The effects of early syphilis on CD4 counts and HIV-1 RNA viral loads in blood and semen

Abstract Background A correlation between the CD4 counts and viral loads of HIV-1 infected North Indian patients with first line ART was reported. The follow up of fifty-seven patients were conducted after a confirmation genotypic test. The secondary data analysis was done on the data available to observe the correlation between the CD4 counts and viral loads (markers of clinical outcome) of HIV-1 Subtype C infected North Indian patients. Methods After analysis of the drug resistance mutations in individual patients through the drug resistance database, Stanford University, the data of resistance associated drugs, CD4 counts, viral load of individuals were compiled and analysed using Microsoft Excel 2016 and SPSS Version 22. Normality of data was checked by Shapiro-Wilk test (p < 0.05). Results Starting and study end point data on CD4 count, viral load and drug resistance pattern associated with multiple first line ART was available for 24 North Indian patients. Starting and study end point data on CD4 count and drug resistance pattern associated with multiple first line ART was available for 33 North Indian patients. Conclusion Our findings are categorically indicative that policy recommendation to provide tailor-made individualized regimen based on molecular drug resistance testing to HIV patients under AIDS control program requires robust evidence before implementation.

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HLA Class I-Mediated HIV-1 Control in Vietnamese Infected with HIV-1 Subtype A/E

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.01749-17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 92 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Takayuki Chikata ◽

Giang Van Tran ◽

Hayato Murakoshi ◽

Tomohiro Akahoshi ◽

Ying Qi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Outcomes ◽

Hla Class I ◽

05 C 15 ◽

Class I ◽

Hla Alleles ◽

Cd4 Counts ◽

05 C ◽

Viral Loads ◽

Subtype A ◽

Hiv 1

ABSTRACT HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) play an important role in the control of HIV-1 subtype B or C infection. However, the role of CTLs in HIV-1 subtype A/E infection still remains unclear. Here we investigated the association of HLA class I alleles with clinical outcomes in treatment-naive Vietnamese infected with subtype A/E virus. We found that HLA-C*12:02 was significantly associated with lower plasma viral loads (pVL) and higher CD4 counts and that the HLA-A*29:01-B*07:05-C*15:05 haplotype was significantly associated with higher pVL and lower CD4 counts than those for individuals without these respective genotypes. Nine Pol and three Nef mutations were associated with at least one HLA allele in the HLA-A*29:01-B*07:05-C*15:05 haplotype, with a strong negative correlation between the number of HLA-associated Pol mutations and CD4 count as well as a positive correlation with pVL for individuals with these HLA alleles. The results suggest that the accumulation of mutations selected by CTLs restricted by these HLA alleles affects HIV control. IMPORTANCE Most previous studies on HLA association with disease progression after HIV-1 infection have been performed on cohorts infected with HIV-1 subtypes B and C, whereas few such population-based studies have been reported for cohorts infected with the Asian subtype A/E virus. In this study, we analyzed the association of HLA class I alleles with clinical outcomes for 536 HIV-1 subtype A/E-infected Vietnamese individuals. We found that HLA-C*12:02 is protective, while the HLA haplotype HLA-A*29:01-B*07:05-C*15:05 is deleterious. The individuals with HIV-1 mutations associated with at least one of the HLA alleles in the deleterious HLA haplotype had higher plasma viral loads and lower CD4 counts than those of individuals without the mutations, suggesting that viral adaptation and escape from HLA-mediated immune control occurred. The present study identifies a protective allele and a deleterious haplotype for HIV-1 subtype A/E infection which are different from those identified for cohorts infected with HIV-1 subtypes B and C.

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Modelling CD4 counts before and after HAART for HIV infected patients in KwaZulu-Natal South Africa

African Health Sciences ◽

10.4314/ahs.v20i4.7 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 1546-61

Author(s):

Ashenfai A Yirga ◽

Sileshi F Melesse ◽

Henry G Mwambi ◽

Dawit G Ayele

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Acute Infection ◽

Cd4 Count ◽

Baseline Viral Load ◽

Cd4 Counts ◽

Disease Biomarkers ◽

Viral Loads ◽

Hiv 1 ◽

Over Time ◽

Infection Study

Background: This study aims to make use of a longitudinal data modelling approach to analyze data on the number of CD4+cell counts measured repeatedly in HIV-1 Subtype C infected women enrolled in the Acute Infection Study of the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa. Methodology: This study uses data from the CAPRISA 002 Acute Infection Study, which was conducted in South Africa. This cohort study observed N=235 incident HIV-1 positive women whose disease biomarkers were measured repeatedly at least four times on each participant. Results: From the findings of this study, post-HAART initiation, baseline viral load, and the prevalence of obese nutrition status were found to be major significant factors on the prognosis CD4+ count of HIV-infected patients. Conclusion: Effective HAART initiation immediately after HIV exposure is necessary to suppress the increase of viral loads to induce potential ART benefits that accrue over time. The data showed evidence of strong individual-specific effects on the evolution of CD4+ counts. Effective monitoring and modelling of disease biomarkers are essential to help inform methods that can be put in place to suppress viral loads for maximum ART benefits that can be accrued over time at an individual level. Keywords: Random-effects model; spatial covariance structure; CD4+ count; HAART; CAPRISA.

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Chloroquine Administration in Breastfeeding Mothers Associates with Increased HIV-1 Plasma Viral Loads

10.1101/2020.04.29.20085308 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

William A Paxton ◽

Marloes A Naarding ◽

Ferdinand WNM Wit ◽

Nienke J Veldhuijzen ◽

Matthew F Chersich ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Human Milk ◽

Post Partum ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Base Line ◽

Cd4 Counts ◽

Viral Loads ◽

Hiv 1

AbstractChloroquine (CQ) and Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have been proposed to be effective at treating COVID-19 patients. We, and others, have previously reported on the capacity of CQ to reduce HIV-1 replication in vitro. We tested CQ administration in post-partum mothers on influencing HIV-1 viral loads in human milk as a means of lowering mother to child transmission. A Phase I/II, randomized, placebo-controlled study to evaluate chloroquine administration to reduce HIV-1 RNA levels in human milk: the CHARGE study. Thirty HIV-1 positive pregnant Rwandese women (CQ n = 20; placebo n = 10) were enrolled in a 16-week study, with the treatment group receiving a 200 mg oral dose of CQ daily. Base-line plasma viral load (pVL) measurements and CD4 counts were determined prior to delivery, and pVL, breast milk VL (bmVL) and CQ levels measured during treatment. For women receiving treatment, CQ concentration was higher in breast milk compared to plasma (over 2.5-fold), with a positive correlation between the levels in the two compartments (P < 0.003). A link between high CQ concentrations in plasma and high CD4 counts (P < 0.001) was observed. Surprisingly, we found a significant increase in pVL after CQ treatment in over half of the mothers (n=11; P < 0.001) and with no alteration to bmVL measurements. No specific amino acid alterations in the gp120 envelope sequences could be associated with CQ administration. CQ usage is associated with a significant increase to pVL in early breastfeeding mothers from Rwanda which cautions against the use of CQ in such individuals. Our results highlight a discrepancy between CQ effects on modulating HIV-1 replication in vitro versus in vivo and indicate caution when prescribing CQ to postpartum HIV-1 untreated mothers. This discrepancy should be taken into consideration when testing CQ or HCQ treatment in COVID-19 clinical trials, especially relating to the post-partum setting.

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The Effects of Syphilis Infection on CD4 Counts and HIV-1 RNA Viral Loads in Blood: A Cohort Study Among MSM with HIV Infection in Sanglah Hospital Bali-Indonesia

Bali Medical Journal ◽

10.15562/bmj.v5i3.283 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 33 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

I Ketut Agus Somia ◽

Ketut Tuti Parwati Merati ◽

Dewi Dian Sukmawati ◽

Nittaya Phanuphak ◽

IGAA Elis Indira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Syphilis Infection ◽

Cd4 Counts ◽

Viral Loads ◽

Hiv 1

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Levels of procalcitonin, C-reactive protein and neopterin in patients with advanced HIV-1 infection

Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine ◽

10.4102/sajhivmed.v13i2.143 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

P Bipath ◽

M Viljoen ◽

Peter F Levay

Keyword(s):

Antiretroviral Treatment ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Cd4 Counts ◽

Viral Loads ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Clinical Observations ◽

Hiv 1 ◽

Efficacy Of Treatment

Objectives. To compare the value of procalcitonin, C-reactive protein (CRP) and neopterin as indicators of immune deficiency, co-infection, efficacy of treatment, and disease progression, in patients with advanced HIV-1 infection. Design. Cross-sectional, investigating baseline blood measurements and clinical observations in 82 HIV-positive patients divided into an antiretroviral treatment (ART) group and an ART-naïve group. Setting. Secondary general hospital in Pretoria. Results. Procalcitonin and CRP levels showed no significant differences between the ART and ART-naïve groups, and no correlations with CD4 counts or viral loads. CRP levels were significantly higher with TB co-infection (p

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Accumulated Mutations Cause Significant Fitness Losses and are Associated with Decreased Viral Loads During Early HIV-1 Infection

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3318932 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Chu Wang ◽

Donglai Liu ◽

Tao Zuo ◽

Bhavna Hora ◽

Fangping Cai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Viral Loads ◽

Hiv 1

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Association of Plasma sVCAM-1 and sCD14 with Mortality in HIV-1 Infected West African Adults with High CD4 Counts

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3526319 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Roseline Affi ◽

Delphine Gabillard ◽

Catherine Dunyach-Remy ◽

Jean-Baptiste Ntakpe ◽

Raoul Moh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

West African ◽

Cd4 Counts ◽

Hiv 1

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Nationwide Study of Drug Resistance Mutations in HIV-1 Infected Individuals under Antiretroviral Therapy in Brazil

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22105304 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (10) ◽

pp. 5304

Author(s):

Ana Santos-Pereira ◽

Vera Triunfante ◽

Pedro M. M. Araújo ◽

Joana Martins ◽

Helena Soares ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Resistance ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Resistance Mutations ◽

Subtype C ◽

Viral Loads ◽

Drug Resistance Mutations ◽

Subtype B ◽

Low Prevalence ◽

Living With Hiv ◽

Hiv 1

The success of antiretroviral treatment (ART) is threatened by the emergence of drug resistance mutations (DRM). Since Brazil presents the largest number of people living with HIV (PLWH) in South America we aimed at understanding the dynamics of DRM in this country. We analyzed a total of 20,226 HIV-1 sequences collected from PLWH undergoing ART between 2008–2017. Results show a mild decline of DRM over the years but an increase of the K65R reverse transcriptase mutation from 2.23% to 12.11%. This increase gradually occurred following alterations in the ART regimens replacing zidovudine (AZT) with tenofovir (TDF). PLWH harboring the K65R had significantly higher viral loads than those without this mutation (p < 0.001). Among the two most prevalent HIV-1 subtypes (B and C) there was a significant (p < 0.001) association of K65R with subtype C (11.26%) when compared with subtype B (9.27%). Nonetheless, evidence for K65R transmission in Brazil was found both for C and B subtypes. Additionally, artificial neural network-based immunoinformatic predictions suggest that K65R could enhance viral recognition by HLA-B27 that has relatively low prevalence in the Brazilian population. Overall, the results suggest that tenofovir-based regimens need to be carefully monitored particularly in settings with subtype C and specific HLA profiles.

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