scholarly journals Biological mechanism study of meditation and its application in mental disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. e100214
Author(s):  
Hui Shen ◽  
Meijuan Chen ◽  
Donghong Cui
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Alternative Therapy ◽  
Mechanism Study ◽  
Addictive Disorders ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
Major Depressive Disorders ◽  
And Function ◽  
Telomere Regulation

In recent years, research on meditation as an important alternative therapy has developed rapidly and been widely applied in clinical medicine. Mechanism studies of meditation have also developed progressively, showing that meditation has great impact on brain structure and function, and epigenetic and telomere regulation. In line with this, the application of meditation has gradually been expanded to mental illness, most often applied for major depressive disorders and substance-related and addictive disorders. The focus of this paper is to illustrate the biological mechanisms of meditation and its application in mental disorders.

scholarly journals Mental Disorders in Individuals With Exercise Addiction—A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximilian Meyer ◽  
Isabel Sattler ◽  
Hanna Schilling ◽  
Undine E. Lang ◽  
André Schmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Clinical Diagnostics ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Addictive Disorders ◽  
Exercise Addiction ◽  
Dsm 5

Background and Aims: Exercise addiction has not yet been designated as an addictive disorder in the DSM-5 due to a lack of detailed research. In particular, associations with other psychiatric diagnoses have received little attention. In this study, individuals with a possible exercise addiction are clinically assessed, in order to establish a profile of co-occurring psychiatric disorders in individuals with exercise addiction.Methods: One hundred and fifty-six individuals who reported exercising more than 10 h a week, and continued to do so despite illness or injury, were recruited for the study. Those who met the cut-off of the Exercise Dependence Scale (n = 32) were invited to participate in a screening with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5-CV) and personality disorders (SCID-5-PD). Additionally, an interview based on the DSM-5 criteria of non-substance-related addictive disorders was conducted to explore the severity of exercise addiction symptoms.Results: 75% of participants fulfilled the criteria for at least one psychiatric disorder. Depressive disorders (56.3%), personality disorders (46.9%) and obsessive-compulsive disorders (31.3%) were the most common disorders. Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between the number of psychiatric disorders and the severity of exercise addiction (r = 0.549, p = 0.002).Discussion: The results showed a variety of mental disorders in individuals with exercise addiction and a correlation between the co-occurrence of mental disorders and the severity of exercise addiction. Exercise addiction differs from other addictive und substance use disorders, as obsessive-compulsive (Cluster C), rather than impulsive (Cluster B) personality traits were most commonly identified.Conclusions: Our results underscore the importance of clinical diagnostics, and indicate that treatment options for individuals with exercise addiction are required. However, the natural history and specific challenges of exercise addiction must be studied in more detail.

Diagnostic prevalence and comorbidity

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart D. M. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Common Mental Disorder ◽  
Female Prisoners ◽  
Inmate Population ◽  
Correctional Settings ◽  
Major Depressive Disorders ◽  
Almost All

Prisons and jails remain a growth industry, with many countries increasing correctional services to cope with the ever-burgeoning inmate population. One longstanding issue is the perceived increase in prevalence of mental disorders that are found in correctional settings compared to the community. Definitions of mental illness and methods of assessment vary substantially. That said, emerging data reflect some consistency in the range of estimated prevalence. Personality disorder (predominantly antisocial personality disorder) is the most common mental disorder among prisoners, accounting for 65% of male and 42% of female prisoners. Estimated rates of psychosis in some settings are as high as 3.7% for males and 4.0% for females, while major depressive disorders are found in up to 10% of male and 12% of female prisoners. Estimated point prevalence rates for alcohol abuse and dependence varied between 18 and 30% for male prisoners and between 10 and 24% for female prisoners; these estimates were between 10 and 48% for males and 30 to 60% for female prisoners with respect to drug dependence and abuse. The rates of almost all disorders are several times higher than those found in the general community, and the rates of comorbidity are exceptionally high. This chapter outlines the best available correctional prevalence of common mental disorders and considers the key assumptions and methodological challenges around ascertaining rates of these different diagnoses.

Imaging of depressive disorders

2020 ◽  
pp. 797-806
Author(s):  
Guy M. Goodwin ◽  
Michael Browning
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
Small Sample Sizes ◽  
And Function ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
And Control

Neuroimaging techniques have been used extensively to compare brain structure and function between patients with, or at risk of, depression and control subjects. The goal of this work has largely been to identify pathophysiological processes in depression. However, progress in this field has been limited by the heterogeneity of patient populations, the use of small sample sizes, and an overreliance on case-control studies. These limitations have increasingly been acknowledged with recent work collecting much larger samples and employing a variety of study designs, including those able to stratify patient populations. This chapter reviews imaging studies in depression, highlighting both outstanding questions and promising recent findings.

scholarly journals Mental disorders in offspring of parents with bipolar and major depressive disorders

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 641-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Vandeleur ◽  
Stéphane Rothen ◽  
Mehdi Gholam-Rezaee ◽  
Enrique Castelao ◽  
Sonia Vidal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Major Depressive Disorders

Treatment of Mental Disorders in Seven Physicians Committing Suicide

Crisis ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Lindeman ◽  
M Henriksson ◽  
E Isometsä ◽  
J Lönnqvist
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mood Disorder ◽  
Physical Condition ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Psychological Autopsy ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Major Depressive Disorders ◽  
Current Mood

Through psychological autopsy seven cases of physician suicide were studied. All seven victims received a diagnosis of current mood disorder, two of them bipolar disorder. Five had suffered a disabling physical condition. None of the victims had had adequate treatment with antidepressant or mood-stabilizing drugs, nor had they been in psychotherapy. Current adequate treatment for depression seems to be as rare among physician victims as among suicides with major depressive disorders in the population.

Imaging treatment changes in chronic patients and confounding factors

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 2154-2154
Author(s):  
J.-L. Martinot ◽  
E. Artiges ◽  
C. Leroy ◽  
M.-L. Paillère Martinot ◽  
S. Mana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Chronic Patients ◽  
Optimal Drug ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function

1/In juvenile patients, a cross-sectional ALE meta-analysis of both brain structure and function regional deviations in 270 articles allowed to cluster the diagnosed disorders into three sets with respectively marked affective, cognitive, and psychomotor phenomenology. The group with affective phenomenology was characterized by abnormalities of the frontal-limbic regions; the group with “cognition deficits” (incl. schizophrenia) mainly related to cortex abnormalities; and the psychomotor condition was associated with abnormalities in the basal ganglia. Therefore, early regional brain abnormalities might interact with the analysis of subsequent treatments effects in MR studies of brain structure and function of chronic mental disorders. 2/In chronic patients, brain imaging studies of antipsychotic drugs using dopamine receptor radioligands &PET scanner have consistently demonstrated the prevalence of their dose-dependent action in basal ganglia. This information has led to theoretical windows for optimal drug dosage. Recent measures of the dopamine transporter in chronic antipsychotic treatment, or in chronic use of drugs of addiction (e.g. tobacco, cannabis) suggest opposite changes of the adioligand uptake in both conditions. Therefore, control for the associated confounding addictions is required for in vivo analysis of antipsychotic action on the dopamine regulation in cortex and subcortical regions. 3/In treatment-resistant patients, MR & PET imaging studies have detected deviations of both brain structure and function, therefore suggesting biomarker of treatment response. 4/Conclusion: stage of illness, addictions, multimodal imaging, should be considered as covariates for brain imaging determinations of treatment effects in patients with chronic mental disorders.

scholarly journals Modern approaches to objectivization of diagnostics of mental disorders

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 38-44
Author(s):  
V K Shamrey ◽  
A A Marchenko ◽  
E S Kurasov
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Behavioral Reactions ◽  
Caudate Nuclei ◽  
Addictive Disorders ◽  
Neurotic Disorders ◽  
Depressive Episodes

586 patients with mental disorders of headings F0-F4 (according to the 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases) and 18 mentally healthy people were studied. An automated ethological analysis of psychodiagnostic interviews, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, a pictographic survey, psychometric scales, stress testing, and structural and functional neuroimaging methods were used. Reliable differences are shown when examining patients with mental disorders using a set of instrumental, laboratory and psychophysiological methods for investigating mental disorders. Significant differences in the volume of behavioral reactions in patients with schizophrenic disorder were revealed. With the help of the pictographic methodic, reliable differences are shown in patients with neurotic disorders and depressive episodes, as well as in persons with preclinical neurotic disorders. Neuroimaging methodic showed significant differences in the structure and functional activity of different parts of the brain in patients with endogenous, organic, neurotic depressions, as well as addictive disorders compared with healthy individuals. It was found that, despite the pronounced individual differences, even a simple comparative analysis (ethological part of the study) revealed statistically significant indicators in the volume of behavioral reactions in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, compared with healthy individuals. The results of the study of «neuroimaging markers» of the depressive disorders have shown, that «endogenous» depression at the PET (positron emission tomography) - study was determined by the decrease in the level of metabolism in the heads of caudate nuclei by20-40% of normal with moderate depression (up to 25 points on the HAMD) and more than 40% - severe (more than 26 points on the HAMD) compared to the control group, which was not observed in the «reactive» depression. It was found that the use of «neuroendocrine markers» (platelet serotonin, cortisol) in the diagnosis of depressive disorders allows, on the one hand, to study the causal mechanisms of mental disorders with an externally similar phenomenological picture, and on the other - to assess the pathophysiological consequences and severity of mental pathology. The possibility of modification of approaches to objectification, prognosis and early detection of mental disorders is shown.

Use of the Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventories for Primary Care with Medical Outpatients

Assessment ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron T. Beck ◽  
Robert A. Steer ◽  
Roberta Ball ◽  
Carman A. Ciervo ◽  
Mark Kabat
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Cutoff Score ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Clinical Efficiency ◽  
Primary Care Patients ◽  
Major Depressive Disorders ◽  
Care Evaluation

The effectiveness of the Beck Anxiety (BAI-PC) and Depression (BDI-PC) Inventories for Primary Care for discriminating 56 primary care patients with and without revised, third edition Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-III-R) diagnosed anxiety and mood disorders was studied. The Anxiety and Mood modules from the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD) were used to establish diagnoses. The coefficient alphas for the BAI-PC and BDI-PC were, respectively, .90 and .88. A BAI-PC cutoff score of 5 and above yielded the highest clinical efficiency (82%) with 85% sensitivity and 81% specificity for identifying patients with and without panic, generalized anxiety, or both disorders, whereas a BDI-PC cutoff score of 6 and above afforded the highest clinical efficiency (92%) with 83% sensitivity and 95% specificity for detecting patients with and without major depressive disorders. The use of these instruments to screen primary care patients before conducting extensive diagnostic evaluations with them was discussed.

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