THE SOURCE OF RESISTANCE AND THE INHERITANCE OF REACTION TO 12 PHYSIOLOGIC RACES OF STEM RUST, PUCCINIA GRAMINIS AVENAE (ERIKSS. AND HENN.)

1951 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Welsh ◽  
T. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Probable Explanation ◽  
Main Gene ◽  
Physiologic Races

Resistance to 12 races of oat stem rust was unexpectedly obtained from three crosses, Hajira–Jostrain, Hajira–Richland, and Hajira–Banner, between the years 1932 and 1940. Recent investigations have shown that the Hajira parent was the source of this resistance, as 10% of plants selected from this variety were found to be highly resistant. Inheritance studies have shown that, in some crosses involving this source of resistance, two main genes are involved and in others only a single main gene. A probable explanation is that the highly resistant plants in Hajira may have differed genetically. The studies also reveal that the Hajira type of resistance to race 8, either in the seedling or adult stage, is indicative of resistance to the 12 races that occur in Canada and the United States.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Distribution of Common Barberry, the Alternate Host of Puccinia graminis, in Minnesota

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Peterson ◽  
K. J. Leonard ◽  
J. D. Miller ◽  
R. J. Laudon ◽  
T. B. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
The United States ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Alternate Host ◽  
Wheat Stem Rust ◽  
State Program ◽  
Cereal Production ◽  
Active Class

A federal and state program operated from 1918 until the 1980s to eradicate common barberry (Berberis vulgaris), the alternate host of Puccinia graminis, from the major areas of cereal production in the United States. Over 500 million bushes were destroyed nationally during the program, approximately 1 million in Minnesota. Some sites in Minnesota where barberry bushes were destroyed remained in the “active” class when eradication was phased out in the 1980s. Active sites were defined as those on which there was still a possibility of emergence of barberry seedlings or sprouts arising from the parent bush. In the present study, from 1998 to 2002, 72 of the approximately 1,200 active sites in Minnesota were surveyed. Areas within 90 m of mapped locations of previously destroyed bushes were searched carefully at each site. Reemerged barberry plants were found on 32 sites. The reproductive status and GPS coordinates were recorded for each reemerged bush. More than 90% of the barberry bushes were found in counties with less than 400 ha of wheat per county, mostly in southeastern Minnesota, but one bush was found in a major wheat-producing county in northwestern Minnesota. Reemergence of barberry may serve as a source of new wheat stem rust races in future epidemics.

scholarly journals Races of Puccinia graminis in the United States During 1997 and 1998

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 568-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. V. McVey ◽  
D. L. Long ◽  
J. J. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
The United States ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Wheat Stem Rust ◽  
The West ◽  
East Central ◽  
Central Texas ◽  
Wheat Lines

Wheat stem rust caused negligible yield losses in 1997 and 1998. Overwintering sites were found in central and east-central Louisiana in 1997, and in northwestern Florida, northeastern Louisiana, and central Texas in 1998. Race Pgt-TPMK predominated in 1997 with 69% of 100 isolates with race RCRS next at 11%. In 1998, race RCRS predominated with 55% of 132 isolates, and TPMK occurred at 10%. Race QFCS occurred at 8% in 1997 and 31% in 1998. Races QCCS and QTHJ were found in 1997, and races QFBS, RKMQ, RKQQ, and RCMS were found in 1998. Race QCCJ, virulent to barley with the Rpg1 gene for stem rust resistance, was not found from wheat in 1997 or 1998. No virulence was found to wheat lines with Sr 13, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 37, Gt, or Wld-1. Oat stem rust was found earlier in 1997 than 1998, but was more widespread in 1998. Race NA27, virulent to Pg-1, -2, -3, -4, and -8, was the predominant race in the United States in 1997 (79% of 116 isolates) and again in 1998 (79% of 116 isolates). NA16, virulent to Pg-1, -3, and -8, was found in the south (1997 and 1998), and NA5, virulent to Pg-2 and -15, and NA10, virulent to Pg-2, -3, and -15, were found in the west (1997).

scholarly journals Physiologic races of Puccinia graminis in the United States in 1954 /

1955 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. Stakman ◽  
E. B. Hayden ◽  
Bill J. Roberts ◽  
Donald M. Stewart ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Physiologic Races

scholarly journals Comparison of Virulence and Isozyme Phenotypes of Pgt-QCCJ and Great Plains Races of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici

1997 ◽  
Vol 87 (9) ◽  
pp. 910-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Roelfs ◽  
B. McCallum ◽  
D. V. McVey ◽  
J. V. Groth
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Sexual Recombination ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars

Stem rust race Pgt-QCCJ was first found in the Great Plains of the United States in 1989, collected primarily from barley. This race became a major part of the Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici population, even though it is virulent to only a few hard red winter wheat cultivars in the central Great Plains and to barley in the northern Great Plains. It threatens barley production in the northern Great Plains of the United States and Canada due to virulence to Rpg-1. Six differences in virulence and two in isozyme banding patterns from the most similar stem rust races make it unlikely that QCCJ arose as a mutant. Thus, QCCJ likely arose through sexual or parasexual recombination. Sexual recombination in the Great Plains is unlikely, as it has not been detected in many years. Avirulence to ‘McNair 70l’ is only known from the Pacific Northwest of the United States and adjacent Canada. The rust population in this area is of sexual origin, and the pattern of virulence/avirulence and isozyme banding for QCCJ occurs there. Pgt-QCCJ likely originated in the Pacific Northwest during or before 1989 and was wind-transported into the Great Plains.

scholarly journals Races of Puccinia graminis Identified in the United States During 2003

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (10) ◽  
pp. 1125-1127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Jin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Rust Resistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Stem Rust Resistance ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Wheat Stem Rust ◽  
Stem Rust Resistance Genes ◽  
Rust Resistance Genes

Stem rust of small grain cereals, caused by Puccinia graminis, is a major disease of wheat, barley, and oat. In order to effectively utilize stem rust resistance in the improvement of small grain cereals, it is necessary to monitor the virulence composition and dynamics in the stem rust population. Races of P. graminis from barberry, wheat, barley, and oat were surveyed across the United States during 2003. Aecial infections on barberry were primarily due to P. graminis f. sp. secalis, as inoculations using aeciospores failed to produce infection on wheat and oat. Race QFCS of P. graminis f. sp. tritici was the most common race identified from wheat and barley. Race QFCS has virulence on stem rust resistance genes Sr5, 8a, 9a, 9d, 9g, 10, 17, and 21 that are used for race identification. Race TTTT was identified in 2003. This race possesses virulence to all 16 stem rust resistance genes present in the wheat stem rust differentials and should be targeted in breeding for stem rust resistance. Race QFCN appeared to be a new race in the U.S. stem rust population. Races QCCJ and MCCF were identified, but at low frequencies. Seven races of P. graminis f. sp. avenae were identified from oat, and races NA-27, NA-29, and NA-67 were the predominant races. Race NA-76 was identified for the first time in the United States.

scholarly journals Races of Puccinia graminis in the United States During 1996

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (9) ◽  
pp. 871-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. V. McVey ◽  
D. L. Long ◽  
J. J. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
The United States ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Wheat Stem Rust ◽  
Soft Red Winter Wheat ◽  
Central Texas ◽  
Wheat Lines ◽  
Red Winter Wheat

Stem rust caused negligible yield losses in 1996 in the United States. Wheat stem rust was first found during the second week of April in a field of soft red winter wheat southwest of Houston, Texas. Race Pgt-TPMK continues to predominate, with 66% of 273 isolates from 100 collections. TPMK represented 76 and 63% of the isolates from wheat in fields and nurseries, respectively. Race QFCS was identified at a frequency of 12 and 29% from farm fields and nurseries, respectively, and 26% overall. Eight other races consisted of 3% or less of the isolates. From barley, race QCCJ, virulent to the Rpg-1 gene for resistance to stem rust, was identified in only 12% of 77 isolates of 27 collections, while TPMK consisted of 64% of the isolates. No virulence was found to wheat lines with genes Sr9b, 13, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 37, Gt, or Wld-1. Oat stem rust was first found in late April in southern Louisiana and central Texas. Race NA-27, virulent to Pg-1, -2, -3, -4, and -8, was again the predominant race in the United States, comprising 91% of 93 isolates from 36 collections. NA-5 and NA-16 were the other two races identified, comprising 4% each.

scholarly journals Incidence and Distribution of Puccinia coronata and P. graminis on Turfgrass in the Midwestern United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (5) ◽  
pp. 955-963
Author(s):  
Brijesh B. Karakkat ◽  
Vonte L. Jackson ◽  
Paul L. Koch
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
The United States ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Crown Rust ◽  
Puccinia Coronata ◽  
Midwestern United States ◽  
Fungal Populations ◽  
Relationship Of

Crown rust (caused by Puccinia coronata) and stem rust (caused by P. graminis) are two common and destructive diseases of turfgrass in the United States. Crown rust has been associated with perennial ryegrass and stem rust with Kentucky bluegrass when identified based solely on fungal morphology. However, recent studies using molecular identification methods have indicated the host–pathogen relationship of rusts on turf to be more complex. Our primary objective was to quickly and accurately identify P. coronata and P. graminis in symptomatic turfgrass leaves over 3 years on turfgrass samples from across the Midwestern United States. Between 2013 and 2015, 413 samples of symptomatic cool-season turfgrass from Wisconsin and surrounding states were screened using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Of these samples, 396 were Kentucky bluegrass and 17% of them contained P. coronata, 69% contained P. graminis, and 13% contained both P. coronata and P. graminis. In addition, both year and location effects were observed on the distribution of Puccinia spp. collected annually from two locations in southern Wisconsin. This research supports previous conclusions that have identified variability among P. graminis and P. coronata host relationships on turfgrass, and further demonstrates that rust fungal populations on Kentucky bluegrass may not be consistent between locations in the same year or over multiple years at the same location. The increasing evidence of variation in the turfgrass rust populations will likely affect future rust management and turfgrass breeding efforts.

A cross-national comparison of the relative influence of male and female age on the frequency of marital intercourse

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Richard Udry ◽  
Fred R. Deven ◽  
Samuel J. Coleman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Relative Influence ◽  
Female Age ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Probable Explanation ◽  
National Comparison ◽  
Most Probable Explanation ◽  
Androgen Levels ◽  
Cross National

SummaryParallel analyses of recent data from the United States, Thailand, Belgium, and Japan all confirm the finding that female age and not male age is the more important contributor to the decline in frequency of marital intercourse during the childbearing ages. The most probable explanation is the decline in female (but not male) androgen levels during the age span examined.

PHYSIOLOGIC SPECIALIZATION OF OAT STEM RUST IN CANADA

1944 ◽  
Vol 22c (5) ◽  
pp. 201-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Newton ◽  
T. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Stem Rust ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Characteristic Type ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Physiologic Specialization ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Physiologic Races

An account is given of the results of studies on the physiologic specialization of Puccinia graminis Avenae Erikss. and Henn. in Canada since the inception of the work. Twelve physiologic races were identified from 2586 isolates studied during the period 1921 to 1943. The annual surveys of the prevalence of physiologic races during this period show that each year races 1, 2, and 5 have comprised the bulk of the oat stem rust in all parts of Canada. The predominance of these races has been greatest in the three Prairie Provinces, where barberry is virtually non-existent. In regions where barberry is present, other races of greater range of pathogenicity have been found more frequently than in these three provinces. The occurrence of such races, however, was sporadic until 1943, in which year races 8, 10, and 11 attained a wide distribution, apparently traceable to wind-borne urediospores from the south. There is evidence that the strains of these races present in 1943 remain in the uredial stage for much longer periods than do strains of the same races collected in previous years—a fact that may have favoured their spread in this year.The role of barberry in the origination of generally virulent physiologic races is discussed. The possibility that such races may also originate by mutation is suggested by spontaneous pathogenic changes that occurred, in the greenhouse, in a culture of race 3 that gave rise to several cultures of race 7.The effect of environment on the identification of physiologic races is demonstrated by the seasonal influences on the reaction of the variety Sevnothree to races 1 and 11. On this variety the characteristic type 1 is frequently replaced, in summer, by type x.Experiments on the influence of temperature on the reaction of adult oat plants to stem rust showed that a constant temperature of about 80° F. does not appreciably affect the reaction of White Tartar and Richland, or of other varieties with the same type of resistance, but is capable of breaking down the resistance of certain varieties derived from the crosses Hajira × Joanette, Hajira × Banner, and Victoria × (Hajira × Banner).

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