Trunk and main-branch development in Nothofagus pumilio (Nothofagaceae): a retrospective analysis of tree growth

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (7) ◽  
pp. 763-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Passo ◽  
J G Puntieri ◽  
D Barthélémy
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Nothofagus Pumilio ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Length Unit ◽  
Architectural Analysis ◽  
Architectural Features ◽  
Shoot Size ◽  
Number Of Leaves

The development of the trunk and main branches of approximately 26-year-old Nothofagus pumilio (Poepp. et Endl.) Krasser trees was studied. The length and number of leaves of annual shoots were recorded for 56 trees from a natural population. Morphological and macroanatomical features allowed the identification of shoot apex deaths and the axillary positions from which branches and relay shoots derived. The trees had a mean height of approximately 6 m and a mean basal diameter of approximately 8 cm. The length of trunk shoots increased from the first years to the intermediate years of tree growth and decreased for the last 6 years of tree growth. The maximum length and number of leaves of trunk shoots were registered for the years around 1985, when tree age was about 17 years. The likelihood of apex death for trunk shoots was minimum for the period of maximum trunk shoot size. Despite the fact that the architectural features of the sampled trees corresponded to those of young, vigorously growing trees, they seemed to have reached a stage of low annual height growth. A sharp decrease in trunk shoot size occurred in 1992, a year in which rainfall during the growing season reached the minimum for the lifetime of the sampled trees. The size of shoots developed after 1992 was, on average, lower than that of shoots developed before 1992. Stressful conditions in this year may relate to meristem ageing and thus to the size of shoots formed in the following years. Main branches started their development with shoots similar to those of the trunk but were clearly differentiated from the trunk 5 years later. The differentiation between main branch and trunk shoots involved not only a lower shoot size but also a higher number of leaves per shoot length unit in main branch than in trunk shoots.Key words: Nothofagus pumilio, architectural analysis, shoot, trunk development, branching pattern, morphogenetic gradient.

Agroforestry in Eastern Otago: results from two long-term experiments

2000 ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
G.G. Cossens ◽  
M.F. Hawke
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Clover Content ◽  
Pasture Yield

During the first 20 years of a Pinus radiata tree rotation, tree growth and pasture yield were assessed under a range of tree spacings at Invermay and Akatore, two coastal sites in Eastern Otago. Pasture yield in association with trees thinned to 100 stems per hectare (sph) was comparable to that from open pasture up to a tree age of 12 years. By the 19th year, however, pasture production declined to 63% of open pasture yield at Invermay and to 42% at Akatore. At 200 and 400 sph at Akatore, pasture yield was similar to that from open pasture at tree age 12 years but declined to 27% and 0% of open pasture yield respectively by year 20. At both Invermay and Akatore, the ryegrass and clover content of open pasture was relatively constant throughout the term of the trial. However, both the ryegrass and clover content of pasture beneath trees began to decline by tree age 12 years with a very rapid decline at Akatore in the number of pasture species at 200 sph by the 19th year. No pasture remained at 400 sph, after 19 years. Livestock carrying capacity with sheep on tree treatments at Invermay decreased from 100% of open pasture at year 6 to 60% by year 10. At Akatore, livestock carrying capacity averaged over the 20-year life of the trial was 4.1 stock units per hectare with a maximum of 8.1 stock units at a tree age of 8 years. Tree growth at both sites was similar, averaging between 1 and 1.1 m/year in height over 20 years, with trees at Invermay at 100 sph averaging 9% greater height and diameter growth than at Akatore. Increasing tree stocking from 100 to 200 to 400 sph at Akatore, resulted in increased tree height, but decreased diameter at breast height. A comparison of the East Otago trees with those in a similar trial at Tikitere (Rotorua) 900 km further north indicated that the southern trees were about 6 years later in their growth pattern by tree age 20 years. On both sites, soil pH tended to be lower in the presence of trees and was significantly lower than in open pasture by year 20. The results and comparisons with the Tikitere data suggest that, in an integrated agroforestry regime, there will be livestock grazing under the trees further into the tree rotation in Otago than in North Island sites. However, slower tree growth would result in a longer rotation time to harvest. Current recommendations to farmers are to plant trees on the less productive areas of the farm and adopt a tree stocking rate which fully utilises the site. Keywords: agroforestry, livestock, pasture, Pinus radiata, soil pH, tree stocking

Tree growth as affected by stem and crown structure

Trees ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Pretzsch
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Scaling Theory ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Projection Area ◽  
Metabolic Scaling ◽  
Crown Structure ◽  
The Future ◽  
Metabolic Scaling Theory ◽  
Crown Characteristics

Abstract Key message Prediction of tree growth based on size or mass as proposed by the Metabolic Scaling Theory is an over-simplification and can be significantly improved by consideration of stem and crown morphology. Tree growth and metabolic scaling theory, as well as corresponding growth equations, use tree volume or mass as predictors for growth. However, this may be an over-simplification, as the future growth of a tree may, in addition to volume or mass, also depend on its past development and aspects of the current inner structure and outer morphology. The objective of this evaluation was to analyse the effect of selected structural and morphological tree characteristics on the growth of common tree species in Europe. Here, we used eight long-term experiments with a total of 24 plots and extensive individual measurements of 1596 trees in monospecific stands of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.). Some of the experiments have been systematically surveyed since 1870. The selected plots represent a broad range of stand density, from fully to thinly stocked stands. We applied linear mixed models with random effects for analysing and modelling how tree growth and productivity are affected by stem and crown structure. We used the species-overarching relationship $$\mathrm{iv}={{a}_{0}\times v}$$ iv = a 0 × v between stem volume growth, $$\mathrm{iv}$$ iv and stem volume, $$v,$$ v , as the baseline model. In this model $${a}_{0}$$ a 0 represents the allometric factor and α the allometric exponent. Then we included tree age, mean stem volume of the stand and structural and morphological tree variables in the model. This significantly reduced the AIC; RMSE was reduced by up to 43%. Interestingly, the full model estimating $$\mathrm{iv}$$ iv as a function of $$v$$ v and mean tree volume, crown projection area, crown ratio and mean tree ring width, revealed a $$\alpha \cong 3/4$$ α ≅ 3 / 4 scaling for the relationship between $$\mathrm{iv}\propto {v}^{\alpha }$$ iv ∝ v α . This scaling corresponded with Kleiber’s rule and the West-Brown-Enquist model of the metabolic scaling theory. Simplified approaches based on stem diameter or tree mass as predictors may be useful for a rough estimation of stem growth in uniform stands and in cases where more detailed predictors are not available. However, they neglect other stem and crown characteristics that can have a strong additional effect on the growth behaviour. This becomes of considerable importance in the heterogeneous mixed-species stands that in many countries of the world are designed for forest restoration. Heterogeneous stand structures increase the structural variability of the individual trees and thereby cause a stronger variation of growth compared with monocultures. Stem and crown characteristics, which may improve the analysis and projection of tree and stand dynamics in the future forest, are becoming more easily accessible by Terrestrial laser scanning.

Growth trends and stand dynamics in natural loblolly pine in the southeastern United States

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 660-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul C. Van Deusen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Stand Dynamics ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Growth Trends ◽  
Individual Tree Growth

A number of recent studies have shown reduced stand-level and individual-tree growth in natural loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) stands in the southeastern United States. This study uses increment cores from dominant and codominant trees to determine if individual-tree growth has changed from 1915 to 1985. The cores are grouped for comparison by first sorting on the basis of median stand age and then further sorting these groups of cores by individual-tree age. These trees experienced increasing basal area increments from the mid-1940s into the mid-1970s, after which growth rates returned to preincrease levels. These data support recent findings of growth reductions, but also indicate previously unreported growth increases preceding the growth decreases. These and supplemental permanent plot data suggest that stand dynamics is a viable hypothesis for explaining these growth trends.

scholarly journals Morphological and architectural features of young Nothofagus pumilio (Poepp. & Endl.) Krasser (Fagaceae)

1999 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. PUNTIERI ◽  
E. RAFFAELE ◽  
P. MARTINEZ ◽  
D. BARTHÉLÉMY ◽  
C. BRION
Keyword(s):  
Nothofagus Pumilio ◽  
Architectural Features

Residual-tree growth responses to partial stand harvest in the black spruce (Picea mariana) boreal forestThis article is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Forum IUFRO 1.05 Uneven-Aged Silvicultural Research Group Conference on Natural Disturbance-Based Silviculture: Managing for Complexity.

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 1563-1571 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Thorpe ◽  
S. C. Thomas ◽  
J. P. Caspersen
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Partial Harvest ◽  
Partial Harvesting

Variants of partial harvesting are gaining favour as means to balance ecosystem management and timber production objectives on managed boreal forest landscapes. Understanding how residual trees respond to these alternative silvicultural treatments is a critical step towards evaluating their potential from either a conservation or a wood supply perspective. We used dendroecological techniques combined with a chronosequence approach to quantify the temporal radial growth response pattern of residual black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) trees to partial harvest in northeastern Ontario. At its peak, 8–9 years after harvest, radial growth of residual trees had doubled. The growth pattern was characterized by a 2-year phase of no response, a subsequent period of increase 3–9 years after harvest, and a stage of declining rates 10–12 years after harvest. The magnitude of tree growth response depended strongly on tree age: peak postharvest growth was substantially higher for young trees, while old trees displayed only modest growth increases. Both the large magnitude and the time delay in postharvest growth responses have important implications for the development of more accurate quantitative tools to project future yields and, more generally, for determining whether partial harvesting is a viable management option for the boreal forest.

scholarly journals Humic substance and substrate based on babassu decomposed stem in the production of sunflower seedlings

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. e456986098
Author(s):  
Carlos Alberto Araújo Costa ◽  
Raissa Rachel Salustriano da Silva-Matos ◽  
Gênesis Alves de Azevedo ◽  
Thaynara Coelho de Moraes ◽  
Ramón Yuri Ferreira Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Humic Substances ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Humic Substance ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Volume ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Alternative Substrates ◽  
New Crops ◽  
Number Of Leaves

Our objective was to investigate the influence of alternative substrates based on stem decomposed by babassu and humic substances in the production of sunflower seedlings. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme (substrate x humic substances). Twelve treatments were studied, T1 (100% babassu stem decomposed (BDS) + 0 ml L-1 HS), T2 (100% BDS + 12.5 ml L-1 HS), T3 (100% BDS + 25 ml L-1 HS), T4 (100% DBS + 50 ml L-1 HS), T5 (50% DBS + 50% LAd + 0 ml L-1 HS), T6 (50% DBS + 50% LAd + 12, 5 ml L-1 HS), T7 (50% DBS + 50% LAd + 25 ml L-1 HS), T8 (50% DBS + 50% LAd + 50 ml L-1 HS), T9 (100% LAd + 0 ml L-1 HS), T10 (100% LAd + 12.5 ml L-1 HS), T11 (100% LAd + 25 ml L-1 HS) and T12 (100% LAd + 50 ml L-1 HS). Each treatment was performed in four replications with one seedling per plot, totaling 48 plots. The DBSxHS interaction provided increases in root length, root volume, basal diameter, number of leaves, plant height and parameters related to inflorescence. The substrate with 100% decomposed babassu stem, together with the dose of 12.5% humic substance, is the best option for producing 'IAC Uruguay' sunflower seedlings. Further research on the use of DBS and HS is needed to address the use and purpose in producing new crops.

Rootstocks affect pear (Pyrus communis) tree growth through extent of node neoformation and flowering with key differences to apple

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy E. Watson ◽  
Alla N. Seleznyova ◽  
Geegana A. Dayatilake ◽  
D. Stuart Tustin
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Pyrus Communis ◽  
Early Assessment ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Architectural Analysis ◽  
Pyrus Calleryana ◽  
The Third ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
Pyrus Communis L ◽  
Primary Axis

Improved knowledge of rootstock effects on pear (Pyrus communis L.) tree development is required before early assessment of rootstock breeding populations can be improved. Two cultivars, ‘Doyenné du Comice’ and ‘Concorde’, were grafted on Pyrus calleryana Decne. (vigorous), Quince BA29 (semi-vigorous) and Quince C (semi-dwarfing) rootstocks. Growth of the compound trees was studied over 2 years after grafting and flowering was recorded in the spring of the third year. Using architectural analysis, annual shoot types common to all treatments and closely connected to the patterns of extension of preformed and neoformed metamers were identified and the differences among rootstock vigour treatments were quantified by proportions of these shoot types. Rootstock affected node neoformation, which was highest in the treatment with P. calleryana. The extent of sylleptic branching varied among the treatments, whereas the budbreak along the primary-axis in the second year of growth was unaffected, hence, the number of proleptic secondary axes was largely determined the primary-axis node number developed in year one. Spring flowering first occurred in the third year of tree growth and its intensity was influenced by rootstock. Quince C, the least vigorous rootstock, produced the highest number of floral buds. Flowering was delayed in young pear trees compared with apple, as shown in previous studies, so we conclude flowering does not play such a pivotal role in secondary axes development and early tree dwarfing by rootstock as has been observed in apple.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document