What do environment-related illnesses tell us about the character of military medicine and future clinical requirements?

2021 ◽  
pp. e001934
Author(s):  
Michael John Stacey ◽  
S Brett ◽  
G Fitchett ◽  
N E Hill ◽  
D Woods
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Clinical Experience ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Military Medicine ◽  
Extreme Environments ◽  
Patterns Of Care ◽  
Corporate Memory ◽  
Environmental Extremes ◽  
Metabolic Disruption ◽  
Military Physicians

Extreme environments present medical and occupational challenges that extend beyond generic resuscitation, to formulating bespoke diagnoses and prognoses and embarking on management pathways rarely encountered in civilian practice. Pathophysiological complexity and clinical uncertainty call for military physicians of all kinds to balance intuition with pragmatism, adapting according to the predominant patterns of care required. In an era of smaller operational footprints and less concentrated clinical experience, proposals aimed at improving the systematic care of Service Personnel incapacitated at environmental extremes must not be lost to corporate memory. These general issues are explored in the particular context of thermal stress and metabolic disruption. Specific focus is given to the accounts of military physicians who served on large-scale deployments into the heat of Iraq and Kuwait (Operation TELIC) and Oman (Exercise SAIF SAREEA). Generalisable insights into the enduring character of military medicine and future clinical requirements result.

The lambing period of mountain sheep: synthesis, hypotheses, and tests

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred L. Bunnell
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Female Body ◽  
Extreme Environments ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
Seasonal Growth ◽  
Early Weight Gain ◽  
Definition Of

Data on lambing periods from 30 populations of North American mountain sheep are reviewed. Among all populations lambing begins later and duration is shorter at more northern altitudes (p < 0.00006). Correlations are enhanced (p < 0.00003) when latitude is replaced by a phenological index incorporating altitude. Termination of lambing is not correlated with latitude or with phenological index. Two broad patterns are evident. Populations feeding on vegetation of less predictable growth patterns ("desert type") have lengthy lambing seasons; populations feeding on vegetation exhibiting more predictable growth patterns ("alpine type") have shorter lambing seasons, typically two oestrous cycles in length. Definition of "types" by latitude or sheep taxonomy reveals significant differences in lambing periods, but correlations are enhanced when "types" are defined on the basis of habitat.Among taxa, birth weights are correlated with female body weight (rs = 0.87). Birth weights are heavier in extreme environments, seasonal growth patterns are expressed better in the alpine type, and early weight gain is most rapid in the northernmost subspecies. All populations show a strong central tendency with regard to peak lambing (17 May ± 6.8 days). Departures from that tendency respond more to predictability of vegetation than to thermal stress or predation pressure.

scholarly journals PENGIRIMAN DATA NRF24L01+ DENGAN KONDISI LINE OF SIGHT DAN NON LINE OF SIGHT

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-139
Author(s):  
I Gusti Made Ngurah Desnanjaya ◽  
Mohammad Dwi Alfian
Keyword(s):  
Packet Loss ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Extreme Environments ◽  
Data Communication ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Effective Distance ◽  
Communication Distance ◽  
Non Line Of Sight

Wireless Sensor Network is a wireless network technology that includes sensor nodes and embedded systems. WSN has several advantages: it is cheaper for large-scale applications, can withstand extreme environments, and data transmission is relatively more stable. One of the WSN devices is nRF24L01+. Within the specifications given, the maximum communication distance is 1.1 km. However, the most effective distance for transmitting data in line of sight and non-line of sight is still unknown. Therefore, testing and analysis are needed so that the nRF24L01+ device can be used optimally for communication and data transmission. Through testing analysis on nRF24L01+ line of sight, Kuta beach location in Bali and non-line of sight on the STMIK STIKOM Indonesia campus. The effective communication distance of the nRF24L01+ module in line of sight is between 1 and 1000 meters. The distance of 1000 meters is the limit of the effective distance for sending data, and the packet loss rate is less than 15% which is included in the medium category. Meanwhile, in the non-line of sight, the effective distance of the nRF24L01+ communication module is 20 meters, and the packet loss is close to 15%, which is a moderate level limit. With the analysis module, nRF24L01+ can be a reference in determining the effective distance on WSN nRF24L01+ in determining remote control equipment data communication.

Cantilever creep method for testing ceramic composites and a case study for chemically bonded phosphate ceramic composites reinforced with glass, carbon and basalt fibers, including both experiments and simulations

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (20) ◽  
pp. 2663-2676
Author(s):  
Henry A Colorado ◽  
Elkin I Gutiérrez-Velásquez ◽  
Clem Hiel
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Extreme Environments ◽  
Ceramic Composites ◽  
High Temperature Creep ◽  
Creep Tests ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Temperature Creep ◽  
Glass Carbon ◽  
Electron Microscopy Analysis

This paper presented the cantilever beam experiments and the method for creep in chemically bonded ceramics reinforced with glass, carbon, and basalt unidirectional fibers. The ceramic composite samples were fabricated by mixing wollastonite powder and phosphoric acid, through the resonant acoustic mixing technique. The reinforced fibers were added via pultrusion process. The manufactured materials were exposed to high temperature creep tests at 600, 800 and 1000℃, with an annealing time of 1 h, all in air environment. Some examples of real large-scale structures made manually by a company were also included. In order to understand the microstructure, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analysis were included. The presented method is simple and can be used in any inorganic ceramic slurry types, such as geopolymers, phosphate cements, clay-based materials, or Portland cement composites. The sample response in high temperature creep experiments was analyzed with a new but very simple technique, and modeled using finite element analysis over all compositions. Results revealed that fibers have a significant effect on the composite creep when compared to the ceramic without reinforcement, and particularly carbon fibers showed a quite interested effect in reducing the creep effects. Results show the limit of the materials under conditions typically found in fires and other extreme environments.

Large scale (GMP) production and first clinical experience with a new generation of fast DCs transfected with mRNA hTERT and survivin

Cytotherapy ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. S40
Author(s):  
I. Bigalke ◽  
M. Lundby ◽  
J. Kasten ◽  
S. Saeboe-Larssen ◽  
H. Haakenstad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Experience ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Gmp Production

scholarly journals Dilemmas in Military Medical Ethics: A Call for Conceptual Clarity

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christiane Rochon
Keyword(s):  
Medical Ethics ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Military Medicine ◽  
Codes Of Ethics ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
Ethical Conflicts ◽  
Military Medical Ethics ◽  
The Military ◽  
Military Physicians

Despite the increase in and evolving nature of armed conflicts, the ethical issues faced by military physicians working in such contexts are still rarely examined in the bioethics literature. Military physicians are members of the military, even if they are non-combatants; and their role is one of healer but also sometimes humanitarian. Some scholars wonder about the moral compatibility of being both a physician and soldier. The ethical conflicts raised in the literature regarding military physicians can be organized into three main perspectives: 1) moral problems in military medicine are particular because of the difficulty of meeting the requirements of traditional bioethical principles; 2) medical codes of ethics and international laws are not well adapted to or are too restrictive for a military context; and 3) physicians are social actors who should either be pacifists, defenders of human rights, politically neutral or promoters of peace. A review of the diverse dilemmas faced by military physicians shows that these differ substantially by level (micro, meso, macro), context and the actors involved, and that they go beyond issues of patient interests. Like medicine in general, military medicine is complex and touches on potentially contested views of the roles and obligations of the physician. Greater conceptual clarity is thus needed in discussions about military medical ethics.

DEVELOPMENT AND FIELD EVALUATION OF A NEW MICROBIAL EOR CONCEPT

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan J. Sheehy
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Extreme Environments ◽  
Petroleum Reservoirs ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Experimental Systems ◽  
Environmental Extremes ◽  
Oil Water ◽  
Over 40 Years

For over 40 years it has been speculated that bacteria can facilitate, increase or extend oil production from petroleum reservoirs. This speculation was supported in the laboratory by dramatic increases in oil recovered from experimental systems and in the field by anecdotal accounts of improvements in oil production. Most of these studies were poorly conceived and inadequately controlled. This drew industry criticism and created an environment where proposals to implement microbiologically enhanced oil recovery (microbial EOR) were summarily dismissed. The program implemented for the Alton Field, Surat Basin, was designed to overcome industry scepticism and document unambiguously in the field the effectiveness of a new microbial EOR strategy called Biological Stimulation of Oil production (BOS). An approximate 40 per cent increase in oil production has been sustained, compared to control operations on the same well, for eighteen months.The thrust to introduce pilot and field programs of BOS is compelling. BOS shares the advantages common to all biotechnologies in exploiting the extraordinary growth potential of microorganisms, providing flexibility through the extreme diversity of microbial metabolites and using cheap feedstocks. The BOS process generates ultramicrocells from those bacteria present naturally in the reservoir to be treated. This promotes injectivity, dispersion and persistence of the BOS system in the extreme environments which characterise petroleum reservoirs. The nutrients injected with the ultramicrocells result in metabolites forming within the bacterial cell surface. These metabolites cause re-profiling of the formation through the generation of emulsions and the development of concentrated surfactants at the oil-water interface.Ecological strategies designed to negate previously documented problems in the application of microbial EOR have been shown to be effective in laboratory experiments and field applications. Overcoming environmental extremes and developing persistence of beneficial organisms have been given special attention.

scholarly journals Context-dependent effects of relative temperature extremes on bill morphology in a songbird

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 192203
Author(s):  
Katie LaBarbera ◽  
Kyle J. Marsh ◽  
Kia R. R. Hayes ◽  
Talisin T. Hammond
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Environments ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Environmental Context ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Relative Temperature ◽  
Generalist Species ◽  
Environmental Extremes ◽  
Bill Morphology ◽  
Thermoregulatory Function ◽  
Cool Climate

Species increasingly face environmental extremes. Morphological responses to changes in average environmental conditions are well documented, but responses to environmental extremes remain poorly understood. We used museum specimens to investigate relationships between a thermoregulatory morphological trait, bird bill surface area (SA) and a measure of short-term relative temperature extremity (RTE), which quantifies the degree that temperature maxima or minima diverge from the 5-year norm. Using a widespread, generalist species, Junco hyemalis , we found that SA exhibited different patterns of association with RTE depending on the overall temperature regime and on precipitation. While thermoregulatory function predicts larger SA at higher RTE, we found this only when the RTE existed in an environmental context that opposed it: atypically cold minimum temperature in a warm climate, or atypically warm maximum temperature in a cool climate. When environmental context amplified the RTE, we found a negative relationship between SA and RTE. We also found that the strength of associations between SA and RTE increased with precipitation. Our results suggest that trait responses to environmental variation may qualitatively differ depending on the overall environmental context, and that environmental change that extremifies already-extreme environments may produce responses that cannot be predicted from observations in less-extreme contexts.

Large-Scale Model Testing of a Concrete Silo EBS for Low- and Intermediate-Level Waste Disposal

1997 ◽  
Vol 506 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Konishi ◽  
K. Ukaji ◽  
A. Fujiwara ◽  
T. Endo ◽  
Y. Tsuji
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Heat Of Hydration ◽  
Intermediate Level ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Large Scale Model ◽  
One Year ◽  
Intermediate Level Radioactive Waste

ABSTRACTThis study focuses on demonstrating the feasibility of constructing a large reinforced concrete silo for the disposal of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste. In a large-scale model test, the results of temperature (from heat of hydration) and thermal stress analyses were confirmed, as was the practicality of countermeasures to prevent thermal cracking. After one year, the average permeability of the model silo was estimated to be below 1×10−11m/s.

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