Epidemiological methods used in the periodontal health research in military personnel: a systematic review

IntroductionPeriodontal disease is a prevalent pathology in military personnel worldwide. The objective is to analyse the methodological features of periodontal health research performed in military personnel in their home countries.MethodsA PRISMA systematic review of literature was carried out in PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science databases on military periodontal health studies. Study design type, language, publication date, year, country, size and sample selection, age, sex, military, diagnostic procedure, examiners, periodontal, gingival and oral hygiene index were extracted.ResultsEighty-eight out of 5355 studies found were selected, published between 1921 and 2020, with samples ranging from 52 to 16 869 individuals, generally not randomised, and consisting mainly of men with a mean age of 25 years. Predominant studies were cross-sectional descriptive studies, carried out in the Army, on American military personnel, and in the English language. Most of the studies used the WHO periodontal probe handled by two or more examiners. The Löe and Silness gingival index and the Silness and Löe plaque index were the most used indexes to assess gingival condition and oral hygiene, respectively. Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs was the most widely used periodontal index.ConclusionsResearch on periodontal health carried out in military populations from the 1920s to the present has been performed from an almost exclusively descriptive approach. Issues such as the characteristics and representativeness of the samples, the epidemiological design and the different gingival-periodontal indexes used may limit the comparability of the study results.

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The assessment of periodontal health in children age 12 to 15

Stomatoloski glasnik Srbije ◽

10.2298/sgs1202083d ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 59 (2) ◽

pp. 83-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bojana Davidovic ◽

Mirjana Ivanovic ◽

Svjetlana Jankovic ◽

Jelena Lecic

Keyword(s):

Oral Hygiene ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Pediatric Population ◽

Mixed Dentition ◽

Prevention Measures ◽

Treatment Needs ◽

Periodontal Health ◽

Periodontal Index ◽

Community Periodontal Index ◽

Proper Training

Introduction. Periodontal diseases and primarily gingivitis occur relatively early in the childhood. It was found that 8.8% of children 3-6 years old had gingivitis and that number increased with age. Gingivitis is especially common during puberty and mixed dentition. The aim was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of gingival and periodontal diseases in children age twelve and fifteen in Republika Srpska. Material and Methods. The study included 506 students of both genders from six schools on the territory of the municipalities Foca, Cajnice and Kalinovik. For the evaluation of oral hygiene and periodontal status, indices suitable for research in pediatric population were used: Greene-Vermillion Debris Index (DI), Greene?s Calculus Index (CI), Oral Hygiene Index (OHI) and Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN). The evaluation was carried out in accordance with the criteria for the diagnosis and non- communicable diseases, established in 1997 in Geneva. Results. The average DI value for all children was 0.86, the average CI 0.13, and OHI was 0.99. Healthy periodontium had 14.6% of respondents, while deep periodontal pockets of 4-5mm were found in 8.7% of fifteen-year-old children. Conclusion. A significant prevalence of gingivitis was found among examined children. It is necessary to highlight the importance of primary prevention measures, health education, proper training and regular oral hygiene, as well as regular check-ups in order to achieve better periodontal health in children.

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Assessment of the periodontal health and community periodontal index in the army of Serbia

Vojnosanitetski pregled ◽

10.2298/vsp140812105k ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 72 (11) ◽

pp. 953-960 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Vladan Kovacevic ◽

Marko Milosavljevic ◽

Nemanja Rancic ◽

Dragana Dakovic

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Military Personnel ◽

Oral Hygiene ◽

Military Population ◽

Periodontal Health ◽

Periodontal Condition ◽

Periodontal Index ◽

Community Periodontal Index ◽

The Mean ◽

The Military

Background/Aim. Promotion of oral health in military population is not only a significant component of general health, but also of the military readiness and represents the strategic orientation of each country. The basic task of military dentistry is to provide oral health of military personnel and to enable their operational readiness at the optimal level. The aim of the study was to assess the periodontal condition in Serbian military population using the community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN), and the influence of general life habits and local risk factors on periodontal health. Methods. This prospective cross-sectional pilot study was conducted on 101 examinees at the mean age of 38.94 ? 11.63 years who had dental check-ups at the Dental Clinic of the Military Medical Academy in Belgrade. All the categories of military personnel aged 20-64 years were divided into five groups. The frequency distribution of general and local factors on periodontal health, oral hygiene index, and the assessment of the mean number of sextants by CPITN compared to age were examined. Results. The examinees at the age of 51-60 years had the best oral hygiene index (0.95 ? 0.65), whereas the oldest population had the worst (1.63 ? 0.42). Only one person (5.6%) at the age group of 51-60 years had a completely healthy periodontium. Observed in relation to the age groups, the mean values of sextants increased linearly, but in general population, the most frequent CPITN categories were in sextant with the periodontal pockets 4-5 mm (score 3). Conclusions. Compared to the results from other countries shown by the World Health Organization, the periodontal condition in our examinees is below the average. The appropriate preventive program preparation and its implementation are needed, including primarily the appropriate training on oral hygiene, as well as education based on periodontal disease prevention and treatment.

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Oral Hygiene Status, Periodontal Status, and Periodontal Treatment Needs among Institutionalized Intellectually Disabled Subjects in Kolhapur District, Maharashtra, India

Journal of Oral Diseases ◽

10.1155/2014/535316 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Nilima S. Kadam ◽

Rahul Patil ◽

Abhijit N. Gurav ◽

Yojana Patil ◽

Abhijeet Shete ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Hygiene ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Periodontal Treatment ◽

Treatment Needs ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Stepwise Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Periodontal Status ◽

Periodontal Index ◽

Community Periodontal Index

The aim of the study was to determine influence of intellectually disability (ID) on oral hygiene status (OHS), periodontal status (PS), and periodontal treatment needs (PTNs) and investigate the association of these clinical parameters with various sociodemographic and clinical variables among multicentric institutionalized ID subjects aged 5–55 years in Kolhapur district, Maharashtra, India. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted by both questionnaire and clinical examination. OHS, PS, and PTNs of these subjects were assessed by recording Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) and Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs, respectively. Analysis of variance and multiple logistic and stepwise linear regression analysis were used for statistical analysis. Of the 576 subjects examined, the mean age of the subjects was 17.50 ± 7.4 years. Subjects with profound level of ID had the highest mean OHI-S, PS, and PTNs scores of 4.47 ± 1.04, 2.84 ± 0.78, and 2.25 ± 0.44, respectively, as compared with other ID groups (P<0.0001). The present study signified that ID subjects had poor OHS and PS with the highest PTNs and were influenced by age (P<0.0001), degree of ID (P<0.0001), SES, location, institution type, and parent’s level education. The present study underlines a considerable need for prevention and treatment of periodontal disease among ID subjects in India.

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The relationship of Obesity and Periodontal disease among Urban Population of Biratnagar, Nepal

Orthodontic Journal of Nepal ◽

10.3126/ojn.v8i1.21348 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 45-47

Author(s):

Dhirendra Giri

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Periodontal Disease ◽

Body Mass ◽

Oral Hygiene ◽

Risk Indicators ◽

Risk Indicator ◽

Periodontal Health ◽

Periodontal Index ◽

Community Periodontal Index ◽

Prevalence Of Obesity

Introduction: obesity has become an alarming concern worldwide. Obesity is not only a cosmetic concern, it is a health risk that threatens an individual’s wellness. As the prevalence of obesity increases so have the related health consequences.Objective: To determine the association of obesity with periodontal disease using Body Mass Index (BMI) Asian version, Oral Hygiene Index (OHI) and Community Periodontal Index (CPI) to assess the periodontal health and oral hygiene.Materials & Method: Body Mass Index was determined for 300 patients visiting the Department of Periodontics. The oral hygiene status was assessed by using Oral Hygiene Index Simplified-1964. The Community Periodontal Index was used to assess the periodontal status with a CPITN probe. The demographic details were collected using open ended questionnaire which included age, sex, socioeconomic status, education whereas smoking and stress were included in the close ended questionnaire.Result: The present study showed association of obesity with periodontitis. Males had higher prevalence of periodontitis. Similarly age and smoking also had a higher prevalence rate of periodontitis.Conclusion: As an oral health care professional, preserving periodontal health is the utmost responsibility. Finding and controlling new risk indicators and eliminating them is one of the most important relevance of the present study. Obesity has been identified as one more risk indicator other than age, smoking and diabetes mellitus

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PERIODONTAL HEALTH STATUS EVALUATION USING CPITN SCORE, IN A GROUP OF PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Romanian Journal of Rheumatology ◽

10.37897/rjr.2015.4.5 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 214-219

Author(s):

Dan Piperea-Sianu ◽

◽

Adela Maria Ceau ◽

Alexandru G. Croitoru ◽

Alice Piperea-Sianu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Oral Hygiene ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Mean Value ◽

Healthy Population ◽

Treatment Needs ◽

Multifactorial Diseases ◽

Periodontal Index ◽

Community Periodontal Index ◽

The Mean

Introduction. The relationship between periodontal disease (PD) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is currently only partially known, both being chronic multifactorial diseases that may share common pathogenic mechanisms and etiological factors. In a previous meta-analysis we concluded that patients with RA are more commonly affected by PD and develop more severe forms of the disease, compared to the general population. Objectives. The current study aimed to assess the degree of periodontal damage and oral hygiene on a group of patients diagnosed with RA. Methods. The study was conducted on a group of 30 patients, 6 sextants being assessed in each patient (180 potentially evaluable sextants). Establishing the degree of periodontal damage and oral hygiene was achieved by determining the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) and Oral Hygiene Index (IHB, also known as OHI). Results. The mean CPITN score/sextant was 1.92. After clinical examination we found 10 edentulous sextants that could not be evaluated. As a result of the distribution of the scores on all the 170 evaluable sextants, we obtained: CPITN 0 – 11.1%, CPITN 1 – 23.6%, CPITN 2 – 32.4%, CPITN 3 – 27.6%, CPITN 4 – 5.3%. After analyzing the oral hygiene index the mean value we found was 16. Distribution of IHB intervals was: IHB 0-12 (40%), IHB 13-24 (53.3%), IHB 25-36 (6.6%). Discussion and conclusions. Comparing our results to data from the literature, in our group of patients with RA the only CPITN index criteria significantly increased, compared to the healthy population, were gingival bleeding on probing and the number of periodontal pockets with 4-5.5 mm depth.

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Assessment of periodontal health status among Koraga tribes residing in Mangalore taluk: a cross sectional study

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20173966 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (9) ◽

pp. 3980

Author(s):

Suneethi Margaret Dey ◽

Nagarathna D. V. ◽

Mathews Jude ◽

Mathews Jude

Keyword(s):

Health Status ◽

Oral Hygiene ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Health Resources ◽

Tribal Community ◽

Periodontal Health ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Hygiene Practices ◽

Periodontal Index ◽

Community Periodontal Index

Background: To assess the periodontal health status among Koraga tribal community residing in Mangalore Taluk.Methods: The study subjects comprised of 400 Koraga tribal’s in the age range of 20-55 years living in Mangalore Taluk. The data regarding oral hygiene practices prevalent in the tribal population was collected by interviewing. Intra oral examination was carried out by using mouth mirror and CPI probe and included simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S), community periodontal index (CPI), loss of attachment and dental aesthetic index (DAI).Results: Of the total population examined, 81% brushed once daily with 34% of the subjects using tooth paste and brush as oral hygiene aid while, the rest of them used a combination, with other indigenous methods. Majority of them used tobacco in the smokeless form (36%). The oral hygiene status was poor in 56% of the subjects. The present study showed that majority of the Koragas suffered from various gingival and periodontal diseases as assessed by community periodontal index. The dental aesthetic index indicated that 37.5 % of study subjects had very severe malocclusion.Conclusions: This group of people has a poor oral hygiene and periodontal status because they are deprived of the awareness and availability of treatment facilities. Their inappropriate oral hygiene practices, inadequate dental health resources and low socio-economic status are the major factors in this population to cause increased prevalence of periodontal disease.

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Pengalaman karies, penyakit periodontal dan tingkat risiko karies ibu hamilCaries experience, periodontal disease, and caries risk level of pregnant women

Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Padjadjaran ◽

10.24198/jkg.v33i1.29000 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Mutia Rizki Rahmayani ◽

Anne Agustina Suwargiani ◽

Netty Suryanti

Keyword(s):

Periodontal Disease ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Oral Hygiene ◽

Caries Experience ◽

Risk Level ◽

Oral Diseases ◽

Caries Risk ◽

Treatment Needs ◽

Periodontal Index ◽

Community Periodontal Index

Pendahuluan: Perempuan yang sedang hamil merupakan golongan yang rentan terhadap penyakit gigi dan mulut. Kesehatan gigi dan mulut yang tidak dijaga dengan baik dapat menjadi sumber terjadinya penyakit gigi dan mulut seperti infeksi gigi dan jaringan periodontal. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengalaman karies, penyakit periodontal, dan tingkat risiko karies ibu hamil. Metode: Jenis penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui survei yang melibatkan 50 orang ibu hamil di Puskesmas Pagarsih. Pengumpulan data diperoleh melalui pemeriksaan indeks DMF-T, Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) dan Caries Risk Assessment Form ADA usia >6 tahun. Hasil: Nilai indeks DMF-T ibu hamil 7,84 termasuk kriteria rendah. Hasil CPITN yaitu periodontal sehat 0%; BOP 4%; kalkulus 64%; poket 4-5 mm 32%; poket 6 mm 0%. Sejumlah 4% ibu hamil membutuhkan perawatan periodontal instruksi oral hygiene, 96% lainnya membutuhkan perawatan instruksi oral hygiene, scaling dan menghilangkan faktor retentif plak. Persentase risiko karies ibu hamil dengan kategori sedang sebanyak 34% dan tinggi sebanyak 66%. Simpulan: Pengalaman karies ibu hamil termasuk ke dalam kriteria rendah, penyakit periodontal yang paling sering dijumpai adalah gingivitis, sedangkan tingkat risiko karies ibu hamil masuk ke dalam kategori tinggi.Kata kunci: Ibu hamil, indeks DMF-T, indeks CPITN, karies, tingkat risiko karies. ABSTRACTIntroduction: Pregnant women are the susceptible group to oral diseases. Negligence of oral health care can be a source of oral diseases such as dental and periodontal tissue infections. The purpose of this study was to determine the caries experience, periodontal disease, and caries risk level of pregnant women. Methods: This research was descriptive with data collection techniques through a survey involving 50 pregnant women at Pagarsih Community Health Centre (Puskesmas). Data collection was obtained by examining the DMF-T index, Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN), and the ADA Caries Risk Assessment Form aged >6 years. Results: The DMF-T index value for pregnant women was 7.84, which included the low criteria. The result of the CPITN was 0% healthy periodontal; BOP 4%; 64% calculus; pocket 4-5 mm 32%; pocket 6 mm 0%. Some 4% of pregnant women need periodontal treatment with oral hygiene instructions; the other 96% need oral hygiene instructions, scaling and removing plaque retentive factors. The percentage of caries risk for pregnant women in the moderate category was 34%, and 66% were in the high category. Conclusion: The caries experience of pregnant women is included in the low criteria. The most common periodontal disease is gingivitis, while the caries risk level of pregnant women is in the high category.Keywords: Pregnant women, DMF-T index, CPITN index, caries, caries risk level.

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Asthma and periodontal health in children

Vojnosanitetski pregled ◽

10.2298/vsp170221063d ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 75 (12) ◽

pp. 1202-1208

Author(s):

Bojana Davidovic ◽

Mirjana Ivanovic ◽

Dejan Bokonjic ◽

Svjetlana Jankovic ◽

Jelena Eric ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Oral Hygiene ◽

Plaque Index ◽

Gingival Index ◽

Periodontal Health ◽

Mean Values ◽

Asthmatic Children ◽

Periodontal Index ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Children With Asthma

Background/Aim. Oral health is an important part of overall health. Good oral health is important for oral diseases prevention and health maintenance of respiratory system. The aim of the study was to evaluate oral hygiene and periodontal health parameters of asthmatic children and to compare them with children without asthma as well as to evaluate those parameters according to type of used medications and time of taking medications in children with asthma. Methods. This epidemiological study included 68 children with asthma and 68 children without asthma or any other chronic disease aged from 6 to 16 years. Parameters used in this study were Greene-Vermillion index, L?e-Silness gingival index and Community Periodontal Index (CPI). Results. Good oral hygiene (31.1%) was more present in children without asthma whereas poor hygiene (20.0%) was more frequent in children with asthma (p < 0.001). Healthy gingiva was more frequent in children without asthma (25%) while mild (58.8%) and moderate gingival inflammation (5.9%) were more frequent in the group of children with asthma (p < 0.01). Mean CPI values were higher in children with asthma (p < 0.001). Mean values of Plaque Index, Gingival Index and CPI did not show statistically significant difference in relation to type of administered medication. However, taking medications in the afternoon was related to higher mean values of Plaque Index and Gingival Index (p < 0.05) within the group of children with asthma. Conclusion. Children with asthma had poorer oral hygiene and were diagnosed with greater values of oral hygiene and periodontal indices compared with the group of children without asthma. For this reason, it is necessary to promote oral health and establish good oral hygiene habits in asthmatic children.

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Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs among 12 and 15-year-old Government and Private School Children in Rupandehi District (Bhairahawa) Nepal

Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3126/jucms.v2i3.11822 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 15-19

Author(s):

HK Halwai ◽

PK Bhat ◽

M Shekhar ◽

B Yadav

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Private Schools ◽

School Children ◽

World Health ◽

Caries Experience ◽

Treatment Needs ◽

Periodontal Health ◽

Government Schools ◽

Periodontal Index

INTRODUCTION : Good oral health is important and have major impact on peoples daily lives and activities. This study was conducted to assess dental caries, periodontal health, and malocclusion of school children aged 12 and 15 years and to compare them in government and private schools. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 12- and 15-year-old children in government and private schools was conducted in Rupendehi (Bhairahawa) Nepal. A sample of 1011 school children (both males and females) was selected by a two-stage cluster sampling method. Clinical recordings of dental caries and malocclusion were done according to World Health Organization diagnostic criteria 1997. Periodontal health was assessed by Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs index. The data collected was analyzed by SPSS versons 13. The statistical tests used were t-test and Chi-square tests.RESULTS: The prevalence of dental caries was 32.6% and 42.2% at 12 and 15 years of age, respectively. At 12 years of age, the mean decayed, missing, filled teeth were 0.62 ± 1.42 and it was 1.06 ± 2.93 at 15 years of age. Females had higher level of caries than males at both the ages. At both ages, mean of decayed teeth was statistically higher in government schools as compared with private schools. Children in government schools had significantly less number of mean filled teeth at both ages as compared with private schools. The healthy component of gingiva was present in higher percentage of children in private schools as compared with government schools at both the age groups. The prevalence of malocclusion among the 12- year-old (58.1%) was more as compared with that among the 15-year-old (53.5%).CONCLUSION: The caries experience of 12 and 15 years old children was low but the prevalence of gingivitis and malocclusion was quite high. Effective oral health promotion strategies need to be implemented to improve the oral health of school children further in Rupendehi District , Bhairahawa, Nepal.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jucms.v2i3.11822 Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences Vol.2(3) 2014: 15-19

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Health Literacy Associations with Periodontal Disease among Slovak Adults

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17062152 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (6) ◽

pp. 2152

Author(s):

Silvia Timková ◽

Tatiana Klamárová ◽

Eva Kovaľová ◽

Bohuslav Novák ◽

Peter Kolarčik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Literacy ◽

Periodontal Disease ◽

Oral Hygiene ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Good Health ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Treatment Needs ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Periodontal Index ◽

Community Periodontal Index

Periodontal disease is inflammation of the gums and without good oral hygiene, it can progress to periodontitis. Oral hygiene might be related to a patient’s health literacy (HL), defined as ability to gain access, understand, and use information to promote and maintain good health. The aim of our study is to examine the associations of HL with indicators of periodontal disease. A cross-sectional study on 1117 adults (36.2% males; mean age = 36.4, SD = 14.2) attending dental hygiene treatment was conducted. Data on demographics, socioeconomic status, and nine domains of HL (Health Literacy Questionnaire, HLQ) were collected by questionnaire, and Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) was established by the dental hygienist. Data were analysed using t-tests and logistic regression. Respondents with periodontal disease (N = 152) had statistically significantly lower levels of HL in seven out of nine HLQ domains compared to intact patients (N = 818) (t from 3.03 to 4.75, p < 0.01). Association of higher HL in seven domains with lower chance of diagnosed periodontal disease remain significant even after adjustment for age, gender and educational attainment (adjusted ORs 0.55–0.67, p < 0.05). Our findings confirm that an individual’s lower HL is significantly associated with higher chance of periodontal disease incidence, specifically among Slovak adults attending oral hygiene clinics. HL might be a promising factor in the improvement of oral health in this population, worthy of consideration in intervention and preventive activities.

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