Impact of college education on incorporated and unincorporated self-employment: variations among African Americans and Hispanics

PurposeThis study examines the impact of college education on incorporated and unincorporated self-employments. It specifically compares the effects on African Americans and Hispanics with the effects on Whites.Design/methodology/approachThe study sample was drawn from the US Current Population Survey between 1989 and 2018. Based on a sample size of 1,657,043 individuals, this study employed logit regression models to test the hypotheses. Racial variations were examined using African Americans and Hispanics as moderators.FindingsThe results suggest that college education increases incorporated self-employment and reduces unincorporated self-employment. The impact of college education on incorporated self-employment is stronger for African Americans and Hispanics than for Whites. In contrast, its effect on unincorporated self-employment is stronger for Whites than for African Americans and Hispanics.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings provide empirical evidence of how college experience changes the motivation of starting an incorporated or unincorporated business. The results suggest that college education impacts African Americans and Hispanics differently than Whites in pursuing their career path of entrepreneurship.Originality/valueIt is the first study that examines the relationship between college education and incorporated/unincorporated self-employment. It also sheds light on radical variations.

Study of anatomical variations of pterion in Karnataka population

The Pterion is a point of sutural confluence formed by frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones. Center of pterion is located 4cms above the midpoint of zygomatic arch and 3.5cms behind the fronto-zygomatic suture. Pterion is a reference landmark for many regions of the brain. Knowledge of various types of pterion is important in neurosurgeries as pterion keyhole approach has several advantages over traditional craniotomy; it has got radiological significance in interpretation of radiographs; in forensic medicine, it has been used for estimation of age and stature; and types of pterion has racial variations, hence it has got anthropological significance. Hence, the present study was taken to assess various types of pterion in South Indian adult human skulls. To classify the types of pterion based on Murphy’s classification and compare the right and left sides.The study was conducted on 100 adult dry human skulls collected from Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences & Research center, Bangalore. The various types of pterion were noted. All the readings were tabulated and subjected to analysis. All measurements and frequencies of the data were tabulated. The mean, standard deviation for each of the measurements were assessed. Statistical software SPSS version 16 was used. Right and left side were compared using One-Way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance). Various types of pterion were observed. Spheno-parietal was the most predominant (78%) type, followed by epipteric (16%), stellate (4%) and fronto-temporal (2%).: The results of the present study can be utilized by neurosurgeons, radiologists, anthropologists and forensic experts. The findings can be used in future for comparing various types of pterion from a different population, race or species altogether.

Occurrence of Extra Roots in Permanent Mandibular Molars: A Cone Beam Computed Topography Study

Introduction: Permanent mandibular first and second molars may display extra roots namely radix entomolaris and radix paramolaris which may have implications in endodontic treatment outcome, if missed. Objective: To evaluate the occurrence of extra roots in permanent mandibular first and second molars in a sample of Nepalese population. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was done at Dhulikhel hospital. Convenience sampling technique was utilised for data collection of 773 CBCT images. Images from June 2018 to June 2020 were retrospectively screened for presence of fully erupted bilateral mandibular first and second molars. Presence of extra roots were recorded and laterality, gender, and racial variations were analysed by Fisher’s exact test and Chi-square test using SPSS v.20. Results: For mandibular first molars, out of 517 patients, 65 (11.38%) had radix entomolaris: 38 (13.2%) female and 27 (9.54%) male. Among 38 females; occurrence was 21 (7.3%) bilateral, 16 (5.56%) unilateral right and 1 (0.34%) unilateral left side. Likewise, among 27 males, the occurrence was 15 (5.3%) bilateral, 6 (2.1%) unilateral right and 6 (2.1%) unilateral left side. Regarding races, 50 (14.6%) were Mongoloids and 15 (6.6%) were Aryans. No radix paramolaris was found in mandibular first molars. For mandibular second molars, out of 623 patients, radix entomolaris and paramolaris were observed in 0.8% and 0.48% respectively. Conclusion: The overall occurrence of radix entomolaris in mandibular first and second molars was found to be 11.38% and 0.8%, respectively. Practitioners should be aware of these unusual variations to avoid iatrogenic mishap due to missed canal.

A Cross-Sectional Study to Determine and Compare the Craniofacial Anthropometric Norms in a Selected Kenyan and Chinese Population

Background: Craniofacial anthropometry provides essential data for diagnosis and treatment planning, with the norms for many races having been investigated. The results reveal that facial morphometry varies greatly because of geographical, ethnic, and racial variations. This study aims to gather the normative anthropometric data and compare the differences in facial morphometry between the Kenyan population and that of the Chinese. Methods: Four vertical measurements (trichion–nasion, nasion–subnasale, subnasale–gnathion, and superaurale–subaurale) and 6 horizontal measurements (zygion–zygion, exocanthion–endocanthion, endocanthion–endocanthion, pupil-pupil, alare–alare, and chelion–chelion) were obtained manually from subjects with no craniofacial abnormality. Results: A total of 180 participants (90 Kenyans and 90 Chinese) were included. Among the Kenyans, males generally had greater dimensions in comparison to the Kenyan females with the exception of the upper third, lower third, and intercanthal, and interpupillary distances. Among the Chinese, there was a significant difference between the 2 genders with the exception of intercanthal distance. All measurements were greater in Chinese males in comparison to the females. Comparison between races shows that Kenyans had greater vertical measurements with exception of the ear length for both genders. The Chinese males had increased facial width and intercanthal distance, while the Chinese females showed increased intercanthal distance compared to Kenyans. Kenyans exhibited hyperleptoprosopic-type face, while Chinese exhibited mesoprosopic-type face, with none of the 2 groups conforming to the neoclassical canons. Conclusion: Kenyans generally have greater craniofacial measurements versus Chinese, except for the facial width and intercanthal distance for males and interorbital distance for females.

Interaction of race with weight loss and resolution of obesity co-morbidities in patients undergoing laparoscopic roux-en-y gastric bypass (lrygb): an analysis of 83,059 bold database patients00000000000

Background: Previous studies identified differences by race in the distribution of medical problems associated with morbid obesity. Whether or not outcomes after LRYGB also vary by race is unknown. Objective: To identify racial variations in weight loss and resolution of obesity co-morbidities after LRYGB. Methods: Data from 83,059 BOLD database LRYGB patients was analyzed retrospectively in five groups: African-American (n=9,055), Caucasian (n=63,352), Hispanic (n=6,893), Asian (n=198), and Other (n=3,561). Results: Weight and BMI were higher in African-Americans versus Caucasians, Hispanics, Other (12 months, p<0.0001). Hypertension persisted increased among African-Americans versus Caucasians, Hispanics, Other through 24 months (p<0.01). Caucasian cholelithiasis (18 months, p<0.05), abdominal panniculitis (12 months, p<0.01,) and depression (24 months, p<0.05) continued higher than other races. GERD was highest in African-Americans and Caucasians. Dyslipidemia affected Caucasians, African-Americans, and Other most (12 months, p<0.05). Hispanic depression was lowest (24 months, p<0.05). Other had highest stress urinary incontinence (12 months, p<0.05). Racial differences in diabetes, liver disease, obstructive sleep apnea, obesity hypoventilation syndrome, gout, back and musculoskeletal pain, leg edema, alcohol use, and non-depression psychological issues were not significant beyond 6 months. Resolution of angina, CHF, pulmonary hypertension, and polycystic ovarian disease did not vary by race. Conclusions: LRYGB improves obesity weight and co-morbidity outcomes overall, but long-term treatment effects vary by race. African-American weight and hypertension, and African-American/Caucasian GERD, and dyslipidemia resolve least. Caucasian abdominal issues and depression dominate. Racial variations in many obesity co-morbidities disappear by 12 months post-operatively.

Risk of intracerebral haemorrhage from hypertension is greatest at an early age

Introduction The risk of intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) associated with hypertension (HTN) is well documented. While the prevalence of HTN increases with age, the greatest odds ratio (OR) for HTN as a risk for ischemic stroke is at an early age. We sought to evaluate if the risk for ICH from HTN was higher in the youngest patients of each race. Patients and methods The Ethnic/Racial Variations of ICH (ERICH) study is a prospective multicenter case-control study of ICH among whites, blacks, and Hispanics. Participants were divided into age groups based on race-specific quartiles. Cases in each race/age group were compared to controls using logistic regression (i.e., cases and controls unmatched). The probability of ICH among cases and controls for each race were compared against independent variables of HTN, quartile of age and interaction of quartile and age also using logistic regression. Results Overall, 2033 non-lobar ICH cases and 2060 controls, and 913 lobar ICH cases with 927 controls were included. ORs were highest in the youngest age quartile for non-lobar haemorrhage for blacks and Hispanics and highest in the youngest quartile for lobar haemorrhage for all races. The formal test of interaction between age and HTN was significant in all races for all locations with the exception of lobar ICH in whites (p = 0.2935). Discussion Hypertension is a strong independent risk factor for ICH irrespective of location among persons of younger age, consistent with the hypothesis that first exposure to HTN is a particularly sensitive time for all locations of ICH.

Intracerebral Hemorrhage with Intraventricular Extension Associated with Loss of Consciousness at Symptom Onset

Background In patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), pre-hospital markers of disease severity might be useful to potentially triage patients to undergo early interventions. Objective Here, we tested whether loss of consciousness (LOC) at the onset of ICH is associated with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) on brain computed tomography (CT). Methods Among 3000 ICH cases from ERICH (Ethnic/Racial Variations of Intracerebral Hemorrhage study, NS069763), we included patients with complete ICH/IVH volumetric CT measurements and excluded those with seizures at ICH onset. Trained investigators extracted data from medical charts. Mental status at symptom onset (categorized as alert/oriented, alert/confused, drowsy/somnolent, coma/unresponsive/posturing) and 3-month disability (modified Rankin score, mRS) were assessed through standardized interviews of participants or dedicated proxies. We used logistic regression and mediation analysis to assess relationships between LOC, IVH, and unfavorable outcome (mRS 4–6). Results Two thousand seven hundred and twenty-four patients met inclusion criteria. Median admission Glasgow Coma Score was 15 (interquartile range 11–15). 46% had IVH on admission or follow-up CT. Patients with LOC (mental status: coma/unresponsive, n = 352) compared to those without LOC (all other mental status, n = 2372) were younger (60 vs. 62 years, p = 0.005) and had greater IVH frequency (77 vs. 41%, p < 0.001), greater peak ICH volumes (28 vs. 11 ml, p < 0.001), greater admission systolic blood pressure (200 vs. 184 mmHg, p < 0.001), and greater admission serum glucose (158 vs. 127 mg/dl, p < 0.001). LOC was independently associated with IVH presence (odds ratio, OR, 2.6, CI 1.9–3.5) and with unfavorable outcome (OR 3.05, CI 1.96–4.75). The association between LOC and outcome was significantly mediated by IVH (beta = 0.24, bootstrapped CI 0.17–0.32). Conclusion LOC at ICH onset may be a useful pre-hospital marker to identify patients at risk of having or developing IVH.