Representativeness of samples from general practice lists in epidemiological studies: case-control study

BackgroundEvidence of an association between exposure to domestic violence and abuse (DVA) and use of emergency contraception (EC) is lacking in the UK.AimTo quantify the association between exposure to DVA and consultations for EC in general practice.Design and settingNested case-control study in UK general practice.MethodUsing the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, the authors identified all women all women aged 15–49 years registered with a GP between 1 January 2011 and 31 December 2016. Cases with consultations for EC (n = 43 570) were each matched on age and GP against four controls with no consultations for EC (n = 174 280). The authors calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between exposure to DVA in the previous year and consultations for EC. Covariates included age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, pregnancy, children, alcohol misuse, and depression.ResultsWomen exposed to DVA were 2.06 times more likely to have a consultation for EC than unexposed women (95% CI = 1.64 to 2.61). Women aged 25–39 years with exposure to DVA were 2.8 times more likely to have a consultation for EC, compared with unexposed women (95% CI = 2.08 to 3.75). The authors found some evidence of an independent effect of exposure to DVA on the number of consultations for EC (OR 1.48, 95% CI = 0.99 to 2.21).ConclusionA request for EC in general practice can indicate possible exposure to DVA. Primary care consultation for EC is a relevant context for identifying and responding to DVA as recommended by the World Health Organization and National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines. DVA training for providers of EC should include this new evidence.

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Assessing the predictive value of HIV indicator conditions in general practice: a case–control study using the THIN database

British Journal of General Practice ◽

10.3399/bjgp13x668159 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 63 (611) ◽

pp. e370-e377 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Sarah Damery ◽

Linda Nichols ◽

Roger Holder ◽

Ronan Ryan ◽

Sue Wilson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

General Practice ◽

Predictive Value ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Control Study

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Evaluation of Nonresponse Bias in a Case–Control Study of Pleural Mesothelioma

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17176146 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (17) ◽

pp. 6146

Author(s):

Chiara Airoldi ◽

Daniela Ferrante ◽

Dario Mirabelli ◽

Danila Azzolina ◽

Corrado Magnani

Keyword(s):

Case Control Study ◽

Hospital Admissions ◽

Reference Group ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Case Control ◽

Education Level ◽

Nonresponse Bias ◽

Cumulative Exposure ◽

The Status ◽

Control Study

Nonparticipation limits the power of epidemiological studies, and can cause bias. In a case–control study on pleural malignant mesothelioma (MM), we found low participation in interviews (63%) among controls. Our goal was to characterize nonresponder controls and assess nonresponse bias in our study. We selected all nonresponder controls (204) and a random sample of responder controls (174). Data were obtained linking hospital admissions and town registrars, and concordance between sources was assessed. Nonresponse bias was evaluated using a logistic regression model applying the inverse probability weighting approach. The odds ratio (OR) for the status of the respondents was 0.61 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.33–1.16) for controls aged 61–70, 0.37 (CI: 0.20–0.66) for those aged 71–80, and 0.40 (CI: 0.20–0.80) for those aged above 80 (reference group: ≤60 years). Controls with low education level had lower OR (0.47; CI: 0.26–0.84). After adjustment, the ORs for MM by categories of cumulative exposure to asbestos were similar to the unadjusted results, ranging from 4.6 (CI: 1.8–11.7) for cumulative exposures between 0.1 and 1 f/mL-y to 57.5 (CI: 20.2–163.9) above 10 f/mL-y. Responder controls were younger and had higher education level. Nevertheless, there was little evidence of bias from nonresponse in the risk estimates of MM.

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The Ethnic/Racial Variations of Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ERICH) Study Protocol

Stroke ◽

10.1161/strokeaha.113.002332 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 44 (10) ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

Daniel Woo ◽

Jonathan Rosand ◽

Chelsea Kidwell ◽

Jacob L. McCauley ◽

Jennifer Osborne ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Case Control ◽

Metropolitan Region ◽

Sample Collection ◽

Racial Variations ◽

Epidemiological Risk ◽

Control Study ◽

Hispanic White

Background and Purpose— Epidemiological studies of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) have consistently demonstrated variation in incidence, location, age at presentation, and outcomes among non-Hispanic white, black, and Hispanic populations. We report here the design and methods for this large, prospective, multi-center case–control study of ICH. Methods— The Ethnic/Racial Variations of Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ERICH) study is a multi-center, prospective case–control study of ICH. Cases are identified by hot-pursuit and enrolled using standard phenotype and risk factor information and include neuroimaging and blood sample collection. Controls are centrally identified by random digit dialing to match cases by age (±5 years), race, ethnicity, sex, and metropolitan region. Results— As of March 22, 2013, 1655 cases of ICH had been recruited into the study, which is 101.5% of the target for that date, and 851 controls had been recruited, which is 67.2% of the target for that date (1267 controls) for a total of 2506 subjects, which is 86.5% of the target for that date (2897 subjects). Of the 1655 cases enrolled, 1640 cases had the case interview entered into the database, of which 628 (38%) were non-Hispanic black, 458 (28%) were non-Hispanic white, and 554 (34%) were Hispanic. Of the 1197 cases with imaging submitted, 876 (73.2%) had a 24 hour follow-up CT available. In addition to CT imaging, 607 cases have had MRI evaluation. Conclusions— The ERICH study is a large, case–control study of ICH with particular emphasis on recruitment of minority populations for the identification of genetic and epidemiological risk factors for ICH and outcomes after ICH.

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Case-control study about exposure to BPA and DEHP and risk of endometriosis

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckz186.642 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽

Author(s):

M Fiore ◽

P Zuccarello ◽

M Gulisano ◽

M Monteleone ◽

G Bonaccorso ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Endocrine Disruptors ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Case Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Reverse Correlation ◽

Time Exposure ◽

Urinary Analysis ◽

Control Study

Abstract Background BPA and DEHP are endocrine disruptors. BPA-G and MEHP are their main metabolites. The main exposure route for human is the diet. Endometriosis is a pathology with uncertain etiopathogenesis, characterized by disturbances in sex hormones balance with a prevalence in women ranged from 1% to 7% in women aged 15-45 years. Methods A case-control study should highlight a possible relationship between exposure to DEHP and BPA and endometriosis. Patients (n = 40) with a surgical diagnosis of endometriosis will compose the group of cases; healthy women (n = 40) will compose the control group. Cases and controls will be studied by means of questionnaires and by means of urinary analysis of these endocrine disruptors concentration. Results BPA values ranged between 0.05-8.55 and 0.05-1.84 in cases and in controls, respectively; BPA-G values ranged between 0.05-16.1 and 0.05-7.38 in cases and in controls, respectively; total BPA values ranged between 0.05-3.26 and 0.05-3.51 in cases and in controls, respectively. DEHP values ranged between 13.63-57.78 and 16.66-61.93 in cases and in controls, respectively; MEHP values ranged between 1.74-6.16 and 4.26-14.16 in cases and in controls, respectively; total DEHP ranged between 15.27-63.93 and 21.72-72.73 in cases and in controls, respectively. A reverse correlation was found between endometriosis and phthalates, while a direct correlation was found between BPA and endometriosis. Conclusions The direct correlation between BPA and endometriosis suggests the decreasing the use of plasticizer in food packaging and the importance to implement interventions and strategy to minimize exposure. The reverse correlation between endometriosis and DEHP could be explained by the small size of sample and by the monitoring of urine that are representative of a short-time exposure. Key messages Improve epidemiological studies with analysis of alternative matrices that are more representative of long-time exposure. Implement interventions and strategy to minimize exposure to plasticizer.

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