scholarly journals Impact of punitive immigration policies, parent-child separation and child detention on the mental health and development of children

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. e000338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura C N Wood
Keyword(s):  
Immigrant Communities ◽  
Family Separation ◽  
Immigration Control ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Mexico Border ◽  
Health And Development ◽  
Media Reports ◽  
Host Nation

In April 2018, the US government introduced a ‘zero tolerance’ illegal immigration control strategy at the US-Mexico border resulting in the detention of all adults awaiting federal prosecution for illegal entry and the subsequent removal of their children to separate child shelters across the USA. By June 2018, over 2300 immigrant children, including infants, had been separated from their parents for immigration purposes. Media reports and scenes of distraught families ignited global condemnation of US immigration policy and fresh criticism of immigration detention practices.Detention of children for immigration purposes is known to be practised in over 100 countries worldwide, despite a significant body of research demonstrating the extensive harm of such policies. This review explores and contextualises the key potential impacts of family separation and detention of children for immigration purposes including damaged attachment relationships, traumatisation, toxic stress and wider detrimental impacts on immigrant communities. As such, it is critical for host nation governments to cease the practice of family separation and child detention for immigration control and promote postmigration policies that protect children from further harm, promote resilience and enable recovery.

scholarly journals 0836 BORN IN THE USA OR BORN IN MEXICO? IMPLICATIONS FOR SLEEP DURATION, SLEEP QUALITY, SLEEP DISORDERS SYMPTOMS AT THE US-MEXICO BORDER

SLEEP ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. A309-A310
Author(s):  
A Okuagu ◽  
K Granados ◽  
P Alfonso-Miller ◽  
O Buxton ◽  
S Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
The Us ◽  
Quality Sleep ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Mexico Border ◽  
Us Mexico Border

The US battle against brand marketing: circa 1930-1980

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross D. Petty
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Consumer Movement ◽  
Brand Marketing ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Second World

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the debate about brand marketing that occurred as part of the 1930s consumer movement and continued after the Second World War in academic and regulatory circles. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents an historical account of the anti-brand marketing movement using a qualitative approach. It examines both primary and secondary historical sources as well as legal statutes, regulatory agency actions, judicial cases and newspaper and trade journal stories. Findings In response to the rise of brand marketing in the latter 1800s and early 1900s, the USA experienced an anti-brand marketing movement that lasted half a century. The first stage was public as part of the consumer movement but was overshadowed by the product safety and truth-in-advertising concerns. The consumer movement stalled when the USA entered the Second World War, but brand marketing continued to raise questions during the war as the US government attempted to regulate the provisions of goods during the war. After the war, the public accepted brand marketing. Continuing anti-brand marketing criticism was largely confined to academic writings and regulatory activities. Ultimately, many of the stage-two challenges to brand marketing went nowhere, but a few led to regulations that continue today. Originality/value This paper is the first to recognize a two-stage anti-brand marketing movement in the USA from 1929 to 1980 that has left a small but significant modern-day regulatory legacy.

The Alleged Use of Chemical Weapons Against the Syrian People: Does It Justify Forceful Intervention?

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-159
Author(s):  
S. Krishnan
Keyword(s):  
Crimes Against Humanity ◽  
American People ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Us Military ◽  
Geneva Conventions ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Military Campaign

The USA continues to deliberate over the use of military force against the Syrian regime under Bashar al-Assad, after its alleged use of chemical weapons against civilians. So long as the UN Security Council does not agree with intervention, any US action is not permissible under the UN Charter. Even the principle of Responsibility to Protect would not be justified in this case, as any action is likely to be short, punitive, and unlikely to end the attacks on Syrian civilians. To determine if international law permits the launching of US military strikes in Syria, it is the UN Charter, and not the Geneva Conventions, which must guide the US government and the American people. Then, there is the so-called humanitarian intervention, or a military campaign calculated to stop widespread attacks on a civilian population, including acts of genocide, other crimes against humanity, and war crimes.

Lobbying: a critical dimension of business strategy

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifford D. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Business Strategy ◽  
Critical Dimension ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Empirical Estimates ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
The Usa

Purpose – This paper aims to prepare executives to pilot a US lobbying effort within the bounds of the US Federal law. Lobbying law may be thought of as the “regulation of regulation”, as it defines the ground rules for those wishing to have a direct impact upon all other regulatory systems. The article outlines what the US lobbying law requires, what it forbids and, perhaps most important, what the law does NOT regulate. Design/methodology/approach – The paper takes the full spectrum of US laws and regulations relevant to lobbying – including the Internal Revenue Service Code (tax code), the Federal Election Campaign Act, the Ethics in Government Act, the internal rules of both the House and Senate, the US Criminal Code and the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act – and organizes them into a single 2 × 2 matrix, explaining what all parties must do as well as what they must not do. Via this approach, the rules that govern the “marketplace” for lobbying in the USA are explained. The competition to shape US government policy transpires within this marketplace. Findings – Few activities the executive may engage in carry the potential payback of a well-executed lobbying campaign: empirical estimates range to returns on investment in the thousands of per cent. But the uninitiated may easily step over the line and invite both legal and public relations (PR) nightmares. Practical implications – Effective lobbying can afford a corporation or industry a lasting competitive advantage. Every well-rounded business strategy should include such a component, and every well-rounded executive should be capable of performing in this arena. A solid grounding in the legal matrix forming the boundaries of this activity is a prerequisite for effective performance. Originality/value – The paper organizes and outlines lobbying law in a fashion digestible by executives without legal training. It is of value to anyone wishing to engage in lobbying activities targeted at the US Government.

scholarly journals Border Militias

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
John Parsons
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
United States Government ◽  
The Past ◽  
Southern Us ◽  
Counter Narratives ◽  
The Us ◽  
States Government ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Mexico Border ◽  
Us Mexico Border

Narratives of security and threat are continually used to justify morally contentious activities. In the past three years, the United States’ government has increasingly promoted narratives of “criminal migrants” and “immigrant invasions.” In response to perceived threats, the US-Mexico border has undergone a process of militarization. During this time, various border militias have continued to operate along the southern US border. My research was conducted over 11 months with two militias operating on the US-Mexico border I have labeled Border Watch. This militia provides a snippet of how morality is operationalized in the legitimization of actions and how morality is intrinsically linked to security in the lived experiences of its volunteers. In this article, I argue that the volunteers make sense of their experiences away from the border through the narrative espoused by the US government. The resonance between experience and narrative defines the latter as truth and the ability to dismiss counter-narratives. For the volunteers of Border Watch who adhere to a notion of citizenship through the lens of the citizen-soldier ideal, the narrative delivers a moral imperative to act in defense of the nation. Within the nexus of danger, security, and morality, the volunteers of Border Watch conceptualize their project as one in which moral citizens protect the nation and its citizens from an evil Other.

scholarly journals The Perils of Perfectionism: American Reaction to the Dumbarton Oaks Proposals

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-302
Author(s):  
Andrew Johnstone
Keyword(s):  
League Of Nations ◽  
International Organization ◽  
American People ◽  
International Union ◽  
Roosevelt Administration ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
The Usa ◽  
American Reaction ◽  
Political Spectrum

In the debate that followed the release of the Dumbarton Oaks proposals in 1944, the US government vigorously promoted the idea of international organization, partly due to fears of a resurgent isolationism. Yet as the debate progressed, it became clear that isolationism was not the main enemy, and concerns that the USA would not engage at all with the UN proved unfounded. Instead, the most active critics of the Dumbarton Oaks proposals were not those who wished to ignore the Dumbarton Oaks proposals, but those who wanted to perfect them. Calls for a more perfect international union came from across the political spectrum and for different reasons. Ultimately, the Roosevelt administration recognized that perfectionism was an issue that threatened the peace process. Fearing a repeat of the rejection of the League of Nations, the Roosevelt administration worked tirelessly to share the message of the Dumbarton Oaks proposals to the American people. But that message was mostly a cautious one, highlighting that while the proposed UN was not perfect, it was the best option for peace.

Inward retail internationalization and exogenous – based outshopping on the US-Mexico border

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 434-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hadjimarcou ◽  
Jessica Herrera ◽  
Dalila Salazar
Keyword(s):  
Medical Tourism ◽  
Border Zone ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Target Market ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Border Zones ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Mexico Border ◽  
Retail Managers

Purpose Previous research on the internationalization of retailing typically focused on retail companies crossing borders to enter other countries. Yet, a large number of people cross country borders to outshop in neighboring countries. This form of inward retail internationalization has received little attention in the literature. To address this void, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the strategies of retailers in a border zone setting. Design/methodology/approach The authors collected data from 109 US retailers on the USA–Mexico border. The survey instrument included questions that captured the participants’ opinions regarding the importance of Mexican consumers, retail mix strategies, performance issues and overall retailer characteristics. Findings The findings show that US retailers perceive cross-border consumers as important to their performance. Interestingly, the findings also suggest that border zone retailers do not adapt their retail mix strategies with this target market in mind. Research limitations/implications The research was conducted at one particular border zone with its own unique characteristics. It is not clear whether the authors’ findings would apply in other inward internationalization contexts (e.g. medical tourism) or border zones. Future research should delve much more deeply into understanding outshopping motivations in border zones, but also the reasons why retailers do not actively engage in marketing their establishments to this target market. Practical implications The authors’ findings have interesting implications for retail managers in border zones. While exogenous and uncontrollable advantages on one side of the border may attract customers away from the other side of the border, retail mix customization under the control of retail managers may actually stimulate similar or better results. Border zone retailers are encouraged to engage in efforts to understand the border zone consumer and engage in programs directly targeted at them. Originality/value The study is grounded in theory and empirically assesses the retailers’ own contributions to enhancing their inward internationalization performance. By using the model of secondary boundary effects developed by Clark (1994) as their theoretical prism, the authors have put forward hypotheses, which address the aforementioned issues.

Guidelines for Models of Skeletal Muscle Injury and Therapeutic Assessment

2016 ◽  
Vol 202 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 214-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick J. Willett ◽  
Laxminarayanan Krishnan ◽  
Mon Tzu A. Li ◽  
Robert E. Guldberg ◽  
Gordon L. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Injury ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Therapeutic Assessment ◽  
Muscle Loss ◽  
Volumetric Muscle Loss ◽  
Clinical Challenge ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Injury Models

Volumetric muscle loss (VML) injuries present a large clinical challenge with a significant need for new interventions. While there have been numerous reviews on muscle injury models, few have critically evaluated VML models. The objective of this review is to discuss current preclinical models of VML in terms of models, analytical outcomes, and therapeutic interventions, and to provide guidelines for the future use of preclinical VML models. This is a work of the US Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the USA. Foreign copyrights may apply. Published by S. Karger AG, Basel

scholarly journals International terrorism and Latin America

2002 ◽  
Vol 54 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 73-98
Author(s):  
Rozita Levi ◽  
Slobodan Pajovic
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
International Terrorism ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
American Continent ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Us Government ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Latin American Countries

The authors give a historical overview of the origin and development of terrorism in Latin America describing the forms in which it appears in this region of the world (political, military, state and narco terrorism). They also explore to what degree the attacks on the USA launched on 11 September 2001 will affect the governments of Latin American countries to harmonize their positions with those of the US government in taking joint actions in their combat to eliminate terrorist activities on the American continent.

scholarly journals Postawy wobec Stanów Zjednoczonych: raport z międzynarodowych badań porównawczych

2018 ◽  
pp. 53-68
Author(s):  
Agnieszka STĘPIŃSKA ◽  
Bartosz HORDECKI
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Presidential Elections ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Polish Society ◽  
The Usa ◽  
American Policy ◽  
Students Attitudes

The paper presents the results of surveys conducted among students in nearly thirty countries. The surveys concerned the students’ attitudes to the presidential elections in the USA in 2008, and their opinions on the candidates running for election. The attitudes towards the United States, its policy and culture were also surveyed. The results indicate that the attitudes of Polish respondents differ significantly from those of the respondents in other countries. In the fall of 2008, Polish respondents were relatively friendly towards Americans, appreciating their honesty, but disrespecting their incompetence and lack of knowledge. The Polish respondents’ assessments of American policy and culture, the US government and its operations in the international arena were also relatively mild. However, the results of Polish surveys were less favorable to US citizens than the results of earlier surveys. They confirmed that, during the George W. Bush presidency, the attitude of Polish society to everything American slowly, but consistently, grew colder. It seems reasonable to suggest this was a reaction to the US’s global policies and a result of Poles’ dissatisfaction with Polish-American bilateral relations.

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