Cardiorespiratory demands of competitive rock climbing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel A Callender ◽  
Tara N Hayes ◽  
Nicholas B Tiller
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Pulmonary Ventilation ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Rock Climbing ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
High Fraction ◽  
Physiological Demands

Rock climbing has become a mainstream sport, contested on the Olympic stage. The work/rest pattern of bouldering is unique among disciplines, and little is known about its physiological demands. This study characterized the cardiorespiratory responses to simulated competition. Eleven elite boulderers (7 male) volunteered to participate (age=23.3±4.5 y; mass=68.2±9.7 kg; stature=1.73±0.06 m; bodyfat %=10.4±5%). Subjects completed incremental treadmill running exercise to determine maximal capacities. On a separate day, they undertook a simulated Olympic-style competition comprising five boulder problems, each separated by 5-min rest. Pulmonary ventilation, gas exchange, and heart rate were assessed throughout. Total climbing time was 18.9±2.7 min. Bouldering elicited a peak V̇O2 of 35.8±7.3 mL∙kg−1∙min−1 (~75% of treadmill maximum) and a peak heart rate of 162±14 b∙min−1 (~88% of maximum). Subjects spent 22.9±8.6% of climbing time above the gas exchange threshold. At exercise cessation, there was an abrupt and significant increase in tidal volume (1.4±0.4 vs. 1.8±0.4 L; p=0.006, d=0.83) despite unchanged minute ventilation. Cardiorespiratory parameters returned to baseline within 4 min of the rest period. Competitive bouldering elicits substantial cardiorespiratory demand and evidence of tidal volume constraint. Further studies are warranted to explore the effect of cardiorespiratory training on climbing performance. Novelty bullets • Competitive bouldering evokes a high fraction of V̇O2max and prolonged periods above the GET • Climbing appears to impose a constraint on tidal volume expansion • Cardiorespiratory indices in elite climbers return to baseline within 2–4 min

scholarly journals Physiological Responses during Competitive Sports Aerobics Exercise

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (57) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roma Aleksandravičienė ◽  
Arvydas Stasiulis
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Pulmonary Ventilation ◽  
Pulmonary Gas Exchange ◽  
Treadmill Test ◽  
Lactate Accumulation ◽  
National Team

The aim of this study was to characterize heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake and pulmonary ventilation during competitiveaerobic gymnastics routine in a group of elite women athletes. The subjects were Lithuanian aerobic women gymnasts,members of national team (21.6, 4.4) years old). All subjects performed a maximal incremental treadmill test in thelaboratory and competitive aerobic gymnastics exercises in group category. Heart rate was continuously recordedusing the heart rate measurement equipment Polar ACCUREX-Plus. During the incremental treadmill test HRdeflection point and other parameters of aerobic capacity were determined from the relationship of HR to runningspeed. During the aerobic gymnastics routine pulmonary gas exchange parameters and heart rate were continuouslymeasured using the telemetric equipment Cortex 3B. The changes of HR, minute ventilation and oxygen uptake wereanalyzed by adopting monoexponential function.The results showed that HR values during the competitive aerobic gymnastics routine were higher than HR break pointwhich is near the lactate accumulation threshold (reaching 95.2 (4.2)% of maximal HR). Oxygen uptake duringcompetitive routine reached 81.3 (5.8)% of maximal oxygen uptake. Rather high blood lactate accumulation(7.50 mmol / l) at the third minute after exercise show the high intensity of exercise. These results allows us to considerthat aerobic gymnastics is a sport with high cardiorespiratory and metabolic demands, in which aerobic and anaerobicsources are intensely activated.Keywords: aerobic gymnastics, aerobic capacity, pulmonary gas exchange, lactate, heart rate deflection point.

Respiratory sinus arrhythmia is associated with efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange in healthy humans

2003 ◽  
Vol 284 (5) ◽  
pp. H1585-H1591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas D. Giardino ◽  
Robb W. Glenny ◽  
Soo Borson ◽  
Leighton Chan
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Pulmonary Gas Exchange ◽  
Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Paced Breathing ◽  
Healthy Humans

Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) may be associated with improved efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange by matching ventilation to perfusion within each respiratory cycle. Respiration rate, tidal volume, minute ventilation (V˙e), exhaled carbon dioxide (V˙co 2), oxygen consumption (V˙o 2), and heart rate were measured in 10 healthy human volunteers during paced breathing to test the hypothesis that RSA contributes to pulmonary gas exchange efficiency. Cross-spectral analysis of heart rate and respiration was computed to calculate RSA and the coherence and phase between these variables. Pulmonary gas exchange efficiency was measured as the average ventilatory equivalent of CO2(V˙e/V˙co 2) and O2(V˙e/V˙o 2). Across subjects and paced breathing periods, RSA was significantly associated with CO2 (partial r = −0.53, P = 0.002) and O2 (partial r = −0.49, P = 0.005) exchange efficiency after controlling for the effects of age, respiration rate, tidal volume, and average heart rate. Phase between heart rate and respiration was significantly associated with CO2 exchange efficiency (partial r = 0.40, P = 0.03). These results are consistent with previous studies and further support the theory that RSA may improve the efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange.

Physical fitness of Arctic Indians

1960 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristian Lange Andersen ◽  
Atle Bolstad ◽  
Yngve L⊘yning ◽  
Laurence Irving
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Pulmonary Ventilation ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Exercise Load ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Sedentary Subjects ◽  
Fitness To Work

The physical fitness of healthy young men of an arctic population of Indians was studied, using two types of physiological measurements during muscular work. In one series of experiments the respiratory gas exchange and heart rate were determined during apparently ‘steady-state’ exercise on an ergometer bicycle and the maximal O2 intake was estimated. In another series the response of pulmonary ventilation to a standard exercise load was measured on the same bicycle and the time to recuperate was determined, as well as the extraventilation caused by the exercise. Comparisons were made with results observed on a group of sedentary-living young men and champion athletes drawn from the population of Norway. The Indians' fitness to work occupies a somewhat intermediate position between the sedentary subjects and the athletes. Submitted on August 3, 1959

scholarly journals Hypoxia-induced vagal withdrawal is independent of the hypoxic ventilatory response in men

2019 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Siebenmann ◽  
Camilla K. Ryrsø ◽  
Laura Oberholzer ◽  
James P. Fisher ◽  
Linda M. Hilsted ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Spontaneous Breathing ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Pulmonary Ventilation ◽  
Vagal Activity ◽  
Adrenergic Blockade ◽  
Controlled Breathing ◽  
Vagal Withdrawal

Hypoxia increases heart rate (HR) in humans by sympathetic activation and vagal withdrawal. However, in anaesthetized dogs hypoxia increases vagal activity and reduces HR if pulmonary ventilation does not increase and we evaluated whether that observation applies to awake humans. Ten healthy males were exposed to 15 min of normoxia and hypoxia (10.5% O2), while respiratory rate and tidal volume were volitionally controlled at values identified during spontaneous breathing in hypoxia. End-tidal CO2 tension was clamped at 40 mmHg by CO2 supplementation. β-Adrenergic blockade by intravenous propranolol isolated vagal regulation of HR. During spontaneous breathing, hypoxia increased ventilation by 3.2 ± 2.1 l/min ( P = 0.0033) and HR by 8.9 ± 5.5 beats/min ( P < 0.001). During controlled breathing, respiratory rate (16.3 ± 3.2 vs. 16.4 ± 3.3 breaths/min) and tidal volume (1.05 ± 0.27 vs. 1.06 ± 0.24 l) were similar for normoxia and hypoxia, whereas the HR increase in hypoxia persisted without (8.6 ± 10.2 beats/min) and with (6.6 ± 5.6 beats/min) propranolol. Neither controlled breathing ( P = 0.80), propranolol ( P = 0.64), nor their combination ( P = 0.89) affected the HR increase in hypoxia. Arterial pressure was unaffected ( P = 0.48) by hypoxia across conditions. The hypoxia-induced increase in HR during controlled breathing and β-adrenergic blockade indicates that hypoxia reduces vagal activity in humans even when ventilation does not increase. Vagal withdrawal in hypoxia seems to be governed by the arterial chemoreflex rather than a pulmonary inflation reflex in humans. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Hypoxia accelerates the heart rate of humans by increasing sympathetic activity and reducing vagal activity. Animal studies have indicated that hypoxia-induced vagal withdrawal is governed by a pulmonary inflation reflex that is activated by the increased pulmonary ventilation in hypoxia. The present findings, however, indicate that humans experience vagal withdrawal in hypoxia even if ventilation does not increase, indicating that vagal withdrawal is governed by the arterial chemoreflex rather than a pulmonary inflation reflex.

Effects of high-frequency breathing on pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange

1983 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 1854-1861 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Frostell ◽  
J. N. Pande ◽  
G. Hedenstierna
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Dead Space ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Pulmonary Ventilation ◽  
Balloon Catheter ◽  
Transpulmonary Pressure ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Respiratory Inductive Plethysmography

The effects of spontaneous high-frequency breathing (HFB) on lung function were evaluated in three subjects highly trained in the practice of yoga. Transpulmonary pressure was measured by an esophageal balloon catheter and gas flow by pneumotachography. The abdominal and rib cage contributions to tidal breathing were measured separately by respiratory inductive plethysmography. Gas exchange was studied by the conventional technique and by multiple inert gas elimination. During HFB, respiratory rate increased to 232 cycles/min with a tidal volume of 0.35 liter. This resulted in a more than 10-fold increase in expired minute ventilation to approximately 90 1/min. The transpulmonary pressure varied by 20 cmH2O, with the calculated elastic, resistive, and accelerative components varying by 2, 20, and 8 cmH2O, respectively. Respiratory work increased more than 200-fold in comparison with resting ventilation. A phase shift between thoracic and abdominal breathing was observed and was interpreted as a volume displacement of approximately 30 1/min between the two parts of the respiratory system. Arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide tension remained normal. Bohr dead space increased, while acetone dead space remained unaltered. A bimodal distribution of ventilation-perfusion ratios (VA/Q) was observed, with one mode in normal and another in “high” VA/Q regions.

Physiological dead space during high-frequency ventilation in dogs

1984 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 881-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Weinmann ◽  
W. Mitzner ◽  
S. Permutt
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Dead Space ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Alveolar Ventilation ◽  
High Frequency Ventilation ◽  
Physiological Dead Space ◽  
Frequency Ventilation ◽  
Normal Ventilation

Tidal volumes used in high-frequency ventilation (HFV) may be smaller than anatomic dead space, but since gas exchange does take place, physiological dead space (VD) must be smaller than tidal volume (VT). We quantified changes in VD in three dogs at constant alveolar ventilation using the Bohr equation as VT was varied from 3 to 15 ml/kg and frequency (f) from 0.2 to 8 Hz, ranges that include normal as well as HFV. We found that VD was relatively constant at tidal volumes associated with normal ventilation (7–15 ml/kg) but fell sharply as VT was reduced further to tidal volumes associated with HFV (less than 7 ml/kg). The frequency required to maintain constant alveolar ventilation increased slowly as tidal volume was decreased from 15 to 7 ml/kg but rose sharply with attendant rapid increases in minute ventilation as tidal volumes were decreased to less than 7 ml/kg. At tidal volumes less than 7 ml/kg, the data deviated substantially from the conventional alveolar ventilation equation [f(VT - VD) = constant] but fit well a model derived previously for HFV. This model predicts that gas exchange with volumes smaller than dead space should vary approximately as the product of f and VT2.

scholarly journals Nasal high flow reduces minute ventilation during sleep through a decrease of carbon dioxide rebreathing

2019 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 863-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximilian Pinkham ◽  
Russel Burgess ◽  
Toby Mündel ◽  
Stanislav Tatkov
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Dead Space ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Control Ventilation ◽  
High Flow ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Rebreathing ◽  
Anatomical Dead Space

Nasal high flow (NHF) is an emerging therapy for respiratory support, but knowledge of the mechanisms and applications is limited. It was previously observed that NHF reduces the tidal volume but does not affect the respiratory rate during sleep. The authors hypothesized that the decrease in tidal volume during NHF is due to a reduction in carbon dioxide (CO2) rebreathing from dead space. In nine healthy males, ventilation was measured during sleep using calibrated respiratory inductance plethysmography (RIP). Carbogen gas mixture was entrained into 30 l/min of NHF to obtain three levels of inspired CO2: 0.04% (room air), 1%, and 3%. NHF with room air reduced tidal volume by 81 ml, SD 25 ( P < 0.0001) from a baseline of 415 ml, SD 114, but did not change respiratory rate; tissue CO2 and O2 remained stable, indicating that gas exchange had been maintained. CO2 entrainment increased tidal volume close to baseline with 1% CO2 and greater than baseline with 3% CO2 by 155 ml, SD 79 ( P = 0.0004), without affecting the respiratory rate. It was calculated that 30 l/min of NHF reduced the rebreathing of CO2 from anatomical dead space by 45%, which is equivalent to the 20% reduction in tidal volume that was observed. The study proves that the reduction in tidal volume in response to NHF during sleep is due to the reduced rebreathing of CO2. Entrainment of CO2 into the NHF can be used to control ventilation during sleep. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The findings in healthy volunteers during sleep show that nasal high flow (NHF) with a rate of 30 l/min reduces the rebreathing of CO2 from anatomical dead space by 45%, resulting in a reduced minute ventilation, while gas exchange is maintained. Entrainment of CO2 into the NHF can be used to control ventilation during sleep.

Effects of beta-adrenergic blockade on ventilation and gas exchange during exercise in humans

1983 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 1306-1313 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Petersen ◽  
B. J. Whipp ◽  
J. A. Davis ◽  
D. J. Huntsman ◽  
H. V. Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Time Constant ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Work Rate ◽  
Beta Blockade ◽  
Adrenergic Blockade ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Beta Adrenergic ◽  
Co2 Partial Pressure

The effects of beta-adrenergic blockade induced by intravenous propranolol hydrochloride (0.2 mg/kg) on ventilatory and gas exchange responses to exercise were studied during tests in which the work rate was either increased progressively or maintained at a constant load in six healthy young male subjects. Heart rate during exercise decreased by about 20% and cardiac output, as estimated by a modification of the method of Kim et al. (J. Appl. Physiol. 21: 1338–1344, 1966), by about 15%. The relation between work rate and O2 uptake (VO2) was unaffected by propranolol, whereas maximal O2 uptake (VO2max) decreased by 5% and the anaerobic threshold, estimated noninvasively, was lowered by 23%. The relations between CO2 output (VCO2) and end-tidal CO2 partial pressure (PCO2) and between VCO2 and minute ventilation (VE) were both unaffected. The time constants for changes of VO2, VCO2, and VE during on-transients from unloaded pedaling to either a moderate (ca. 50% VO2max) or a heavy (ca. 67% VO2max) work rate in the control studies were in agreement with previously reported values, i.e., 42, 60, and 69 s, respectively. beta-Blockade was associated with a significantly increased time constant for VO2 of 61 s but with less consistent and insignificant changes for VCO2 and VE. There was a small but significant increase of the time constant for heart rate from 40 to 45 s. It is concluded that propranolol exerts its primary influence during exercise on the cardiovascular system without any discernible effect on ventilatory control.

scholarly journals PO-096 Correlation between Muscle oxygen and Cardiopulmonary of young cyclists at Ventilation threshold

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Ge ◽  
Bing-hong Gao
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Lower Extremities ◽  
Muscle Oxygen ◽  
Muscle Deoxygenation ◽  
The Relationship

Objective To investigate the relationship between Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-derived muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) and Cardiopulmonary indexes at the Ventilatory threshold (VT1 and VT2) during Cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) ofyoung cyclists. Methods 12 young cyclists performed a maximal incremental exercise test to exhaustion on a friction-braked cycle ergometer (Monark 839E, Sweden).Heart rate (Polar RS400, Finland) and respiratory gas exchange were measured during the Resting and exercise phases using a breath-by-breath system. SmO2 of active muscles during cycling was measured by NIRS monitors (Fortiori Design LLC, USA), and three of the monitors were placed on both vastus lateralis (VLL & VLR) and left gastrocnemius lateralis (GLL) of left leg. The resting value of the SmO2 of the GLL (SmO2-GLL), the left vastus lateralis (SmO2-VLL), and the right vastus lateralis (SmO2-VLR) was recorded as a baseline.  Then after VT1 and VT2 of each subject were measured by the V-slope method during a CPET, values of muscle oxygen corresponding to the three lower limb sites at two ventilation thresholds was recorded to reflect the muscle oxygenation level at the anaerobic threshold; And the change of muscle oxygen relative to the baseline was calculated to reflect the degree of muscle deoxygenation, which is termed as deoxygenation indexes(ΔSmO2-GLL, ΔSmO2-VLL, ΔSmO2-VLR); As well, Cardiopulmonary indexes including Heart rate (HR), Minute ventilation (VE), Relative oxygen uptake (VO2R), Carbon dioxide production (VCO2) and Respiratory exchange rate (RER) at the Ventilatory threshold were measured. All Results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Finally, Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between multi-site muscle oxygen saturation of lower extremities and Cardiopulmonary indexes (HR, VE, VO2R, VCO2, RER). The significance level was defined as p<0.05. Results Each subject performed their best to complete the aerobic capacity test. The average VO2peak of the 12 subjects was 42.77 ± 9.69 ml/kg/min (Male: 47.38 ± 9.41 ml/kg/min; Female: 36.31 ± 3.33 ml/kg/min). At rest, the calf and thigh SmO2 were 67.92%± 6.84% (SmO2-GLL), 61.42% ± 13.77% (SmO2-VLL), 64.83% ± 10.62% (SmO2-VLR)respectively; HR, VE, VO2, VO2R, VCO2 and RER were 112.08 ± 14.38, 25.96 ± 8.74 L / min 0.94 ± 0.32 L/min, 15.82 ± 4.30 ml/kg/min, 0.81 ± 0.24 L/min,0.88 ± 0.12 L/min, and 0.38 ± 0.07, respectively. Correlation analysis shows that when adolescent athletes reached the anaerobic threshold level, there was a significant correlation between muscle oxygen and cardiopulmonary: At the time of VT1, for Oxygenation index, SmO2 of GLL was highly negatively correlated with HR (r=-0.69,p<0.05), VE (r=-0.71, p<0.01), VO2R (r=-0.65, p<0.05), VCO2 (r=-0.66, p<0.05) and RER (r=-0.58, p<0.05); SmO2-VLL was also highly negatively correlated with VE (r=-0.70, p<0.05), VO2R (r=-0.70, p<0.05), VCO2 (r=-0.66, p<0.05); Additionally, there is also high inverse correlation between SmO2-VLR and HR (r=-0.66, p<0.05), VE (r=-0.70, p<0.05), VO2R (r=-0.66, p<0.05), VCO2 (r=-0.68, p<0.05), RER (r=-0.60, p<0.05). In terms of deoxygenation indexes, ΔSmO2-GLL was highly negatively correlated with VE (r=-0.61, p<0.05), VO2R  (r=-0.64, p<0.05) and VCO2 (r=-0.59, p<0.05); While, ΔSmO­2-VLL was highly negatively correlated with HR (r=-0.62, p<0.05), VE (r=-0.72, p<0.01),VO2R (r=-0.80, p<0.01) and VCO2(r=-0.84, p<0.01); ΔSmO2-VLR was correlated with HR (r=-0.75, p<0.01), VE (r=-0.62, p<0.05), VO2R (r=-0.58, p<0.05) and RER (r=-0.74, p<0.01), and it also shows highly negative correlation. When VT2 occurred, only SmO2 of the GLL in the oxygenation indexes was highly positively correlated with HR (r=0.65, p<0.05), there was no correlation between GLL-SmO2 and any other gas exchange indexes. In terms of muscle deoxygenation indexes, only ΔSmO2 in the thigh VLR was significantly negatively correlated with RER (r=-0.75, p<0.01). Conclusions Based on these results, there is a high correlation between NIRS-derived regional muscle oxygen saturation (Oxygenation and Deoxygenation indexes) of lower extremities and cardiopulmonary index (HR, VE, VO2R, VCO2, RER) during CPET of young cyclists at first Ventilatory threshold, however, it is still unclear whether there is a significant correlation between muscle oxygen saturation of lower extremities and other cardiopulmonary indexes when second Ventilatory threshold occurs except Heart rate or Minute ventilation.

scholarly journals Effects of wearing a cloth face mask on performance, physiological and perceptual responses during a graded treadmill running exercise test

2021 ◽  
pp. bjsports-2020-103758
Author(s):  
Simon Driver ◽  
Megan Reynolds ◽  
Katelyn Brown ◽  
Jakob L Vingren ◽  
David W Hill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Exercise Time

ObjectivesTo (1) determine if wearing a cloth face mask significantly affected exercise performance and associated physiological responses, and (2) describe perceptual measures of effort and participants’ experiences while wearing a face mask during a maximal treadmill test.MethodsRandomised controlled trial of healthy adults aged 18–29 years. Participants completed two (with and without a cloth face mask) maximal cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPETs) on a treadmill following the Bruce protocol. Blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, exertion and shortness of breath were measured. Descriptive data and physical activity history were collected pretrial; perceptions of wearing face masks and experiential data were gathered immediately following the masked trial.ResultsThe final sample included 31 adults (age=23.2±3.1 years; 14 women/17 men). Data indicated that wearing a cloth face mask led to a significant reduction in exercise time (−01:39±01:19 min/sec, p<0.001), maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) (−818±552 mL/min, p<0.001), minute ventilation (−45.2±20.3 L/min), maximal heart rate (−8.4±17.0 beats per minute, p<0.01) and increased dyspnoea (1.7±2.9, p<0.001). Our data also suggest that differences in SpO2 and rating of perceived exertion existed between the different stages of the CPET as participant’s exercise intensity increased. No significant differences were found between conditions after the 7-minute recovery period.ConclusionCloth face masks led to a 14% reduction in exercise time and 29% decrease in VO2max, attributed to perceived discomfort associated with mask-wearing. Compared with no mask, participants reported feeling increasingly short of breath and claustrophobic at higher exercise intensities while wearing a cloth face mask. Coaches, trainers and athletes should consider modifying the frequency, intensity, time and type of exercise when wearing a cloth face mask.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document