Cycling and cardiovascular disease risk factors including body composition, blood lipids and cardiorespiratory fitness analysed as continuous variables: Part 2—systematic review with meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (14) ◽  
pp. 879-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solveig Nordengen ◽  
Lars Bo Andersen ◽  
Ane K Solbraa ◽  
Amund Riiser
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Blood Lipids ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Continuous Variables

ObjectivesWe aimed to examine the relationship between cycling (particularly commuter cycling) and risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) including body composition, blood lipids and cardiorespiratory fitness. This study differed from our recent (Part 1) systematic review in that risk factors for CVD were analysed as continuous variables rather than being present or absent.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Eligibility criteriaWe searched four databases (Web of Science, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus and Scopus). All quantitative studies, published until August 2017, were included when a general population was investigated, cycling was assessed either in total or as a transportation mode, and CVD risk factors were reported.MethodsWe analysed body composition, physical activity (PA), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), blood lipids and blood pressure (BP). Skinfold, waist circumference and body mass index were analysed and prioritised in that order when more than one measure were available. PA included measures of counts per minutes, moderate-to-vigorous PA or minutes per week. CRF included results of maximal tests with or without expired air or submaximal test. For blood lipids and BP, separate analyses were run for low-density and high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, total cholesterol, systolic BP and diastolic BP. Studies were excluded when reporting dichotomous outcomes or when cycling and walking were combined. Heterogeneity was investigated using I2.ResultsFifteen studies were included; the majority reported commuter cycling. In total, we included 5775 cyclists and 39 273 non-cyclists. Cyclists had more favourable risk factor levels in body composition −0.08 (95% CI −0.13 to −0.04), PA 0.13 (95% CI 0.06 to 0.20), CRF 0.28 (95% CI 0.22 to 0.35) and blood lipids compared with non-cyclists. There was no sex difference in risk reduction.Conclusion/implicationCycling mitigated the risk factor profile for CVD. A strength of this systematic review is that all the risk factors were analysed as continuous variables. These data provide evidence for practitioners, stakeholders, policy-makers and city planners to accommodate and promote cycling.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO CRD42016052421.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular disease risk factors in chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. e0192895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupert W. Major ◽  
Mark R. I. Cheng ◽  
Robert A. Grant ◽  
Saran Shantikumar ◽  
Gang Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors

scholarly journals Effects on exercise and fitness outcomes of workplace physical activity interventions targeting older employees: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dafna Merom ◽  
Fiona Stanaway ◽  
Joanna J Sweeting ◽  
Anne Tiedemann ◽  
Shirin J Mumu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Active Ageing ◽  
Intervention Component ◽  
Older Employees

Abstract Background: “Active Ageing” policy to delay retirement mean that maintaining the health and fitness of older employees has become increasingly important. This systematic review summarises the characteristics and effect on exercise and fitness outcomes of workplace physical activity (PA) interventions targeting older employees. Methods: Five online databases were searched from inception to December 2018. Eligible studies were of any experimental design, included employees aged ≥50 years, had PA as an intervention component and reported PA-related outcomes. Results: Titles and abstracts of 7470 records were screened and 16 unique interventions were included (3,215 participants). Eleven studies were RCTs. Six interventions targeted multiple risk factors (n=1,586) involving screening for cardiovascular disease risk factors, but had a non-specific description of the PA intervention. Four interventions targeted nutrition and PA (n=1,127), and six intervention (n=195) focused only on PA. Seven interventions were short –term (<15 weeks), six interventions lasted 6-9 months and three interventions were long-term (10-12 months). Interventions overwhelmingly targeted aerobic PA compared to strength, balance and flexibility. No studies involved screening for falls/injury risk. Computation of effect sizes (ES) was only possible in a maximum of three RCTs per outcome. ESs were statistically non-significant for all outcomes. ESs were medium for PA behaviour (ES=0.25 95% CI: -0.07 to 0.56), muscle strength (ES=0.27, 95%CI: -0.26- 0.80), cardiorespiratory fitness (ES=0.28, 95%CI: -22 to 0.78) and flexibility (ES=0.50, 95% CI: -0.04- 1.05) and large for balance (ES=1.29, 95% CI: -0.56- 3.15). GRADE criteria-rated quality of evidence were ‘low’ due to high risk of bias, imprecision and inconsistency. Conclusions: The effect of workplace interventions for improving fitness outcomes of older employees is uncertain. There is a need for high-quality PA interventions that takes into account the broader PA recommendations for older adults. Such interventions should incorporate strength and balance training and screening of falls/injury risk in multi risk factors approaches.

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