THE APPLICATION OF A NUTRITIONAL GROUPING METHOD TO SOIL FUNGI

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Atkinson ◽  
J. B. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Soil Extract ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Soil Extracts

In tests with seven different liquid media in which the common nitrogen source was potassium nitrate and the carbohydrate substrate was glucose, at a concentration of only 0.1%, most of the 1914 soil fungi isolated fell into one of three nutritional groups requiring, respectively, for maximum growth amino acids, amino acids plus growth factors, or yeast extract. Relatively few isolates required growth factors alone or a combination of yeast and soil extracts. Most of the isolates grew poorly in the basal medium containing only mineral salts, and glucose, with or without soil extract. Although fungi requiring yeast extract were much less frequently isolated from soil on, rather than remote from, tubers grown in a soybean green-manured plot, isolates requiring amino acids, or yeast plus soil extracts, were correspondingly increased on immature and mature tubers, respectively. In a second plot, however, not specially treated, no differences were observed in the nutritional spectra of fungi isolated from the two kinds of soil environment.

DECOMPOSITION OF CHLORO-SUBSTITUTED ALIPHATIC ACIDS BY SOIL BACTERIA

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Soil Bacteria ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Soil Extract ◽  
Taxonomic Position ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Selective Media ◽  
Aliphatic Acids

Three groups of bacteria capable of decomposing chloro-substituted aliphatic acids were isolated from soil by means of selective media. A group of Pseudomonas-like bacteria (A) decomposed monochloroacetate (and monobromoacetate) readily in media with yeast extract, peptone, or amino acids. They also decomposed α-monochloropropionate with moderate vigor, but had little effect on dichloro-acetate and -propionate, and none on trichloroacetate. A non-sporeforming bacterium of uncertain taxonomic position (B) was able to decompose trichloroacetate in media containing soil extract or vitamin B12, and also in basal medium when associated with vitamin B12-producing strains of Streptomyces. Dichloroacetate was only slightly attacked, and monochloroacetate and α-dichloropropionate not at all. A group of bacteria (C) apparently belonging to Agrobacterium decomposed α-dichloropropionate and dichloroacetate, but was less active towards α-monochloropropionate, and did not attack mono- and tri-chloroacetate. The organisms of groups B and C grew only feebly in ordinary media. The decomposition of monochloroacetate, trichloroacetate, and α-dichloropropionate in soil was accelerated by addition of cell suspensions of groups A, B, and C, respectively. The organisms seemed to be more active in the soil than in vitro.

Nutritional Factors Affecting Growth and Production of Antimicrobial Substances by Streptococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis S1-67/C

1983 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 514-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. S. REDDY ◽  
B. RANGANATHAN
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Maximum Production ◽  
Antimicrobial Substances ◽  
Streptococcus Lactis

The present study pertains to the effect of nutritional factors on the growth and production of antimicrobial substances (AS) by Streptococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis S1-67/C. Among nine media tested, yeast extract dextrose broth supported good growth and maximum production of AS. Addition of beef extract and yeast extract at 1.0 and 0.6% levels, respectively, increased growth as well as production of AS. Of ten carbohydrates examined, maximum production of AS was achieved with 1% glucose followed by fructose, 4% molasses, lactose, sucrose, galactose, mannitol, maltose and 2% molasses. Xylose inhibited production of AS, although it stimulated growth of the organism. Peptone, tryptone and tryptose (each at the 1.5% level) significantly stimulated production of AS. Other nitrogen sources, including soytone, casein hydrolysate and proteose peptone, retarded production of inhibitory substances. Among the amino acids, L-leucine, DL-methionine and L-glutamic acid were most essential for growth and production of AS, whereas L-lysine, L-proline, DL-serine, DL-asparatic acid, L-arginine-HCl and DL-tryptophan were stimulatory. Other amino acids such as DL-ornithine, L-cysteine-HCl and DL-citrulline slightly stimulated AS production. In the presence of cynocobalmin, niacin, folic acid, calcium pantothenate and riboflavin, S. lactis subsp. diacetylactis S1-67/C produced maximum amounts of inhibitory substances. Omission of individual mineral salts from the basal medium did not affect production of AS by the organism.

STUDIES ON THE RHIZOSPHERE MICROFLORA OF CITRUS TREES: II. QUALITATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF THE BACTERIAL FLORA

1962 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Rangaswami ◽  
V. N. Vasantharajan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Soil Extract ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Rhizosphere Microflora ◽  
Nitrate Reducers ◽  
Significant Difference

Studies were made on the relative incidence of various morphological, physiological, and nutritional groups of bacteria in the rhizosphere regions of growing and non-growing roots of three species of Citrus as compared to those in the soil. Gram-negative non-sporing rods were more abundant in the rhizospheres of both growing and non-growing roots than in the soil, whereas Gram-positive rods, cocci, and sporeformers were more numerous in the soil than in the rhizospheres. Nitrate reducers, gelatin liquefiers, starch hydrolyzers, and methylene blue reducers occurred in greater numbers in the rhizospheres than in soil. Growing roots seemed to stimulate preferentially nitrate reducers and gelatin liquefiers, whereas cellulose decomposers and pectin reducers were in higher proportions in non-growing roots than in the growing roots as well as in soil. There was no significant difference between populations of azotobacter occurring in the rhizospheres and soil, but sulphur-oxidizing bacteria were absent in the rhizospheres of both growing and non-growing roots. Bacteria that require amino acids for growth were more abundant in the rhizosphere of growing than non-growing roots, whereas those requiring growth factors in yeast extract and soil extract were less abundant in the growing roots than in soil. The numbers associated with non-growing roots appeared to be intermediate between the growing roots and soil.

Sulphur requirements for growth of Acetivibrio cellulolyticus

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 772-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. Patel ◽  
C. Breuil ◽  
B. J. Agnew
Keyword(s):  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Defined Media ◽  
Sulphide Concentration ◽  
Inorganic Sulphate ◽  
Conventional Medium

The sulphur requirement for growth of Acetivibrio cellulolyticus was determined using a mineral salts basal medium reduced with titanium(III) citrate and supplemented with 1% (w/v) cellobiose and 0.05% (w/v) yeast extract. Inorganic sulphide (Na2S∙9H2O) in the range of 0.7–1.0 mM was found to support maximum growth whereas 8.0 mM sulphide caused complete inhibition. Of the other sulphur-containing compounds tested (cystine, sodium thioglycollate, methionine, glutathione, homocystine, S-methyl-L-cysteine, inorganic sulphate) cysteine-HCl at 10–15 mM concentration was the only one which supported maximum growth that was at least 80% of that obtained in the optimum sulphide medium. A modified medium incorporating the optimum inorganic sulphide concentration supported maximum growth that was about twice that obtained in a conventional medium reduced with cysteine-Na2S. The possible reasons for the inhibition of growth in defined media containing Na2S as the sole reducing agent and the sulphur source are discussed.

INHIBITION OF GROWTH OF PSEUDOMONAS DENITRIFICANS BY AMINO ACIDS

1966 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1095-1098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Horace J. Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Complete Medium ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Culture Studies ◽  
Pseudomonas Denitrificans ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Amino Acid Mixtures

A large number of amino acids failed to support growth of Pseudomonas denitrificans in a basal medium composed of glucose, ammonium phosphate, and other mineral salts. Inability of an amino acid to support growth correlated well with its inhibitory action in a complete medium made up by adding L-glutamic acid to the basal medium. D-Amino acids were more toxic than the corresponding L-forms, and neutral amino acids were more toxic than acidic amino acids. Basic amino acids which were least toxic supported the best growth. The danger of the indiscriminate use of amino acid mixtures for culture studies is discussed.

QUALITATIVE STUDIES OF SOIL MICROORGANISMS: XI. FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE NUTRITIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 438-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. L. Stevenson ◽  
J. W. Rouatt
Keyword(s):  
Soil Bacteria ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Slight Modification ◽  
Original System ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Soil Extract ◽  
Original Method ◽  
Casamino Acids

A review of the method developed in this laboratory in 1943 for the nutritional classification of soil bacteria has suggested slight amendments in certain differential media: (1) the substitution of vitamin-free casamino acids for a combination of amino acids, and (2) the addition of vitamin B12 to the growth factor media. In a comparative study with a newly proposed scheme of classification, the more selective plating medium advocated was found to be less suitable for the isolation of soil bacteria than the nonselective soil extract agar in the original method. Furthermore, the replacement of potassium nitrate with diammonium phosphate as source of inorganic nitrogen in the basal medium failed to cause any significant change in the nutritional grouping. Results from the nutritional classification of some 600 isolates by the two methods showed that the new procedure represents only a slight modification of the original system.

SOME MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A SOIL BACTERIUM WHICH DECOMPOSES 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 821-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Cell Multiplication ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Phenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Resting Cells ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

A new Achromobacter species which decomposed 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), apparently to small molecules, was isolated from a soil treated with successive closes of the herbicide. The organism grew poorly or not at all on common laboratory media in the presence or absence of 2,4-D. Investigation of its carbon, nitrogen, mineral, and vitamin requirements in agar containing 2,4-D showed that the best growth stimulants were the dicarboxylic acids of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, bicarbonate, formate, urea, and L-histidine. Calcium or magnesium and probably iron were required for maximum growth. Some aryloxy acids, phenolic compounds, and an ester were tested for their ability to replace 2,4-D as growth substrate or to inhibit growth in the presence of 2, 4-D, and it was found that the ethyl ester of 2,4-D and chlorophenolic substances were most toxic. Only 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) and less readily, 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, phenoxyacetic acid, and resorcinol could substitute for 2,4-D. Good cell multiplication and herbicide decomposition were obtained in an aerated mineral salts medium containing 2,4-D, yeast extract, and 0.005 ML-malic acid. Maximum growth (ca. 109cells/ml.) occurred in 4 to 5 days and 2,4-D decomposition was essentially complete in 6 to 7 days. Resting cells were able to oxidize 2,4-D, MCPA, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and to release 94% of the 2,4-D chlorine as chloride. High concentrations of yeast extract caused growing cells to accumulate 2,4-DCP.

STUDIES WITH BACILLUS POLYMYXA: IV NITROGEN REQUIREMENTS IN RELATION TO 2,3-BUTANEDIOL PRODUCTION FROM STARCH

1946 ◽  
Vol 24c (4) ◽  
pp. 99-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Katznelson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Bacillus Polymyxa ◽  
Different Strains

Yeast extract, casein hydrolysate, and a mixture of 13 to 20 ammo acids were found to be superior to simpler substances such as ammonium sulphate, urea, potassium nitrate, or asparagine as sources of nitrogen for Bacillus polymyxa in relation to production of 2,3-butanediol from starch The complex sources of nitrogen were more or less interchangeable for most, but not all strains of this organism with regard to effectiveness for diol production, but the addition of yeast extract to either casein hydrolysate or amino acids resulted in a slightly higher yield of diol and an increase in the diol/ethanol ratio from 2 to 2.6 or higher.The requirements of different strains for specific ammo acids varied somewhat, but the need for isoleucine and asparagine was common to the tour strains studied. A fairly good fermentation was obtained with the most efficient of these strains in a medium containing isoleucine, tyrosine, glycine, methionine, and asparagine after three days' incubation. The fermentation went to completion after five days with certain concentrations of these five acids an effect that was achieved in three days by the addition to these of eight other acids but not by the addition of ammonium sulphate. Suppression of diol production by omission of certain of these amino acids was marked at three days but was largely overcome at five. Cystine (in concentrations above: 0.0125%; was inhibitory to the four strains studied and phenylalanine (0.02%) to one, after three but not after five days.

MEDIUM SUPPLEMENTATION WITHL- ANDD-AMINO ACIDS RELATIVE TO GROWTH AND EFFICIENCY OF RHIZOBIUM MELILOTI

1966 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. Strijdom ◽  
O. N. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Rhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Nitrogen Fixing ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Acid Media ◽  
Maximum Loss ◽  
Serial Cultivation ◽  
Medium Supplementation

Five strains of Rhizobium meliloti serially cultivated on a basal yeast water mannitol mineral salts medium supplemented with increments of nine amino acids, respectively, produced ellipsoidal, bacteroidal, and elongated cell forms. Colonies produced on media containing D-amino acids and glycine were smaller and less opalescent than were those on the basal medium. Growth of two strains on media supplemented with the L-isomers of alanine, histidine, and phenylalanine, respectively, exceeded that in media to which the D-isomers of these amino acids were added. Growth was negative or sparse in the basal medium supplemented with 0.075% L-cysteine. Serial cultivation in media containing increments of D-cysteine, D-alanine, D-phenylalanine, and glycine produced the maximum loss in nitrogen-fixing ability; L-alanine and L-histidine were the least deleterious. Four strains became ineffective after serial cultivation on at least two of the nine amino acid media. The infective and nitrogen-fixing properties of an ineffective strain were unchanged after cultivation in amino acid supplemented media.

scholarly journals Effect of soil extracts concentration on specific growth rate and lipid content of chlorella vulgaris in bolds basal medium

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ani Idris ◽  
M. Atta ◽  
A. Bukhari
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Specific Growth Rate ◽  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Mass Culture ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soil Extract ◽  
Soil Extracts ◽  
Key Factor

Effective nutrient medium is the key factor that significantly influences the specific growth rate and the final concentration of microalgae. The main objective of this study was to optimize the microalgal growth in mass culture system under the effect of soil extract in modified Bolds Basal medium. Chlorella vulgaris was grown aseptically for 10 days at five different concentrations of soil extract (10, 20, 30, 40, 50ml/L) at 25°C cultivation temperature. After 10 days of cultivation, Chlorella vulgaris showed maximum cell concentration of 5x107/ml at 30ml/L of soil extract concentration which corresponds to the maximum specific growth rate 1.56μd-1 with the doubling rate of 2.25d-1   andlipid yield of 22.74 % of dry weight.________________________________________GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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