Changes in salivary hormones, immunoglobulin A, and C-reactive protein in response to ultra-endurance exercises

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the exercise duration on the changes in salivary stress markers in response to ultra-endurance exercises. The study was developed in 2 ultra-endurance exercise tests: the Ultra-trail Serra de Tramuntana (UTST), a 104 km ultra-marathon competition (n = 64) and the 25 km Cabrera Open Water Race (COWR) (n = 43). Participants in the COWR completed the 25 km at a constant pace of 3 km/h (3K group) or 2.5 km /h (2.5K group). Saliva samples were taken before and after the exercises. Salivary flow rate as well as cortisol, testosterone, C-reactive protein (CRP), and immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels were measured. Salivary flow rate decreased after the UTST but increased after the COWR. The UTST induced significant increases in cortisol and CRP levels and decreases in testosterone and IgA levels. Furthermore, a negative correlation was found between the time the athletes took to complete the exercise and the changes in salivary cortisol. After the COWR, higher increases in salivary cortisol levels were observed in the 3K group than in the 2.5K group. A significant effect of exercise decreasing testosterone and IgA levels was observed in both groups. No changes in the CRP levels were observed during the COWR. In conclusion, shorter times to complete the ultra-endurance exercise were associated with higher increases in cortisol. However, no relationships were found between the time to complete the exercises and the changes in testosterone, CRP, and IgA levels.

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Effect of mobile phone use on salivary concentrations of protein, amylase, lipase, immunoglobulin A, lysozyme, lactoferrin, peroxidase and C-reactive protein of the parotid gland

The Journal of Laryngology & Otology ◽

10.1017/s0022215114000899 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 128 (5) ◽

pp. 454-462 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M S Hashemipour ◽

M Yarbakht ◽

A Gholamhosseinian ◽

H Famori

Keyword(s):

Parotid Gland ◽

Mobile Phone ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Immunoglobulin A ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Mobile Phone Use ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

The Right

AbstractBackground:The possibility of side effects associated with the electromagnetic waves emitted from mobile phones is a controversial issue. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of mobile phone use on parotid gland salivary concentrations of protein, amylase, lipase, immunoglobulin A, lysozyme, lactoferrin, peroxidase and C-reactive protein.Methods:Stimulated salivary samples were collected simultaneously from both parotid glands of 86 healthy volunteers. Salivary flow rate and salivary concentrations of proteins, amylase, lipase, lysozyme, lactoferrin, peroxidase, C-reactive protein and immunoglobulin A, were measured. Data were analysed using t-tests and one-way analyses of variance.Results:Salivary flow rate and parotid gland salivary concentrations of protein were significantly higher on the right side compared to the left in those that predominantly held mobile phones on the right side. In addition, there was a decrease in concentrations of amylase, lipase, lysozyme, lactoferrin and peroxidase.Conclusion:The side of dominant mobile phone use was associated with differences in salivary flow rate and parotid gland salivary concentrations, in right-dominant users. Although mobile phone use influenced salivary composition, the relationship was not significant.

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Saliva diagnostic utility in patients with type 2 diabetes: Future standard method

Journal of Medical Biochemistry ◽

10.2478/jomb-2019-0019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marwa Mrag ◽

Asma Kassab ◽

Asma Omezzine ◽

Raoua Belkacem Chebil ◽

Fatma Ben Fredj Ismail ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Total Protein ◽

Immunoglobulin A ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Oral Exam ◽

Whole Saliva ◽

Significant Difference

Summary Background The purpose of the present study was to assess saliva reliability in diagnosis and monitoring type 2 diabetes instead of blood. Methods Blood and unstimulated whole saliva were collected from 300 type 2 diabetic subjects and 300 healthy controls in fasting. Then, the salivary flow rate was calculated. All parameters including glucose, urea, amylase, total protein, albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), immunoglobulin A (IgA), potassium, calcium and chloride were assessed in the supernatant, using an autoanalyzer. Oral exam was conducted by a single examiner on full mouth excluding third molars. Statistical analysis was performed by the SPSS 20.0 version. Results Saliva screening showed that glucose, urea, amylase, total protein, potassium, calcium and chloride were significantly higher in patients compared to controls (p < 0.05). Whereas, the IgA level and salivary flow rate were significantly reduced in patients (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found in albumin and CRP levels (p = 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between salivary and plasma glucose levels (r = 0.887, and r = 0.900, p < 0.001), as well as, salivary and blood urea (r = 0.586, and r = 0.688, p < 0.001) in patients and controls, respectively. Conclusions From this study, saliva could be suggested as a useful diagnostic tool for type 2 diabetes.

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Selected Physicochemical Properties of Saliva in Menopausal Women—A Pilot Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17072604 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (7) ◽

pp. 2604

Author(s):

Aleksandra Cydejko ◽

Aida Kusiak ◽

Magdalena Emilia Grzybowska ◽

Barbara Kochańska ◽

Jolanta Ochocińska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physicochemical Properties ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Immunoglobulin A ◽

Premenopausal Women ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Ionized Calcium ◽

Control Group ◽

Menopausal Women ◽

Complete Health

The aim of this study was to estimate differences in selected physicochemical properties of saliva between menopausal and premenopausal women. Methods: The study population consisted of 9 menopausal women and 15 women of the control group. Laboratory tests included the determination of pH saliva, salivary flow rate, and concentrations of lactoferrin, lysozyme, immunoglobulin A, and ionized calcium. Results: Among menopausal women, statistically significant differences were observed in values of salivary flow rate and lysozyme and ionized calcium concentrations; however, no statistically significant differences for pH and concentrations of lactoferrin and immunoglobulin A were found. The salivary flow rate in the study group was significantly lower compared to that in premenopausal women. In relation to lysozyme, statistically significant differences were found between control group and menopausal women to the disadvantage of the latter. However, the concentration of ionized calcium in the saliva of menopausal women was distinctly higher than in the saliva of the control group. Conclusion: The saliva of menopausal women appeared significantly different from that of the control group. Differences in physicochemical parameters such as salivary flow rate and lysozyme and ionized calcium concentrations were observed. These differences in saliva properties observed in menopause can potentially affect the oral environment of women in this particular period, possibly increasing the risk of some pathological changes in the oral cavity and consequently indicating the need to take special care of this group of female patients in order to help them maintain proper oral health. Dentists and gynecologists should be aware of the problems associated with menopause and need to provide these women complete health care, including dental care as an integral part.

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Acute Effects of Black Currant Consumption on Salivary Flow Rate and Secretion Rate of Salivary Immunoglobulin A in Healthy Smokers

Journal of Medicinal Food ◽

10.1089/jmf.2013.0149 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 483-488

Author(s):

Aleksandra Konić-Ristić ◽

Katarina Šavikin ◽

Gordana Zdunić ◽

Irina Besu ◽

Nebojša Menković ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Immunoglobulin A ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Secretion Rate ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Acute Effects ◽

Black Currant ◽

Salivary Immunoglobulin A

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Lower immunglobulin A levels but not lower cortisol or α-amylase activity in children with chronic tension-type headache

Cephalalgia ◽

10.1177/0333102410382793 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 481-487 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

César Fernández-de-las-Peñas ◽

Daniel M Fernández-Mayoralas ◽

Manuel Arroyo-Morales ◽

Silvia Ambite-Quesada ◽

Inés Rivas-Martínez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Hpa Axis ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Amylase Activity ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Tension Type Headache ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Type Headache

Objective The tudy was designed to investigate the differences in salivary cortisol (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical[HPA] axis), immunoglobulin A (IgA) (immune system) concentrations and α-amylase (sympathetic nervous system [SNS]) activity between children with chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) and healthy children. Methods Thirty-six children, 10 boys and 26 girls (age: 9±2 years) with CTTH and 36 age - and sex-matched healthy children were recruited. Salivary cortisol, αm-amylase activity, salivary flow rate, IgA concentration and IgA rate were collected from non-stimulated saliva. A headache diary was used for collecting data on intensity, frequency and duration of headache for four weeks. Results Children with CTTH showed lower IgA concentration (p = .008) and IgA rate (p = .039), but not lower cortisol concentration (p = .447), salivary flow rate (p = .289) or α-amylase activity (p = .559), as compared to healthy children. Neither age (p < .582) nor gender (p < .227) influenced salivary markers. A significant association between the number of years with headache and IgA concentration (rs = - 0.385; p = .023) was found: the greater the number of years with headache, the lower the IgA concentration. Conclusions These results suggest that children with CTTH present with deficits in the immune system, but not dysfunction in the HPA axis or SNS. Future studies are needed to elucidate the direction of these relationships.

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Relationship between gastro-intestinal complaints and endotoxaemia, cytokine release and the acute-phase reaction during and after a long-distance triathlon in highly trained men

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0980047 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 98 (1) ◽

pp. 47-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 147

Author(s):

A. E. JEUKENDRUP ◽

K. VET-JOOP ◽

A. STURK ◽

J. H. J. C. STEGEN ◽

J. SENDEN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Creatine Kinase ◽

Muscle Damage ◽

Acute Phase ◽

Endurance Exercise ◽

Acute Phase Response ◽

Fold Increase ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Long Distance ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Ultra Endurance

The aim of the present study was to establish whether gastro-intestinal (GI) complaints observed during and after ultra-endurance exercise are related to gut ischaemia-associated leakage of endotoxins [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] into the circulation and associated cytokine production. Therefore we collected blood samples from 29 athletes before, immediately after, and 1, 2 and 16 h after a long-distance triathlon for measurement of LPS, tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 (IL-6). As the cytokine response would trigger an acute-phase response, characteristic variables of these responses were also measured, along with creatine kinase (CK) to obtain an indicator of muscle damage. There was a high incidence (93% of all participants) of GI symptoms; 45% reported severe complaints and 7% of the participants abandoned the race because of severe GI distress. Mild endotoxaemia (5–15 pg/ml) was evident in 68% of the athletes immediately after the race, as also indicated by a reduction in IgG anti-LPS levels. In addition, we observed production of IL-6 (27–fold increase immediately after the race), leading to an acute-phase response (20-fold increase in C-reactive protein and 12% decrease in pre-albumin 16 h after the race). The extent of endotoxaemia was not correlated with the GI complaints or the IL-6 response, but did show a correlation with the elevation in C-reactive protein (rs 0.389; P = 0.037). Creatine kinase levels were increased significantly immediately post-race, and increased further in the follow-up period. Creatine kinase levels did not correlate with those of either IL-6 or C-reactive protein. It is therefore concluded that LPS does enter the circulation after ultra-endurance exercise and may, together with muscle damage, be responsible for the increased cytokine response and hence GI complaints in these athletes.

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