateral projections. DICOM files of the radiographs were anonymised and read independently by two musculoskeletal radiologists with experience in microcrystalline arthropathies. For each patient, a dichotomic score was used (absence/presence of CC) at the level of the menisci and tibiofemoral hyaline cartilage by each reader. The definitions of the ACR/EULAR taskforce for identification of CPPD in CR were used in this study [paper in preparation]. According to these definitions CPPD in CR appears as “linear or punctate opacities in the region of fibro- or hyaline articular cartilage/synovial membrane or joint capsule/within tendons or entheses that are distinct from denser, nummular radio-opaque deposits due to basic calcium phosphate deposition”. In case of disagreement a consensus decision was taken by both radiologists after discussion of the case. Menisci and the hyaline cartilage were analysed using compensated polarized light microscopy as described previously [1], patients were considered positive for CPPD if at least one of their tissue specimens revealed the presence of calcium pyrophosphate crystals. All examiners were blind to each other’s findings.Results:We enrolled 33 patients with OA (61% female, mean age 69yo). The accuracy values of CR in the various sites of the knee are indicated in Table 1. CR demonstrated to be a specific exam for identification of CPPD at the knee, but sensitivity remains low in all sites and in the overall evaluation. Identification of CPPD appears challenging and this could be due to the advanced grade of OA in our cohort of patients. Advanced degeneration, dislocation of the menisci and thinning of the hyaline cartilage in these patients is frequent and the eventual presence of calcific deposits in one of these structures could overlap with other anatomical structures making the exact localisation difficult. According to the results of the predictive values, the presence of typical deposition on CR allows a definite confirmation of the diagnosis, but a negative radiography does not exclude CPPD as testified by the low negative predictive value.Table 1.Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, accuracy and AUC of CR for identification of CPPD by using the new ACR/EULAR taskforce definitions.Medial meniscusLateral meniscusHyaline cartilageOverallSensitivity22%33%31%42%Specificity100%100%85%90%Positive predictive value100%100%67%80%Negative predictive value56%60%55%61%Accuracy61%68%58%66%AUC0.60.70.60.7Conclusion:CR has been extensively used for the diagnosis of OA and CPPD and has been tested previously for diagnostic accuracy. The results of our study confirm that the presence of typical CPPD calcifications, as defined by the ACR/EULAR task force, are highly specific but have low sensitivity for disease identification when using CR. Absence of CPPD on CR does not exclude the diagnosis.References:[1]Filippou G, et al. Criterion validity of ultrasound in the identification of calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposits at the knee: an OMERACT ultrasound study. Ann Rheum Dis 2020. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217998Disclosure of Interests:None declared.

scholarly journals AB0629 ACCURACY OF SYNOVIAL FLUID ANALYSIS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE CRYSTALS: AN ANCILLARY STUDY OF OMERACT CRITERION VALIDITY STUDY FOR ULTRASOUND IN CPPD

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1348.1-1348
Author(s):  
A. Adinolfi ◽  
S. Sirotti ◽  
M. Gutierrez ◽  
C. Pineda ◽  
D. Clavijo Cornejo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synovial Fluid ◽  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Hyaline Cartilage ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Calcium Pyrophosphate ◽  
Ancillary Study ◽  
Fluid Analysis ◽  
Synovial Fluid Analysis ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Background:Synovial fluid analysis (SFA) via compensated polarized light microscopy is still considered the gold standard for the identification and diagnosis of Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition disease (CPPD)-related arthropathies[1], but very few studies have been published about its diagnostic accuracy.Objectives:The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of SFA in the identification of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPP) crystals compared to microscopic analysis of joint tissues as the reference standard.Methods:This is an ancillary study of an international, multicentre cross-sectional study performed by the CPPD subgroup of the OMERACT Ultrasound working group[2]. Consecutive patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) waiting for total knee replacement surgery were enrolled in the study from 2 participating centres, Mexico and Romania. During surgical procedures synovial fluid (SF), menisci and hyaline cartilage were collected and analysed within 48 hours after surgery under transmitted light microscopy and compensated polarised light microscopy for the presence/absence of CPP crystals. All slides were analysed by expert examiners on site, blinded to other findings. A dichotomic score (absence/presence) was used for scoring both SF and tissues. Microscopic analysis of knee tissues was considered the gold standard. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) of SFA in the identification of CPP crystals were calculated.Results:15 patients (53% female, mean age 68yo ± 8.4) with OA of grade 3 or 4 according to Kellgren-Lawrence scoring were enrolled. 12 patients (80%) were positive for CPP crystals at SFA and 14 (93%) at tissues microscopic analysis. Among 12 SFA positive patients, all were positive for CPP crystals in either medial or lateral meniscus, and 11 were positive in both; 10 patients were positive at the hyaline cartilage, and all 10 were also positive for at least one meniscus. Regarding the 3 SFA negative patients, only one had no crystals in the examined tissues, while the other 2 patients had CPP crystals in both menisci and hyaline cartilage. The overall diagnostic accuracy of SFA compared to histology analysis for CPPD was 87%, with a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 100%, the PPV was 100% and the NPV was 33% (Table 1).Table 1.sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and diagnostic accuracy of synovial fluid analysis compared to the reference standard. CI: Confidential Interval. SF: synovial fluid, in parentheses: numerators and denominators for all percentages provided.SensitivitySpecificityPPVNPVAccuracySF analysis86% (12/14)100% (1/1)100% (12/12)33% (1/3)87% (13/15)(0.65-0.99) CI 95%(0.0-0.25) CI 95%(0.65-0.99) CI 95%(0.0-0.25) CI 95%Conclusion:SFA demonstrated to be an accurate test for the identification of CPP crystals in patients with advanced OA. However, is not always feasible and carries some risks for the patient. Considering the availability of validated imaging techniques for the detection of CPPD, such as US, SFA could be used in those patients where imaging and clinical data are not definitely confirmatory of the disease.References:[1]W. Zhang et al., ‘European League Against Rheumatism recommendations for calcium pyrophosphate deposition. Part I: terminology and diagnosis’, Ann Rheum Dis, vol. 70, no. 4, pp. 563–570, Apr. 2011, doi: 10.1136/ard.2010.139105.[2]G. Filippou et al., ‘Criterion validity of ultrasound in the identification of calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposits at the knee: an OMERACT ultrasound study’, Ann Rheum Dis, p. annrheumdis-2020-217998, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217998.Disclosure of Interests:None declared.

Deutsch als schwächere Sprache bei deutsch-polnisch bilingualen Kindern: Studie zur Negation- und Verbstellung

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-297
Author(s):  
Aldona Sopata ◽  
Kamil Długosz
Keyword(s):  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Language Use ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Development Characteristic ◽  
Processing Mechanisms ◽  
Constrained Input

AbstractThis article examines the acquisition of German as the weaker language in the cases of German-Polish bilingual children. Focusing on negation and verb position, phenomena that have frequently been taken as diagnostic when distinguishing between the course of language development characteristic for first (L1) and second language acquisition (L2), we analyse experimental and productive data from six simultaneously bilingual children. Due to the constrained input, German is their weaker language. The results in Forced Choice and Grammaticality Judgements tasks are compared with the results of monolingual children. We show that in the area of negation the acquisition of German as the weaker language resembles L1, and in the area of inversion and verb final position the development of the weaker language is delayed. The striking difference between bilinguals’ results in the experimental vs. productive tasks points to specific processing mechanisms in bilingual language use. In narrative contexts of the production tasks the language of the performance is activated, while the other is inhibited, which leads to a target-like performance. Structural properties of the stronger language tend to be activated, however, in the experimental tasks involving the weaker language, resulting in non-target-like responses.

scholarly journals AB1112 THE DIAGNOSTIC OF THE OSTEOARTHRITIS OF THE HANDS BY CONVENTIONAL RADIOGRAPHY

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1845.2-1846
Author(s):  
D. Kudinsky ◽  
L. Alekseeva ◽  
A. Smirnov ◽  
A. Volkov ◽  
O. Alekseeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Duration ◽  
Conventional Radiography ◽  
Joint Space ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
L System ◽  
Informed Consent Form ◽  
Independent Form ◽  
Duration Of Disease ◽  
Radiological Changes

Background:The most severe phenotype of osteoarthritis (OA) is currently considered to be an inflammatory or erosive phenotype (EOA). There is currently no reliable x-ray picture of this disease in the literature, and the question of whether it is an independent form of OA, a natural more pronounced stage of progression, or a separate nosology is debated in the literature.Objectives:To identify the localization, frequency, and severity of pain and radiological symptoms in patients with EOA and non-erosive (NOA) disease in the interphalangeal (DIP and PIP) and metacarpal (MCP) joints of the hands.Methods:64 women with diagnosis of OA of the hand (HOA) joints according to the ACR criteria were included into study after signing the informed consent form. Mean age was 65.28 ± 6.82 years (48-77), mean BMI 27,7 ± 4,4 kg/m2, mean disease duration 12 ± 8,1 years. Individual patient’s medical record included relevant anthropometric data, records from case history and clinical examination, AUSCAN scores, patient’s articular status. Instrumental diagnostic methods included plain radiography of the hand joints in an anterior-posterior projection. The images were described in accordance with the Kellgren&Lawrence (K&L) system.When evaluating radiographs of 64 patients with HOA, the most common was stage II (49%) according to K&L, and the most common symptoms in distal (DIP), proximal (PIP) interphalangeal and MCP were joint space narrowing (JSN) (100%, 100%, and 95%, respectively) and osteophytes (OP) (88%, 70%, and 45%, respectively). Subchondral osteosclerosis (SO) (5%), erosions (8%), and subluxations (3%) in MCP, as well as subluxation in PIP (6%) were less common. Statistica 10.0 was used for statistical analysis.23 patients had EOA, 37 had NOA. Depending on the presence of erosions in interphalangeal joints patients were divided into 2 groups comparable in terms of age, age of OA onset and duration of disease (the average age of patients with EOA interphalangeal joints was 68 + 6.15 years, and mean disease duration 18,34 + 7.11 years; in the group without erosive changes in the average age amounted to 65,13±5.43 years, mean disease duration of 16.56±8.4 years).Results:EOA DIP and PIP was detected in 15 (23%) with radiological changes corresponding to stages III-IV of HOA and in 8 people (12%) with stage II on the K&L scale. Patients with stage I according to standard radiography had no erosive process.In DMFs OP (100% and 78%, OR=1.28, 95%, CI [1.08-1.5], p=0.02), SO (74% and 11%, OR=6.8, 95%, CI [2.6-17.8], p<0,0001), subchondral cysts (SC) (61% and 24%, OR=2.5, 95%, CI [1.3-4.82], p=0.005) and subluxations (43% and 14%, OR=3.2, 95%, CI [1.3-8.23], p=0.01) were significantly more often found in patients with EOA. In PIPs SO (43% AND 5%, OR=8.04, 95%, CI [1.93-33.5], p=0.0005), SC (52% and 27%, OR=1.93, 95%, CI [0.1-3.73], p=0.045) and subluxations (17% and 0%, p=0.01) were significantly more frequently detected in patients with EOA compared to the non-erosive group. According to the results of the AUSCAN questionnaire, a significantly greater severity of pain was found in patients with EOA (65%) in comparison with the non-erosive (30%) form of HOA (OR=2.19, 95%, CI [1.23-3.9], p=0.008).Conclusion:DIPs is most often affected in OA of interphalangeal joints, less often PIPs, the most common symptoms are JSN and OP. At EOA in addition to more frequent detection OP, cysts, SO, subluxations in DIPs, SO, cysts and subluxations in PIPs, there is also significantly more pronounced pain according to AUSCAN data, it can be concluded that EOA is more severe in comparison with the non-erosive form of HOA.Disclosure of Interests:Danil Kudinsky: None declared, Ludmila Alekseeva Grant/research support from: Bayer, Alexander Smirnov: None declared, Alexander Volkov: None declared, Olga Alekseeva: None declared, Elena Taskina: None declared, Anastasiia Sukhinina: None declared

scholarly journals Dermoscopic aspect of verrucous epidermal nevi: New findings

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
ÖMER FARUK ELMAS ◽  
NECMETTİN AKDENİZ
Keyword(s):  
Polarized Light ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
The Other ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Epidermal Nevus ◽  
Clinical Interpretation ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Clinical Variants ◽  
Histopathological Investigation

Background and Aim: Verrucous epidermal nevi are cutaneous hamartomas having many clinical variants. Dermoscopic features of verrucous epidermal nevus have rarely been investigated. We aimed to identify dermoscopic findings of the entity which will facilitate the diagnostic process by reducing the use of invasive diagnostic methods. Material and Methods: The study included the patients with histopathologically approved verrucous epidermal nevus. Clinical, dermoscopic and histopathological features of the patients were retrospectively reviewed and the findings identified were recorded. Dermoscopic examination was performed with a polarized-light handheld dermoscope with 10-fold magnification. Results: The most common dermoscopic features were thick brown circles, thick brown branched lines and terminal hairs. The most common vessel pattern was dotted vessels. Branched thick brown lines, brown globules, brown dots forming lines, serpiginous brown dots, white and brown exophytic papillary structures, fine scale, thick adherent scale and cerebriform structures were the other findings. Conclusion: We observed many vascular and non-vascular dermoscopic findings which have not been described previously for the entity. Dermoscopic examination of the verrucous epidermal nevi may lead more reliable clinical interpretation and thus it may reduce the need for histopathological investigation. Keywords: dermoscopy, large brown circles, verrucous epidermal nevus

Dorsoproximal proximal phalanx osteochondral fragmentation in 117 Warmblood horses

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Martens ◽  
D. Maes ◽  
B. Boussauw ◽  
R. Forsyth ◽  
K. J. Boening ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Examination ◽  
Hyaline Cartilage ◽  
Fibrous Tissue ◽  
Proximal Phalanx ◽  
The Other ◽  
Arthroscopic Evaluation ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Joint Evaluation

SummaryThe objective of the present study was to determine clinical and arthroscopic characteristics associated with dorso-proximal proximal phalanx (P1) fragments in Warmblood horses, as well as to examine their histopathological appearance. One hundred sixty-eight fragments were removed from 150 fetlocks of 117 Warmblood horses. Details of signalment and results of clinical examination were collected prior to surgery. After arthroscopic fragment removal and joint evaluation for synovial and/or cartilage abnormalities, the fragments were measured and evaluated histopathologically. The vast majority of the fragments (95.2%) were found medially, without predilection for front or hind limbs. In 10% of the joints, more than one fragment was present. The mean size of the fragments was 6.8 ± 2.6 mm. Only eight horses presented fetlock-related lameness. Horses of seven years of age and older (OR=13.32; p=0.033) and the presence of more than one fragment (OR=11.12; p=0.016) were significantly associated with lameness. Arthroscopic evaluation revealed one or more abnormalities in 50.7% of the joints. On histopathology, osteochondral fragments presented as a bony center covered with smooth hyaline cartilage on one side and some fibrous tissue on the other side. No clear histopathological signs were indicating precisely their origin. In Warmblood horses with dorsoproximal P1 fragments, the age (seven years and older) and the presence of more than one fragment in a fetlock significantly increased the risk of lameness. The osteochondral dorsoproximal P1 fragments could be defined as a developmental orthopaedic disease.

Meniscus and Synovial Membrane: An Electronmicroscopic Study on Rabbits

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.Y. Hu ◽  
S. Wang ◽  
R.T. Zuo ◽  
K.L. Wang ◽  
L. Qin
Keyword(s):  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Knee Joint ◽  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Synovial Membrane ◽  
Femoral Condyle ◽  
Joint Capsule ◽  
Cartilage Surface ◽  
Articular Cartilage Surface ◽  
Scanning Electronmicroscopy ◽  
Transmission Electronmicroscopy

Seven healthy mature rabbits were used to study both the surface morphology of the meniscus using both transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM) and scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM) and articular cartilage of the femoral condyle using SEM. Results showed that the membrane covering the meniscus was structurally the extension of synovial membrane of the knee joint capsule. Additionally, the presence of canal-like openings over the membranous surface to the meniscus was noted, which were absent over the articular cartilage surface. Key words: transmission and scanning electronmicroscopy, meniscus, articular cartilage, rabbits

scholarly journals Mosaic arthroplasty of the medial femoral condyle in horses — An experimental study

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gábor Bodó ◽  
Gábor Vásárhelyi ◽  
László Hangody ◽  
László Módis
Keyword(s):  
Hyaline Cartilage ◽  
Femoral Condyle ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Medial Femoral Condyle ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bearing Surface ◽  
Femoral Trochlea ◽  
Osteochondral Grafts ◽  
Mosaic Arthroplasty

One Arabian and 5 Hungarian half-bred horses were used to study the macroscopic and microscopic survival of autologous osteochondral grafts in the weight-bearing surface of the medial femoral condyle (MFC). Grafts were harvested from the cranial surface of the medial femoral trochlea (MFT) under arthroscopic control. Three of them were transplanted into the weight-bearing surface of the contralateral MFC using an arthrotomy approach. Three months later this transplantation procedure was repeated on the opposite stifle joints in the same animals, but at that time transplantation was performed arthroscopically. Follow-up arthroscopy was carried out 12 months after the first operations, and biopsies were taken from both the recipient and the donor sites for histological examination. During follow-up arthroscopy, the transplanted areas looked congruent and smooth. Microscopically, the characteristics of hyaline cartilage were present in 5 out of the 10 biopsies examined; however, in the other half of biopsies glycosaminoglycan (GAG) loss and change in the architecture of the transplanted cartilage was observed. In a 16-year-old horse, all grafts broke during harvesting, and thus transplantation was not performed. No radiological signs of osteoarthritic changes were detected 9 to 12 months after the operations in the donor and recipient joints. Clinically, no lameness or effusion was present three months after the transplantations.

scholarly journals XI. The giant nerve cells and fibres of Halla parthenopeia

1909 ◽  
Vol 200 (262-273) ◽  
pp. 427-521 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Transverse Section ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Giant Fibre ◽  
Giant Fibres ◽  
And Function

The giant nerve fibres, which form so prominent a feature in the transverse section of the nerve cord of many Annelids, were first observed in these animals by Clapaède in 1861, who, however, regarded them as canals. They were first recognised as nervous elements—“riesige dunkelrandige Nervenfasern”—by Leydig in 1864. Since then their nervous nature has been almost alternately affirmed and denied, and many widely divergent views have been advanced regarding their morphology and function. The connection of giant fibres with certain giant nerve cells was first shown in the case of Halla parthenopeia , by Spengel, in 1881. Although many other workers have investigated these elements, information is still lacking regarding several fundamental points of their structure. For instance, nothing is known regarding the neurofibrillæ of the giant cells, and although these conducting elements have been seen by five observers in the giant fibres of earthworms, there is a striking difference in their accounts: two of them refer to the presence of several neurofibrillæ, while the others describe or figure only a single fibril in each giant fibre. Further, no information is available regarding the place and mode of origin of these neurofibrillæ or their relations to other nerve elements. This defect is, no doubt, due largely to the difficulties attending the investigation of these remarkable cells and fibres; indeed, the failure of the methods usually adopted for staining nerve cells and fibres in other animals, to disclose nervous elements in the giant cells and fibres, has been held, for instance, by yon Lenhossék and Retzius, to disprove their nervous nature. The present investigation was commenced in 1900 with the view of determining the character and arrangement of the neurofibrillæ of the giant cells and fibres and the relations of these elements to the other elements of the nerve cord.

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