scholarly journals Prevalence, duration of exposure and predicting factors for snus use among young Finnish men: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. e050502
Author(s):  
Maria Danielsson ◽  
Tarja Tanner ◽  
Pertti Patinen ◽  
Dowen Birkhed ◽  
Vuokko Anttonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Time ◽  
Predictive Factors ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Health Hazards ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total Exposure ◽  
Daily Exposure ◽  
Total Exposure Time ◽  
Daily Total

ObjectiveThe health hazards of tobacco products depend on the level of exposure, but little is known about the characteristics of snus use. The aim of this study was to investigate the duration of daily exposure to snus among occasional and daily users and its associated predictive factors among young Finnish men.DesignCross-sectional questionnaire study.SettingThree out of 16 Finnish Defence Forces units.Participants1280 young Finnish male conscripts starting their military service in 2016 chosen by simple random sampling.Primary and secondary measuresThe prevalence, duration of use and the amount of daily usage of snus and cigarettes were investigated. The attitudes towards perceived harmfulness of snus and the predictive factors affecting the total time of snus consumption were examined.ResultsAlmost a fifth (19.5%) of the conscripts reported daily snus use, and a further 16% reported occasional use. Daily snus use was associated with an earlier starting age, longer duration of use and higher daily exposure time compared with occasional use. On average, daily snus users consumed 10 portions and occasional users three portions per day (p<0.001). The daily total exposure time for daily users was 372 min (95% CI 344 to 401) and for occasional users 139 min (95% CI 106 to 171). Respondents with an upper secondary education had significantly less daily total exposure than those with basic comprehensive education (p=0.036). Perceptions of snus as a harmful substance resulted in a significantly lower duration of exposure.ConclusionSnus use was very common among young Finnish men. High snus exposure duration was associated with an earlier starting age, a longer history of use and a careless attitude to its health hazards. A higher education level was a protective factor for total exposure time. Studies of the long-term health effects and dependency profile of snus use are needed.

scholarly journals External auditory exostoses in wind-dependent water sports participants: German wind- and kitesurfers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Wegener ◽  
Manfred Wegner ◽  
Nora M. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Time ◽  
External Auditory Canal ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Patient Counselling ◽  
Total Exposure ◽  
The North ◽  
Total Exposure Time ◽  
Strong Winds

Abstract Purpose Cold water and wind are known to cause exostoses of the external auditory canal. Different prevalences in different sports have been described in the literature. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of external auditory exostosis (EAE) and EAE severity in coastal German wind- and kitesurfers who are exposed to cold water and strong winds. Furthermore, influencing factors such as the total exposure time and frequency of activity as well as the correlations between symptoms and the severity of EAE were investigated. Methods In this retrospective cross-sectional study, German non-professional wind- and kitesurfers along the North and Baltic Sea coasts were recruited between September 2020 and November 2020. Each participant was interviewed about exposure time and otological symptoms and underwent bilateral video otoscopic examination to determine EAE severity. Results A total of 241 ears from 130 subjects were analysed. The prevalence of EAE was 75.1%. In 19.9% of the participants, severe EAE was found. Exposure time and the frequency of activity had significant effects on the severity of EAE. Compared to surfers, EAE growth seems to progress faster in wind- and kitesurfers. The number of symptoms requiring medical treatment increased when two-thirds of the external auditory canal was obstructed. Conclusion The prevalence of EAE in wind- and kitesurfers is high. Total exposure time and the frequency of activity influence EAE growth. EAE growth occurs faster in wind- and kitesurfers than in surfers. The additional influence of wind and the evaporative cooling of the EAC are thought to be responsible. The results of this study should increase awareness of the dynamics of EAE among ENT specialists and improve patient counselling.

scholarly journals BeppoSAX Observation of the Quasar 3C273

1998 ◽  
Vol 188 ◽  
pp. 434-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Mineo ◽  
G. Cusumano ◽  
M. Guainazzi ◽  
P. Grandi
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Time ◽  
Total Exposure ◽  
Total Exposure Time

The quasar 3C273 was observed from 18th to 21st July 1996 with the Narrow Field Instruments (NFIs) onboard BeppoSAX satellite (Boella et al 1997). The total exposure time was 12 ksec for LECS, 131 ksec for MECS and 64 ksec for HPGSPC and PDS.

scholarly journals A Double Triage and Telemedicine Protocol to Optimize Infection Control in an Emergency Department in Taiwan During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Retrospective Feasibility Study (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chien-Hao Lin ◽  
Wen-Pin Tseng ◽  
Jhong-Lin Wu ◽  
Joyce Tay ◽  
Ming-Tai Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Conventional Group ◽  
Patient Questionnaire ◽  
Total Exposure ◽  
Evaluation Time ◽  
Total Exposure Time ◽  
The Mean

BACKGROUND Frontline health care workers, including physicians, are at high risk of contracting coronavirus disease (COVID-19) owing to their exposure to patients suspected of having COVID-19. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the benefits and feasibility of a double triage and telemedicine protocol in improving infection control in the emergency department (ED). METHODS In this retrospective study, we recruited patients aged ≥20 years referred to the ED of the National Taiwan University Hospital between March 1 and April 30, 2020. A double triage and telemedicine protocol was developed to triage suggested COVID-19 cases and minimize health workers’ exposure to this disease. We categorized patients attending video interviews into a telemedicine group and patients experiencing face-to-face interviews into a conventional group. A questionnaire was used to assess how patients perceived the quality of the interviews and their communication with physicians as well as perceptions of stress, discrimination, and privacy. Each question was evaluated using a 5-point Likert scale. Physicians’ total exposure time and total evaluation time were treated as primary outcomes, and the mean scores of the questions were treated as secondary outcomes. RESULTS The final sample included 198 patients, including 93 cases (47.0%) in the telemedicine group and 105 cases (53.0%) in the conventional group. The total exposure time in the telemedicine group was significantly shorter than that in the conventional group (4.7 minutes vs 8.9 minutes, <i>P</i>&lt;.001), whereas the total evaluation time in the telemedicine group was significantly longer than that in the conventional group (12.2 minutes vs 8.9 minutes, <i>P</i>&lt;.001). After controlling for potential confounders, the total exposure time in the telemedicine group was 4.6 minutes shorter than that in the conventional group (95% CI −5.7 to −3.5, <i>P</i>&lt;.001), whereas the total evaluation time in the telemedicine group was 2.8 minutes longer than that in the conventional group (95% CI −1.6 to −4.0, <i>P</i>&lt;.001). The mean scores of the patient questionnaire were high in both groups (4.5/5 to 4.7/5 points). CONCLUSIONS The implementation of the double triage and telemedicine protocol in the ED during the COVID-19 pandemic has high potential to improve infection control.

scholarly journals Ankle Sprain Versus Muscle Strain Injury in Professional Men’s Basketball: A 9-Year Prospective Follow-up Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 232596711984903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gil Rodas ◽  
Toni Bove ◽  
Toni Caparrós ◽  
Klaus Langohr ◽  
Daniel Medina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Ankle Sprain ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Ankle Sprains ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Muscle Injuries ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Total Exposure ◽  
Total Exposure Time

Background: Ankle sprain is the most common injury in basketball players. However, in our routine clinical evaluation, we observe a high frequency of muscle injury. Currently, no reliable information is available regarding the magnitude of these types of injury. Purpose: To describe the type and rate of muscle injuries in male basketball players and discuss clinical management and prevention strategies. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: A total of 59 professional male basketball players were evaluated over 9 seasons (2007-2015). All injuries during the study period were registered through use of a validated electronic medical record system. Results: We analyzed 463 injuries, of which 207 resulted in time loss and 256 required medical attention, for a total exposure time of 42,678 hours for the 59 players involved in the study. Muscle strains and ankle sprains accounted for 21.2% (n = 98) and 11.9% (n = 55) of all injuries, respectively. The global incidence rate was 10.8 injuries per 1000 player-hours (95% CI, 9.9-11.9). The global injury burden was 53.9 days lost due to injuries per 1000 hours for a total exposure time. The incidence rate of muscle strains (2.3; 95% CI, 1.9-2.8) was higher than that of ankle sprains (1.3; 95% CI, 1-1.7). The incidence rate for muscle injuries for the entire study period was 1.8 times higher (95% CI, 1.28-2.49) than that for ankle sprains. Conclusion: In this study, muscle injuries were more commonly observed compared with ankle sprains. Prevention strategies for muscle injuries may be worth discussing.

scholarly journals Hand Surgery and Fluoroscopic Eye Radiation Dosage

Hand ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark L. Wang ◽  
C. Edward Hoffler ◽  
Asif M. Ilyas ◽  
William H. Kirkpatrick ◽  
Pedro K. Beredjiklian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Dose Rate ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Radiation Dosage ◽  
Hand Surgery ◽  
Average Dose ◽  
Total Exposure ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Exposure Time ◽  
The Impact

Background: The purpose of this study is to (1) perform a prospective pilot comparison of the impact of large versus mini C-arm fluoroscopy on resultant eye radiation exposure and (2) test the hypothesis that the use of either modality during routine hand surgery does not exceed the current recommended limits to critical eye radiation dosage. Methods: Over a 12-month period, eye radiation exposure was prospectively measured by a board-certified hand surgeon using both large and mini C-arm fluoroscopy. For each modality, accumulated eye radiation dosage was measured monthly, while fluoroscopic radiation output was recorded, including total exposure time and dose rate. Results: A total of 58 cases were recorded using large C-arm and 25 cases using mini C-arm. Between the 2 groups, there was not a significant difference with total exposure time ( P = .88) and average dose rate per case ( P = .10). With the use of either modality, average monthly eye radiation exposure fell within the undetectable range (<30 mrem), significantly less than the current recommended limit of critical eye radiation (167 mrem/month). Conclusions: The impact of various fluoroscopic sources on eye radiation exposure remains relatively unexplored. In this study, the minimal detectable eye radiation dosages observed in both groups were reliably consistent. Our findings suggest that accumulated eye radiation dosage, from the use of either fluoroscopic modality, does not approach previously reported levels of critical radiation loads.

Comparative Efficiency of EMDR and Prolonged Exposure in Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-12
Author(s):  
Tracy M. McGuire Stanbury ◽  
Peter D. Drummond ◽  
Jonathan Laugharne ◽  
Claire Kullack ◽  
Christopher W. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Treatment Session ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Total Exposure ◽  
Traumatic Memories ◽  
Total Exposure Time

The comparative treatment efficiency of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy and prolonged exposure (PE) therapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was tested for 20 participants diagnosed with PTSD. Efficiency was operationalized as the total exposure time to traumatic memories during and between sessions; the number of trauma memories processed over the course of therapy; how many sessions were required to resolve the primary trauma; and lower subjective units of disturbance (SUD) levels after the initial treatment session. Participants were randomized to each condition and received 12 90-minute sessions of therapy over 6 weeks. Symptoms were assessed by treatment-blind assessors at posttreatment, and at 3 and 6 months follow-up. Results demonstrated a significant decrease in symptoms posttreatment for PTSD (d = .64), depression (d = .46), anxiety (d = .52) and stress (d = .57) for both groups, which was maintained at 3 months. At 6 months there was a small increase in symptoms compared to the 3-month time point on the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) but no significant change in any self-report symptoms EMDR was significantly more efficient than PE. EMDR participants had less total exposure time to traumatic memories when homework hours were included (d = .66), reported lower SUD scores after the first session (d = .45), required fewer sessions for the target memory to decrease to near zero distress levels (d = .84), and processed more traumatic memories.

Moral Injury and Suicide Ideation Among Combat Veterans: The Role of Trauma-Related Shame and Collective Hatred

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110079
Author(s):  
Gal Schwartz ◽  
Eran Halperin ◽  
Yossi Levi-Belz
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Combat Veterans ◽  
Suicide Ideation ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Moral Injury ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Results

Exposure to potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) among combat veterans has been acknowledged as a significant stressful combat event that may lead to mental health problems, including suicide ideation (SI). Several studies have examined the risk and protective factors that can explain the conditions in which PMIEs may contribute to the development and maintenance of SI. However, the contribution of social-emotional factors has yet to be examined. In the current study, we examined the association between PMIE-Self and SI among combat veterans and explored the mediating role of trauma-related shame and the moderation role of collective hatred in this association. A volunteer sample of 336 Israeli combat veterans was recruited, completing self-report questionnaires in a cross-sectional study. Results indicated that PMIE-Self was positively associated with SI, and trauma-related shame mediated this association. Moreover, collective hatred moderated both their direct (PMIE–SI) and indirect (PMIE–Shame–SI) association. Notably, collective hatred had an inverse role for each of the associations. Thus, collective hatred was found to comprise both a risk and a protective factor for SI following PMIE-Self. The current findings highlight the crucial contribution of trauma-related shame and collective hatred to the association between moral injury and suicidality. Moreover, the findings demonstrate that even years after their military service release, combat veterans exposed to PMIEs may still feel consumed by painful memories and maintain premonitions of a foreshortened future. Furthermore, the findings help to better understand the dynamics of collective hatred and the challenge of modifying it.

scholarly journals Wish to die and hasten death in palliative care: a cross-sectional study factor analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. bmjspcare-2021-003080
Author(s):  
Alazne Belar ◽  
Marina Martinez ◽  
Carlos Centeno ◽  
Jesús López-Fidalgo ◽  
Yolanda Santesteban ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Factors ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Symptom Burden ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Advanced Illness ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wish To Die

ObjectivesThe wish to die (WTD) is a complex experience sometimes accompanied by intention to hasten death. The aim of this study is to identify the predictive factors for WTD and hastening death intention (HDI) in Spanish patients with advanced illness.MethodsThis is a subanalysis of a larger cross-sectional study conducted on patients experiencing advanced illness (N=201). Sociodemographic data and data related to symptom burden (Edmonton Symptom Assessment System-Revised), depressive and anxious symptoms (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), demoralisation (Spanish version of the Demoralisation Scale), perceived loss of dignity (Patient Dignity Inventory) and WTD (Assessing Frequency and Extent of Desire to Die) were collected. The analysis used univariate and multivariate logistic regression.ResultsThe prevalence of WTD in the sample was 18%, with 8 out of 36 patients reporting HDI. The independent factors predictive of WTD were (1) knowledge of approximate prognosis (OR=4.78; 95% CI 1.20 to 10.8; p=0.001); (2) symptom burden (OR=1.05; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.09; p=0.038); and (3) the Demoralisation Scale subsection ‘lack of meaning and purpose in life’ (OR=1.61; 95% CI 1.30 to 1.99; p=0.000). An independent predictive factor for HDI was the Demoralisation Scale subsection ‘patients’ distress and coping abilities’ (OR=1.47; 95% CI 1.04 to 2.08; p=0.028), while having religious beliefs was a protective factor (OR=0.13; 95% CI0.17 to 0.97; p=0.047).ConclusionsDemoralisation was found to be the only common triggering factor for WTD and HDI, although experiences share certain features. Identification of the predictive factors for WTD and HDI may contribute to their prevention and management.

scholarly journals Extreme M Dwarfs and Brown Dwarfs in a Deep CCD Survey

1987 ◽  
Vol 117 ◽  
pp. 32-32
Author(s):  
P. Chikotas Boeshaar ◽  
J. A. Tyson ◽  
P. Seitzer
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Time ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Galactic Latitude ◽  
M Dwarfs ◽  
Theoretical Limit ◽  
Infrared Excess ◽  
High Galactic Latitude ◽  
Total Exposure ◽  
Ccd Observations ◽  
Total Exposure Time

Two years ago, Seitzer and Tyson began a program of 4-meter prime focus CCD observations at CTIO, with the aim to develop techniques for imaging and photometry to the theoretical limit of that telescope and overall 52% efficiency: 26.6 J mag, 26 R mag, 25 I mag. Color-magnitude plots show that the limiting magnitudes for detection are 28 J mag, 27 R mag, and 25.3 I mag. Each of our CCD fields covers about 12 sq. arcmin., with total exposure time about 7000 sec. in each of the three bands (see Boeshaar and Tyson 1985). Processed images are put on a VAX 11/780 and the FOCAS v.3.2 automated detector and classifier is run. In order to determine the probability of detection and photometric errors as a function of magnitude, FOCAS is rerun many times on artificial images made by adding in real star and galaxy images, dimmed many magnitudes, at random locations on the CCD sky frame. Over 2000 objects are detected in every high galactic latitude CCD field, less than 50 of which are classified as stars. Most of the faint galaxies are very blue (due to evolution), making it possible to search for infrared excess stars in the presence of so many galaxies.

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