scholarly journals Macular pigment is associated with glare-affected visual function and central visual field loss in glaucoma

2017 ◽  
Vol 102 (7) ◽  
pp. 929-935 ◽  
Author(s):  
We Fong Siah ◽  
Colm O’Brien ◽  
James J Loughman
Keyword(s):  
Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Visual Field Loss ◽  
Macular Pigment ◽  
Retinal Eccentricity ◽  
Ganglion Cell Complex ◽  
Central Visual Field ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Heterochromatic Flicker Photometry ◽  
Registration Number ◽  
Sectional Analysis

AimTo evaluate the relationship between macular pigment optical density (MPOD) and glare disability in open-angle glaucoma.MethodsA cross-sectional analysis of baseline data (88 subjects; median age, 67 (range 36–84) years) collected during the Macular Pigment and Glaucoma Trial (ISRCTN registry number: 56985060). MPOD at 0.25°, 0.5° and 1° of retinal eccentricity was measured using customised heterochromatic flicker photometry. Mesopic contrast sensitivity with glare (mCSg), photostress recovery time (PRT) and self-reported glare symptoms were evaluated. Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography was used to analyse ganglion cell complex (GCC) and identify foveal involvement.ResultsLow spatial frequency (f) mCSg was significantly correlated with MPOD at 0.25°(3 cycles per degree (cpd): r=0.25, p=0.04) and 0.5° (3 cpd: r=0.23, p=0.04) of retinal eccentricity. Those with foveal GCC loss exhibited lower MPOD, had worse low spatial fmCSg (1.5 cpd and 3 cpd, p=0.02 each) and prolonged PRT (p=0.02) in comparison with those without foveal involvement. The depth of central 10° field loss was related to MPOD at all eccentricities (p<0.01 for all). Those who reported glare symptoms had a significantly lower MPOD at all retinal eccentricities (0.25° and 1°: p=0.05 each; 0.5°: p=0.04), including those with foveal involvement (0.25°: p=0.05; 0.5°: p<0.01; 1°: p=0.01).ConclusionsMacular pigment level may be an important consideration among those experiencing disability glare in glaucoma, including those with foveal involvement.Trial registration numberISRCTN56985060, Post-results.

scholarly journals Dietary Antioxidants, Macular Pigment, and Glaucomatous Neurodegeneration: A Review of the Evidence

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Lawler ◽  
Yao Liu ◽  
Krista Christensen ◽  
Thasarat S. Vajaranant ◽  
Julie Mares
Keyword(s):  
Primary Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Visual Field Loss ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Macular Pigment ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Open Angle ◽  
Dietary Antioxidants ◽  
Age Related

Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, and the prevalence is projected to increase to 112 million worldwide by 2040. Intraocular pressure is currently the only proven modifiable risk factor to treat POAG, but recent evidence suggests a link between antioxidant levels and risk for prevalent glaucoma. Studies have found that antioxidant levels are lower in the serum and aqueous humor of glaucoma patients. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the evidence linking oxidative stress to glaucomatous pathology, followed by an in-depth discussion of epidemiological studies and clinical trials of antioxidant consumption and glaucomatous visual field loss. Lastly, we highlight a possible role for antioxidant carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin, which accumulate in the retina to form macular pigment, as evidence has emerged supporting an association between macular pigment levels and age-related eye disease, including glaucoma. We conclude that the evidence base is inconsistent in showing causal links between dietary antioxidants and glaucoma risk, and that prospective studies are needed to further investigate the possible relationship between macular pigment levels and glaucoma risk specifically.

scholarly journals Illness perceptions in people newly diagnosed with glaucoma and ocular hypertension

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leanne McDonald ◽  
Trishal Boodhna ◽  
Csilla Ajtony ◽  
Paula Turnbull ◽  
Rupert R A Bourne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocular Hypertension ◽  
General Health ◽  
Illness Perceptions ◽  
Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Illness Perception ◽  
Visual Field Loss ◽  
Clinic Visit ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Electronic Patient Records ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background/aimsTo determine whether self-reported illness perceptions in newly diagnosed patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and ocular hypertension (OHT) are more negative compared with peers who have lived with their diagnosis for more than 2 years.MethodsA cross-sectional study of 58 newly diagnosed patients with POAG and OHT recruited at their first clinic visit. Electronic patient records were used to identify similar patients (n=58, related by age and severity of visual field loss) who had their diagnosis for >2 years. All participants completed the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ), EQ5D general health measure and Type D Personality Scale (DS14).ResultsAverage BIPQ scores were similar for people newly diagnosed with POAG and POAG diagnosed >2 years and were no different to newly diagnosed OHT and OHT diagnosed >2 years POAG (p=0.46). An analysis correcting for personality type (DS14) and general health (EQ5D) indicated newly diagnosed patients with POAG to have marginally better illness perceptions on individual BIPQ items quantifying impact on life in general, experience of symptoms and ‘understanding’ of their condition (all p<0.01). In contrast, patients with POAG with a diagnosis >2 years understood better their condition to be long-term (p<0.01).ConclusionsSome illness perceptions differed between newly diagnosed people and patients living with their diagnosis for >2 years. Illness perception for people with manifest glaucoma and at risk of glaucoma (OHT) were similar; the latter might benefit from an intervention at diagnosis that highlights the better prognosis for OHT compared with POAG.

scholarly journals Macular Pigment Optical Density in Chinese Primary Open Angle Glaucoma Using the One-Wavelength Reflectometry Method

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuying Ji ◽  
Chengguo Zuo ◽  
Mingkai Lin ◽  
Xiongze Zhang ◽  
Miaoling Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Density ◽  
Primary Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Retinal Thickness ◽  
Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Macular Pigment ◽  
Ganglion Cell Complex ◽  
Open Angle ◽  
Macular Pigment Optical Density ◽  
The One

Purpose. To investigate macular pigment optical density (MPOD) and its relationship with retinal thickness in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients using the one-wavelength reflectometry method.Methods. A total of 30 eyes from 30 POAG patients (18 males and 12 females, mean age47.27±16.93) and 52 eyes from 52 controls (27 males and 25 females, mean age49.54±19.15) were included in this prospective, observational, case-control study. MPOD was measured in a 7-degree area using one-wavelength reflectometry method. Two parameters, max and mean optical density (OD), were used for analyses. Spectral-domain-optical coherence tomography was used to measure retinal thickness, including central retinal thickness (CRT), the macular ganglion cell complex (GCC), and the circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL).Results. Both maxOD and meanOD were significantly reduced in POAG patients compared with normal subjects (P<0.001). GCC, CRT, and RNFL thicknesses were also significantly reduced in POAG patients (P<0.001). GCC thickness had a positive relationship with MPOD.Conclusions. MPOD within the 7-degree area was significantly lower in Chinese POAG patients than in control subjects, and GCC thickness was significantly and positively associated with MPOD. Whether the observed lower MPOD in POAG contributes to the disease process or is secondary to pathological changes caused by the disease (such as loss of ganglion cells) warrants further and longitudinal study.

Agreement between the newly developed OCT glaucoma staging system and the standardized visual field glaucoma staging system 2

2021 ◽  
pp. 112067212110143
Author(s):  
Elshimaa A Mateen Mossa ◽  
Heba Khallaf ◽  
Khulood Muhammad Sayed
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Staging System ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ganglion Cell Complex ◽  
Automated Perimetry ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Staging Systems ◽  
Stage 1

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to assess the agreement between the new optical coherence tomography (OCT) glaucoma staging system (GSS) and the visual field (VF) GSS 2 (GSS2). Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of 161 eyes of 110 patients with controlled primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). All eyes were subjected to VF examination using standard automated perimetry and Humphrey field analyzer II 750. GSS2 was used for the classification of the VF defects’ severity. OCT of the optic disc and the macular ganglion cell complex (GCC) was performed using RTVue. Patients were classified by OCT GSS into six stages. Results: The study examined 161 eyes of 110 patients with controlled POAG. The staging according to VF GSS2 was as follows: stage 0 (12.42%), border stage (12.42%), stage 1 (13.04%), stage 2 (14.29%), stage 3 (14.28%), stage 4 (14.28%), and stage 5 (19.25%). The staging by OCT GSS was as follows: stage 0 (18.6 %), border stage (17.3%), stage 1 (6.8%), stage 2 (9.31%), stage 3 (6%), stage 4 (11.8%), and stage 5 (30.43%). The sensitivity of the new OCT GSS was different in different stages of glaucoma. In this study, no normal control group was considered; thus, the specificity could not be calculated. There was moderate agreement between the two staging systems. Conclusions: OCT GSS is a reliable and objective method for diagnosing and monitoring glaucoma. Correlations were found between GSS2, inferior and total macular GCC thickness values, and cup-to-disc ratios, so considering these items as additional parameters may make this new classification even more sensitive than VF GSS2.

scholarly journals Vessel Density in the Macular and Peripapillary Areas in Preperimetric Glaucoma to Various Stages of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma in Taiwan

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
pp. 5490
Author(s):  
Chung-Kuang Ko ◽  
Kuan-I Huang ◽  
Fang-Ying Su ◽  
Mei-Lan Ko
Keyword(s):  
Late Stage ◽  
Primary Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Vessel Density ◽  
Ganglion Cell Complex ◽  
Open Angle ◽  
Fiber Layer ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Preperimetric Glaucoma

Peripapillary and macular vessel density (VD) are reduced in myopic non-glaucomatous eyes, the dynamic range of VD may be decreased by myopia, and whether VD measurement has the potential in differentiating stages of glaucoma severity in patients with myopic glaucoma remains questionable. This observational, cross-sectional study aimed to clarify the changes in peripapillary and macular VDs in preperimetric glaucoma (PPG) and primary open-angle glaucoma in the early, moderate, and late stages. A total of 1228 eyes from 661 participants (540 normal, 67 PPG, and 521 glaucomatous) were included. Participants underwent free blood tests at the internal medicine clinic to retrieve systemic data. Patients with glaucoma were grouped by disease severity, defined by glaucomatous visual field mean defect, including early-(224 eyes), moderate-(103 eyes), and late-stage glaucoma (194 eyes), and further divided into advanced (158 eyes) and terminal glaucoma (36 eyes). Macular VD, peripapillary VD, circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cpRNFL) thickness, and ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness were evaluated and divided into superior and inferior parts. One-way analysis of variance was performed, followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test. The peripapillary VD was significantly different between the healthy and PPG groups and the early-, moderate-, and late-stage glaucoma subgroups (all p < 0.001). Peripapillary VD measurements are helpful in differentiating the various stages of glaucoma even in patients with myopic glaucoma.

scholarly journals Diabetes mellitus and latent tuberculosis infection: baseline analysis of a large UK cohort

Thorax ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Jackson ◽  
Jo Southern ◽  
Ajit Lalvani ◽  
Francis Drobniewski ◽  
Chris J Griffiths ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Interferon Gamma Release Assays ◽  
Binomial Regression ◽  
Registration Number ◽  
Sectional Analysis ◽  
The Relationship

We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a UK cohort study which enrolled participants at risk of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI, defined as a positive result for either of the two interferon gamma release assays). Binomial regression with a log link was used to estimate crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% CIs for the relationship between diabetes mellitus (DM) and LTBI. Adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index and the presence of other immunocompromising conditions, DM was associated with a 15% higher prevalence of LTBI (adjusted PR=1.15, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.30, p=0.025).Trial registration numberPREDICT is registered on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01162265)

scholarly journals Differing Associations between Optic Nerve Head Strains and Visual Field Loss in Normal- and High-Tension Glaucoma Subjects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thanadet Chuangsuwanich ◽  
Tin Aung Tun ◽  
Xiaofei Wang ◽  
Zhi Yun Chin ◽  
Satish Kumar Panda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Optic Nerve Head ◽  
Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Visual Field Loss ◽  
Temporal Region ◽  
Retinal Sensitivity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Tension ◽  
Iop Elevation

Purpose: To study the associations between optic nerve head (ONH) strains under intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation with retinal sensitivity in glaucoma subjects. Design: Clinic based cross-sectional study. Participants: 229 subjects with primary open angle glaucoma (subdivided into 115 high tension glaucoma (HTG) subjects and 114 normal tension glaucoma (NTG) subjects). Methods: For one eye of each subject, we imaged the ONH using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) under the following conditions: (1) primary gaze and (2) primary gaze with acute IOP elevation (to approximately 33 mmHg) achieved through ophthalmodynamometry. A 3-dimensional (3D) strain-mapping algorithm was applied to quantify IOP-induced ONH tissue strain (i.e. deformation) in each ONH. Strains in the pre-lamina tissue (PLT) and the retina, the choroid, the sclera and the lamina cribrosa (LC) were associated (using linear regression) with measures of retinal sensitivity from the 24-2 Humphrey visual field test (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA, USA). This was done globally, then locally according to the regionalization scheme of Garway-Heath et al. Main Outcome Measures: Associations between ONH strains and values of retinal sensitivity from visual field testing. Results: For HTG subjects, we found that (1) there were significant negative linear associations between ONH strains and retinal sensitivity (p<0.001) (on average, a 1% increase in ONH strains corresponded to a decrease in retinal sensitivity of 1.1 dB), (2) high strain regions co-localized with anatomically-mapped regions of high visual field loss, (3) the strongest negative associations were observed in the superior region and in the PLT. In contrast, for NTG subjects, no significant associations between strains and retinal sensitivity were observed except in the supero-temporal region of the LC. Conclusion: We found significant negative associations between IOP-induced ONH strains and retinal sensitivity in a relatively large glaucoma cohort. Specifically, HTG subjects who experienced higher ONH strains were more likely to exhibit lower retinal sensitivities. Interestingly, this trend was in general less pronounced in NTG subjects, which could suggest a distinct pathophysiology between the two glaucoma subtypes.

scholarly journals Systemic and Ocular Hemodynamic Risk Factors in Glaucoma

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaewan Choi ◽  
Michael S. Kook
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Visual Field Loss ◽  
Normal Tension Glaucoma ◽  
Ocular Blood Flow ◽  
Systemic Hypertension ◽  
Central Visual Field ◽  
Tissue Ischemia

Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is a multifactorial disease characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell death and visual field loss. It is known that alterations in intraocular pressure (IOP), blood pressure (BP), and ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) can play a significant role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Impaired autoregulatory capacity of ocular blood vessels may render tissues vulnerable to OPP changes and potentially harmful tissue ischemia-reperfusion damage. Vascular risk factors should be considered more important in a subgroup of patients with POAG, and especially in patients with normal tension glaucoma (NTG) with evidence of unphysiological BP response. For example, reduction of BP during the nighttime has an influence on OPP, and increased circadian OPP fluctuation, which might stand for unstable ocular blood flow, has been found to be the consistent risk factor for NTG development and progression. Central visual field may be affected more severely than peripheral visual field in NTG patients with higher 24-hour fluctuation of OPP. This review will discuss the current understanding of allegedly major systemic and ocular hemodynamic risk factors for glaucoma including systemic hypertension, arterial stiffness, antihypertensive medication, exaggerated nocturnal hypotension, OPP, and autonomic dysregulation.

scholarly journals The Association between Myopia and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Wu ◽  
Jie Hao ◽  
Yifan Du ◽  
Kai Cao ◽  
Caixia Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Primary Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Visual Field Loss ◽  
Random Effects Model ◽  
Open Angle ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Previous studies identified myopia as a risk factor for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). However, recent studies have shown different results, the definitive relationship between myopia and POAG remains controversial. Objectives: To investigate the relationship between myopia and POAG. Methods: Published articles were searched from PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases between 1970 and 2020. A pooled analysis of the ORs was performed using a random-effects model. Results: Data on the association between myopia and POAG, were obtained from 16 cross sectional studies, and the pooled OR was 2.26 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.77 – 2.89, P < 0.001) in random effects model (I2 = 86%; P < 0.01). For the relationship of myopia and POAG progression, data from seven longitudinal cohort studies were included and the pooled OR was 0.85 (95% CI, 0.73 – 0.99, P = 0.042) in the random-effects model (I2 = 88%; P < 0.01). Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that myopia may be a risk factor associated with POAG and a possible protective factor for POAG progression. It may due to myopia with the presence of a lamina cribrosa defect slow down the visual field loss also POAG progression, further research for underlying mechanisms is still needed.

Ultramicrotomy as a Technique for Materials Specimen Preparation

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 428-429
Author(s):  
S.R. Glanvill
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Preparation Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Surfaces And Interfaces ◽  
Beam Analysis ◽  
Flat Embedding ◽  
20 Nm ◽  
Sectional Analysis

This paper summarizes the application of ultramicrotomy as a specimen preparation technique for some of the Materials Science applications encountered over the past two years. Specimens 20 nm thick by hundreds of μm lateral dimension are readily prepared for electron beam analysis. Materials examined include metals, plastics, ceramics, superconductors, glassy carbons and semiconductors. We have obtain chemical and structural information from these materials using HRTEM, CBED, EDX and EELS analysis. This technique has enabled cross-sectional analysis of surfaces and interfaces of engineering materials and solid state electronic devices, as well as interdiffusion studies across adjacent layers.Samples are embedded in flat embedding moulds with Epon 812 epoxy resin / Methyl Nadic Anhydride mixture, using DY064 accelerator to promote the reaction. The embedded material is vacuum processed to remove trapped air bubbles, thereby improving the strength and sectioning qualities of the cured block. The resin mixture is cured at 60 °C for a period of 80 hr and left to equilibrate at room temperature.

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