scholarly journals Association Between Preseason Training and Performance in Elite Australian Football

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Callum J. McCaskie ◽  
Warren B. Young ◽  
Brendan B. Fahrner ◽  
Marc Sim
Keyword(s):  
Performance Measures ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Performance Measure ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Australian Football League ◽  
Football Team ◽  
Australian Football ◽  
And Performance

Purpose: To examine the association between preseason training variables and subsequent in-season performance in an elite Australian football team. Methods: Data from 41 elite male Australian footballers (mean [SD] age = 23.4 [3.1] y, height =188.4 [7.1] cm, and mass = 86.7 [7.9] kg) were collected from 1 Australian Football League (AFL) club. Preseason training data (external load, internal load, fitness testing, and session participation) were collected across the 17-wk preseason phase (6 and 11 wk post-Christmas). Champion Data© Player Rank (CDPR), coaches’ ratings, and round 1 selection were used as in-season performance measures. CDPR and coaches’ ratings were examined over the entire season, first half of the season, and the first 4 games. Both Pearson and partial (controlling for AFL age) correlations were calculated to assess if any associations existed between preseason training variables and in-season performance measures. A median split was also employed to differentiate between higher- and lower-performing players for each performance measure. Results: Preseason training activities appeared to have almost no association with performance measured across the entire season and the first half of the season. However, many preseason training variables were significantly linked with performance measured across the first 4 games. Preseason training variables that were measured post-Christmas were the most strongly associated with in-season performance measures. Specifically, total on-field session rating of perceived exertion post-Christmas, a measurement of internal load, displayed the greatest association with performance. Conclusion: Late preseason training (especially on-field match-specific training) is associated with better performance in the early season.

Training Periodization of Professional Australian Football Players During an Entire Australian Football League Season

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 566-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Moreira ◽  
Johann C. Bilsborough ◽  
Courtney J. Sullivan ◽  
Michael Cianciosi ◽  
Marcelo Saldanha Aoki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Training Intensity ◽  
Australian Football League ◽  
Football Team ◽  
Cross Training ◽  
Australian Football

Purpose:To examine the training periodization of an elite Australian Football team during different phases of the season.Methods:Training-load data were collected during 22 wk of preseason and 23 wk of in-season training. Training load was measured using the session rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE) for all training sessions and matches from 44 professional Australian Football players from the same team. Training intensity was divided into 3 zones based on session-RPE (low, <4; moderate, >4 AU and <7 AU; and high, >7 AU). Training load and intensity were analyzed according to the type of training session completed.Results:Higher training load and session duration were undertaken for all types of training sessions during the preseason than in-season (P < .05), with the exception of “other” training (ie, re/prehabilitation training, cross-training, and recovery activities). Training load and intensity were higher during the preseason, with the exception of games, where greater load and intensity were observed during the in-season. The overall distribution of training intensity was similar between phases with the majority of training performed at moderate or high intensity.Conclusions:The current findings may allow coaches and scientists to better understand the characteristics of Australian Football periodization, which in turn may aid in developing optimal training programs. The results also indicate that a polarized training-intensity distribution that has been reported in elite endurance athletes does not occur in professional Australian Football.

scholarly journals The effect of low- vs high-cadence interval training on the freely chosen cadence and performance in endurance-trained cyclists

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 666-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony G. Whitty ◽  
Aron J. Murphy ◽  
Aaron J. Coutts ◽  
Mark L. Watsford
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Performance Measure ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Strength Development ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Cadence

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of high- and low-cadence interval training on the freely chosen cadence (FCC) and performance in endurance-trained cyclists. Sixteen male endurance-trained cyclists completed a series of submaximal rides at 60% maximal power (Wmax) at cadences of 50, 70, 90, and 110 r·min−1, and their FCC to determine their preferred cadence, gross efficiency (GE), rating of perceived exertion, and crank torque profile. Performance was measured via a 15-min time trial, which was preloaded with a cycle at 60% Wmax. Following the testing, the participants were randomly assigned to a high-cadence (HC) (20% above FCC) or a low-cadence (LC) (20% below FCC) group for 18 interval-based training sessions over 6 weeks. The HC group increased their FCC from 92 to 101 r·min−1 after the intervention (p = 0.01), whereas the LC group remained unchanged (93 r·min−1). GE increased from 22.7% to 23.6% in the HC group at 90 r·min−1 (p = 0.05), from 20.0% to 20.9% at 110 r·min−1 (p = 0.05), and from 22.8% to 23.2% at their FCC. Both groups significantly increased their total distance and average power output following training, with the LC group recording a superior performance measure. There were minimal changes to the crank torque profile in both groups following training. This study demonstrated that the FCC can be altered with HC interval training and that the determinants of the optimal cycling cadence are multifactorial and not completely understood. Furthermore, LC interval training may significantly improve time-trial results of short duration as a result of an increase in strength development or possible neuromuscular adaptations.

scholarly journals Methods of Monitoring Training Load and Their Relationships to Changes in Fitness and Performance in Competitive Road Cyclists

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 668-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dajo Sanders ◽  
Grant Abt ◽  
Matthijs K.C. Hesselink ◽  
Tony Myers ◽  
Ibrahim Akubat
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Training Period ◽  
Competitive Cyclists ◽  
Road Cyclists ◽  
And Performance

Purpose:To assess the dose-response relationships between different training-load methods and aerobic fitness and performance in competitive road cyclists.Methods:Training data from 15 well-trained competitive cyclists were collected during a 10-wk (December–March) preseason training period. Before and after the training period, participants underwent a laboratory incremental exercise test with gas-exchange and lactate measures and a performance assessment using an 8-min time trial (8MT). Internal training load was calculated using Banister TRIMP, Edwards TRIMP, individualized TRIMP (iTRIMP), Lucia TRIMP (luTRIMP), and session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). External load was measured using Training Stress Score (TSS).Results:Large to very large relationships (r = .54–.81) between training load and changes in submaximal fitness variables (power at 2 and 4 mmol/L) were observed for all training-load calculation methods. The strongest relationships with changes in aerobic fitness variables were observed for iTRIMP (r = .81 [95% CI .51–.93, r = .77 [95% CI .43–.92]) and TSS (r = .75 [95% CI .31–.93], r = .79 [95% CI .40–.94]). The strongest dose-response relationships with changes in the 8MT test were observed for iTRIMP (r = .63 [95% CI .17–.86]) and luTRIMP (r = .70 [95% CI .29–.89).Conclusions:Training-load quantification methods that integrate individual physiological characteristics have the strongest dose-response relationships, suggesting this to be an essential factor in the quantification of training load in cycling.

Recovery Kinetics Following Small-Sided Games in Competitive Soccer Players: Does Player Density Size Matter?

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Papanikolaou ◽  
Panagiotis Tsimeas ◽  
Angeliki Anagnostou ◽  
Alexandros Varypatis ◽  
Christos Mourikis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Neuromuscular Fatigue ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Heart Rate Monitors ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Size Matter ◽  
Kinetics Of

Purpose: To examine the recovery kinetics of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), neuromuscular fatigue, and performance following small-sided games (SSGs) of different densities in soccer. Methods: Ten male players randomly completed 3 trials: a control trial (no SSGs), 4v4 SSGs (62.5 m2/player), and 8v8 SSGs (284.4 m2/player). External and internal load were monitored using GPS technology, heart-rate monitors, and rating of perceived exertion. Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), creatine kinase (CK), isokinetic strength, countermovement jump (CMJ), and sprint were determined at baseline, as well as at 24, 48, and 72 hours post-SSGs. Neuromuscular fatigue was assessed at baseline and at 1, 2, and 3 hours post-SSGs. Results: DOMS increased (P < .05) in 4v4 for 72 hours and in 8v8 for 24 hours with that of knee flexors being more pronounced than that of extensors. CK increased (P < .05) in 4v4 for 72 hours and in 8v8 for 24 hours. Neuromuscular fatigue increased (P < .05) in 4v4 for 2 hours and in 8v8 for 3 hours. Strength declined (P < .05) in 4v4 for 48 hours and in 8v8 for 72 hours. CMJ decreased (P < .05) in 4v4 for 24 hours and in 8v8 for 48 hours. Sprint decreased (P < .05) for 48 hours in 4v4 and for 72 hours in 8v8. Conclusions: SSGs are associated with a prolonged rise of EIMD and induce short-term neuromuscular fatigue and slow recovery kinetics of strength, jump, and sprinting performance. The time for complete recovery is longer for SSGs of lower density.

Physiological, Psychometric, and Performance Effects of the Christmas Break in Australian Football

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Buchheit ◽  
Will Morgan ◽  
Jarryd Wallace ◽  
Matthew Bode ◽  
Nick Poulos
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Peak Force ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Running Activity ◽  
Performance Effects ◽  
Australian Football ◽  
And Performance

Purpose:The aim of the current study was to quantify the physiological, psychometric, and performance effects of a 2-wk Christmas break in a professional Australian Football League club.Methods:A series of physiological (eg, heart-rate [HR] response to a 5-min submaximal run and skinfold thicknesses), psychometric (rating-of-perceived-exertion [RPE] responses and wellness variables), and performance (running activity during standardized handball games, isometric midthigh pull [IMTP] peak force, and countermovement jump [CMJ]) measures were conducted in the weeks before and after the break.Results:There was a possible and small increase in the sum of 7 skinfolds, while body mass and fat-free mass remained possible and likely unchanged, respectively. Sleep and stress scores remained likely to almost certainly unchanged, but there were some small, possible to likely decreases in fatigue and soreness scores. HR and RPE responses to the 5-min submaximal run were likely slightly lower (ie, improved) after the break. High-intensity running and acceleration distance during a standard handball game were very likely slightly greater, while HR and RPE responses to the game were possibly to very likely unchanged. HR responses to a high-intensity training session remained very likely unchanged. There was also a likely small increase in IMTP peak force but likely to very likely no change in CMJ variables.Conclusions:The results show that players returned from a 2-wk break during preseason well recovered, with preserved to improved levels of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness, despite small increases in skinfold thickness.

scholarly journals Usefulness of Linear Mixed-Effects Models to Assess the Relationship between Objective and Subjective Internal Load in Team Sports

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 392
Author(s):  
Alice Iannaccone ◽  
Daniele Conte ◽  
Cristina Cortis ◽  
Andrea Fusco
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Subjective Measures ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Random Slopes ◽  
The Relationship

Internal load can be objectively measured by heart rate-based models, such as Edwards’ summated heart rate zones, or subjectively by session rating of perceived exertion. The relationship between internal loads assessed via heart rate-based models and session rating of perceived exertion is usually studied through simple correlations, although the Linear Mixed Model could represent a more appropriate statistical procedure to deal with intrasubject variability. This study aimed to compare conventional correlations and the Linear Mixed Model to assess the relationships between objective and subjective measures of internal load in team sports. Thirteen male youth beach handball players (15.9 ± 0.3 years) were monitored (14 training sessions; 7 official matches). Correlation coefficients were used to correlate the objective and subjective internal load. The Linear Mixed Model was used to model the relationship between objective and subjective measures of internal load data by considering each player individual response as random effect. Random intercepts were used and then random slopes were added. The likelihood-ratio test was used to compare statistical models. The correlation coefficient for the overall relationship between the objective and subjective internal data was very large (r = 0.74; ρ = 0.78). The Linear Mixed Model using both random slopes and random intercepts better explained (p < 0.001) the relationship between internal load measures. Researchers are encouraged to apply the Linear Mixed Models rather than correlation to analyze internal load relationships in team sports since it allows for the consideration of the individuality of players.

Abstract 3429: Implementation of Electronic Medical Record Stroke Templates Increases Compliance with Stroke Performance Measures

Stroke ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Crismely A Perdomo ◽  
Vepuka E Kauari ◽  
Elizabeth Suarez ◽  
Olajide Williams ◽  
Joshua Stillman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Record ◽  
Electronic Medical Record ◽  
Performance Measures ◽  
New York State ◽  
Stroke Care ◽  
Performance Measure ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
York State Department ◽  
Free Text ◽  
And Performance

Background and Purpose The literature demonstrates how utilizing evidence-based, standardized stroke care can improve patient outcomes; however, the contribution of electronic medical record (EMR) systems may also impact outcomes by ensuring utilization and compliance with established stroke performance measures, facilitating and improving documentation requirements, and standardizing approach to care. In 2008, documentation in patients’ medical records was done in combination of paper and a template free EMR. Originally, the EMR was used for order entry, then transitioned to full electronic documentation in 2009. At that time we implemented our stroke templates and performance measures based on regulatory standards. We hypothesized that the stroke template implementation would help us achieve performance measure criteria above state benchmarks as set out by the New York State Department of Health (NYS DOH). Methods Implementation was phased in [over 18 months], initially using a template that only included neurological assessment and free text fields for stroke measures. By July 2010, existing templates were modified and additional stroke templates were implemented to meet new regulatory requirements and meaningful use criteria. Retrospective data review was conducted for performance comparison between 2008 -- one year prior to EMR/template implementation -- and 2010. In Quarter 1 of 2011 EMR was also implemented in the Emergency Department (ED). Data was reviewed for compliance with stroke measures. Results Documentation compliance substantially improved between 2008 and Quarter 1 2011: Compliance for these measures has been maintained ≥ 85% since November 2010, ≥ 90% Q1 2011 Conclusions The EMR implementation of stroke templates and performance measures can produce substantial improvement in performance measure compliance. Future steps will include automated documentation alerts to retrieve information and real time discovery of missing documentation for concurrent quality review and improvement

Carbohydrate Drink Use During 30 Minutes of Variable-Intensity Exercise Has No Effect on Exercise Performance in Premenarchal Girls

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-69
Author(s):  
C. Eric Heidorn ◽  
Brandon J. Dykstra ◽  
Cori A. Conner ◽  
Anthony D. Mahon
Keyword(s):  
Peak Power ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Fatigue Index ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Variable Intensity ◽  
Performance Effects ◽  
Power Peak ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Performance

Purpose: This study examined the physiological, perceptual, and performance effects of a 6% carbohydrate (CHO) drink during variable-intensity exercise (VIE) and a postexercise test in premenarchal girls. Methods: A total of 10 girls (10.4 [0.7] y) participated in the study. VO2peak was assessed, and the girls were familiarized with VIE and performance during the first visit. The trial order (CHO and placebo) was randomly assigned for subsequent visits. The drinks were given before VIE bouts and 1-minute performance (9 mL/kg total). Two 15-minute bouts of VIE were completed (10 repeated sequences of 20%, 55%, and 95% power at VO2peak and maximal sprints) before a 1-minute performance sprint. Results: The mean power, peak power, heart rate (HR), %HRpeak, and rating of perceived exertion during VIE did not differ between trials. However, the peak power decreased, and the rating of perceived exertion increased from the first to the second bout. During the 1-minute performance, there were no differences between the trial (CHO vs placebo) for HR (190 [9] vs 189 [9] bpm), %HRpeak (97.0% [3.2%] vs 96.6% [3.0%]), rating of perceived exertion (7.8 [2.3] vs 8.1 [1.9]), peak power (238 [70] vs 235 [60] W), fatigue index (54.7% [10.0%] vs 55.9% [12.8%]), or total work (9.4 [2.6] vs 9.4 [2.1] kJ). Conclusion: CHO supplementation did not alter physiological, perceptual, or performance responses during 30 minutes of VIE or postexercise sprint performance in premenarchal girls.

scholarly journals External and Internal Loads in Sports Science: Time to Rethink?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernardo Ide ◽  
Amanda Silvatti ◽  
Craig Staunton ◽  
Moacir Marocolo ◽  
Dustin Oranchuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
The Body ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Sports Science ◽  
System Of Units ◽  
Time Distance ◽  
Displacement Speed

The International System of Units (SI) was adopted in 1960 as a universal measuring system to be used for all areas of science. Sports Science papers have shown lots of inaccurate and inappropriate terms for quantification of athletes&rsquo; performance and the psychobiological responses to exercise (e.g., internal load). In biomechanics, external and internal loads are forces acting externally and internally, inducing stress and strain in the biological tissues. Therefore, the current review present simple proposals to correct the inappropriate terms: 1) do not use the term external load when referring to the assessment of exercise time, distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, torque, work, power, impulse, etc.; 2) do not use the term internal load when referring to the assessment of psychobiological stress markers (i.e., session rating of perceived exertion, heart rate, blood lactate, oxygen consumption, etc.); 3) do not use the term impulse when expressing other calculus than integrating force with respect to time, and neither strain, when expressing other phenomena than the body deformation. Instead, the term exercise intensity is universal and can be used to describe all forms of exercise. Finally, duration should precisely be described according to physical quantities (e.g., time, distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, force, torque, work, power, impulse, etc.) and the units accomplish by use of the SI. These simple quantifications can be performed for the exercises, sessions, microcycles, mesocycles and macrocycles of the athletes. Such standardization will provide a consistent and clear communication among sports scientists and all areas of science.

Increased Cardiorespiratory Stress During Submaximal Cycling After Ketone Monoester Ingestion in Endurance-Trained Adults

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devin Goddard McCarthy ◽  
William Bostad ◽  
Fiona Jane Powley ◽  
Jonathan P. Little ◽  
Douglas Richards ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Ketone Body ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Bolus Dose ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Threshold Intensity ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
And Performance

There is growing interest in the effect of exogenous ketone body supplementation on exercise responses and performance. The limited studies to date have yielded equivocal data, likely due in part to differences in dosing strategy, increase in blood ketones, and participant training status. Using a randomized, double-blind, counterbalanced design, we examined the effect of ingesting a ketone monoester (KE) supplement (600 mg/kg body mass) or flavour-matched placebo in endurance-trained adults (n=10 males, n=9 females; VO2peak=57±8 ml/kg/min). Participants performed a 30-min cycling bout at ventilatory threshold intensity (71±3% VO2peak), followed 15 min later by a 3 kJ/kg body mass time-trial. KE versus placebo ingestion increased plasma [β-hydroxybutyrate] before exercise (3.9±1.0 vs 0.2±0.3 mM, p<0.0001, dz=3.4), ventilation (77±17 vs 71±15 L/min, p<0.0001, dz=1.3) and heart rate (155±11 vs 150±11 beats/min, p<0.001, dz=1.2) during exercise, and rating of perceived exertion at the end of exercise (15.4±1.6 vs 14.5±1.2, p<0.01, dz=0.85). Plasma [β-hydroxybutyrate] remained higher after KE vs placebo ingestion before the time-trial (3.5±1.0 vs 0.3±0.2 mM, p<0.0001, dz=3.1), but performance was not different (KE: 16:25±2:50 vs placebo: 16:06±2:40 min:s, p=0.20; dz=0.31). We conclude that acute ingestion of a relatively large KE bolus dose increased markers of cardiorespiratory stress during submaximal exercise in endurance-trained participants. Novelty bullets: •Limited studies have yielded equivocal data regarding exercise responses after acute ketone body supplementation. •Using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced design, we found that ingestion of a large bolus dose of a commercial ketone monoester supplement increased markers of cardiorespiratory stress during cycling at ventilatory threshold intensity in endurance-trained adults.

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