STUDIES WITH BACILLUS POLYMYXA: IV NITROGEN REQUIREMENTS IN RELATION TO 2,3-BUTANEDIOL PRODUCTION FROM STARCH

1946 ◽  
Vol 24c (4) ◽  
pp. 99-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Katznelson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Bacillus Polymyxa ◽  
Different Strains

Yeast extract, casein hydrolysate, and a mixture of 13 to 20 ammo acids were found to be superior to simpler substances such as ammonium sulphate, urea, potassium nitrate, or asparagine as sources of nitrogen for Bacillus polymyxa in relation to production of 2,3-butanediol from starch The complex sources of nitrogen were more or less interchangeable for most, but not all strains of this organism with regard to effectiveness for diol production, but the addition of yeast extract to either casein hydrolysate or amino acids resulted in a slightly higher yield of diol and an increase in the diol/ethanol ratio from 2 to 2.6 or higher.The requirements of different strains for specific ammo acids varied somewhat, but the need for isoleucine and asparagine was common to the tour strains studied. A fairly good fermentation was obtained with the most efficient of these strains in a medium containing isoleucine, tyrosine, glycine, methionine, and asparagine after three days' incubation. The fermentation went to completion after five days with certain concentrations of these five acids an effect that was achieved in three days by the addition to these of eight other acids but not by the addition of ammonium sulphate. Suppression of diol production by omission of certain of these amino acids was marked at three days but was largely overcome at five. Cystine (in concentrations above: 0.0125%; was inhibitory to the four strains studied and phenylalanine (0.02%) to one, after three but not after five days.

STUDIES WITH BACILLUS POLYMYXA: III. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS

1944 ◽  
Vol 22c (6) ◽  
pp. 273-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Katznelson ◽  
A. G. Lochhead
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Nicotinic Acid ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Bacillus Polymyxa ◽  
Other Substances

Eighty-two strains of Bacillus polymyxa grew in a medium consisting of inorganic salts, glucose, and casein hydrolysate only when biotin was added, hence this growth factor may be considered essential. Thiamin stimulated growth of some strains but inhibited others whereas pantothenic acid, nicotinic acid, riboflavin, pyridoxine, and inositol were without effect. Casein hydrolysate was replaceable by urea, ammonium sulphate, and a mixture of 18 amino hydrolysed acids, but with a few exceptions these substances were not as effective as the protein. Potassium nitrate and asparagine were poor sources of nitrogen. Yeast extract, in a medium containing only glucose and inorganic salts, was superior to all other substances tested in its stimulatory effect on B. polymyxa.

A SYNTHETIC MEDIUM FOR EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC BACTERIA

1965 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Onishi ◽  
Margaret E. McCance ◽  
N. E. Gibbons
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Halophilic Bacteria ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Complex Medium ◽  
Halobacterium Halobium ◽  
Halobacterium Salinarium ◽  
Cell Densities

A synthetic medium, made up of 15 amino acids, adenylic and uridylic acid, glycerol, asparagine or ammonium chloride, and various salts, has been developed for halophilic bacteria. Halobacterium cutirubrum and Sarcina litoralis grew as well in this medium as in a complex medium containing casein hydrolysate and yeast extract. Growth of Halobacterium halobium, Halobacterium salinarium, and Sarcina morrhuae was slower in the synthetic medium and the final cell densities were not as great as in the complex medium.

THE APPLICATION OF A NUTRITIONAL GROUPING METHOD TO SOIL FUNGI

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Atkinson ◽  
J. B. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Soil Extract ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Soil Extracts

In tests with seven different liquid media in which the common nitrogen source was potassium nitrate and the carbohydrate substrate was glucose, at a concentration of only 0.1%, most of the 1914 soil fungi isolated fell into one of three nutritional groups requiring, respectively, for maximum growth amino acids, amino acids plus growth factors, or yeast extract. Relatively few isolates required growth factors alone or a combination of yeast and soil extracts. Most of the isolates grew poorly in the basal medium containing only mineral salts, and glucose, with or without soil extract. Although fungi requiring yeast extract were much less frequently isolated from soil on, rather than remote from, tubers grown in a soybean green-manured plot, isolates requiring amino acids, or yeast plus soil extracts, were correspondingly increased on immature and mature tubers, respectively. In a second plot, however, not specially treated, no differences were observed in the nutritional spectra of fungi isolated from the two kinds of soil environment.

Nutritional Factors Affecting Growth and Production of Antimicrobial Substances by Streptococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis S1-67/C

1983 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 514-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. S. REDDY ◽  
B. RANGANATHAN
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Maximum Production ◽  
Antimicrobial Substances ◽  
Streptococcus Lactis

The present study pertains to the effect of nutritional factors on the growth and production of antimicrobial substances (AS) by Streptococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis S1-67/C. Among nine media tested, yeast extract dextrose broth supported good growth and maximum production of AS. Addition of beef extract and yeast extract at 1.0 and 0.6% levels, respectively, increased growth as well as production of AS. Of ten carbohydrates examined, maximum production of AS was achieved with 1% glucose followed by fructose, 4% molasses, lactose, sucrose, galactose, mannitol, maltose and 2% molasses. Xylose inhibited production of AS, although it stimulated growth of the organism. Peptone, tryptone and tryptose (each at the 1.5% level) significantly stimulated production of AS. Other nitrogen sources, including soytone, casein hydrolysate and proteose peptone, retarded production of inhibitory substances. Among the amino acids, L-leucine, DL-methionine and L-glutamic acid were most essential for growth and production of AS, whereas L-lysine, L-proline, DL-serine, DL-asparatic acid, L-arginine-HCl and DL-tryptophan were stimulatory. Other amino acids such as DL-ornithine, L-cysteine-HCl and DL-citrulline slightly stimulated AS production. In the presence of cynocobalmin, niacin, folic acid, calcium pantothenate and riboflavin, S. lactis subsp. diacetylactis S1-67/C produced maximum amounts of inhibitory substances. Omission of individual mineral salts from the basal medium did not affect production of AS by the organism.

The oxygen uptake of Trypanosoma lewisi and Trypanosoma equiperdum, with especial reference to oxygen consumption in the presence of amino-acids

Parasitology ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 48 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 149-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
June P. Thurston
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Phosphate Solution ◽  
Trypanosoma Lewisi ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption

1. Standard conditions are described for preparing suspensions of washed Trypanosoma lewisi and T. equiperdum in modified Ringer–phosphate solution.2. Oxygen consumption was measured with differential manometers, using microflasks containing 2–5 × 107 trypanosomes in 0·9 ml. of reaction mixture. Measurements of oxygen uptake were carried out at 37° C.3. T. lewisi respired slowly in the absence of substrate for up to 2 hr. The trypanosomes suffered little damage when stored at 5° C. for 24 hr. without substrate. No oxygen uptake was observed with T. equiperdum in the absence of substrate. The trypanosomes were viable after 24 hr. at 5° C. with glucose or glycerol as substrate, but not in the absence of substrate.4. With glucose as substrate, the rate of oxygen consumption by T. lewisi increased with the age of infection. This change was more marked with glutamine as substrate.5. With glucosamine as substrate, the oxygen uptake of T. lewisi was at a slightly lower rate than with glucose. The rate of oxygen uptake was still lower with Na l-glutamic acid, asparagine, aspartic acid, casein hydrolysate, yeast extract and Difco Bacto-peptone. Thirteen other amino-acids had no effect on the motility of the trypanosomes.6. With glycerol as substrate, the oxygen uptake of T. equiperdum was at a slightly lower rate than with glucose. The rate of oxygen uptake was very low with yeast extract, casein hydrolysate and Difco Bacto-peptone. No oxygen uptake or motility was recorded with glutamine, Na l-glutamic acid, glucosamine, asparagine, aspartic acid, dl-alanine, or Na acetate. Thirteen other amino-acids had no effect on the motility of the trypanosomes.7. Ammonia was liberated from glutamine by adult and reproductive phase T. lewisi.

STUDIES WITH BACILLUS POLYMYXA: I. SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE FERMENTATION OF WHEAT BY BACILLUS POLYMYXA

1944 ◽  
Vol 22c (5) ◽  
pp. 235-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Katznelson
Keyword(s):  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Bacillus Polymyxa ◽  
Sharp Drop ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Yield Capacity ◽  
Different Strains

Factors affecting the fermentation of 15% wheat mashes by strains of Bacillus polymyxa, under laboratory conditions, were studied with a view of obtaining maximum yields of 2,3 butanediol, a compound that can be converted to butadiene, an essential precursor of synthetic rubber. Neither the nature of the inoculating medium nor the age of the inoculum affected the fermentation but small amounts (0.5%) of the inoculum lowered the yield. Increasing the surface of the fermentation mixture resulted in improved yields of the diol as did the addition of yeast extract. Different strains varied markedly in fermentative ability; of 82 strains tested, 10 gave excellent results (over 3% diol). Combinations of two strains (phage-susceptible and phage-resistant) also gave satisfactory yields but mixtures of 5 or 10 caused a sharp drop in diol production. Low-grade, low-quality wheat samples were as satisfactory as samples of high-grade wheat in diol yield capacity. Elevator screenings were capable of being fermented by A. polymyxa although low yields were obtained, owing, undoubtedly, to the low starch content of these materials. However, since screenings command a low price on the market, it may be economically practical to consider their utilization for butanediol production.

STUDIES ON THE NUTRITION OF HELMINTHOSPORIUM SATIVUM AND CERTAIN RELATED SPECIES

1954 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Peterson ◽  
H. Katznelson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Trace Elements ◽  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Moderate Growth ◽  
Simple Medium ◽  
Helminthosporium Sativum ◽  
Different Strains

Moderate growth of Helminthosporium sativum occurred in a simple medium with nitrate, ammonium, or amino nitrogen and was greatly improved by yeast extract. In the presence of a suitable nitrogen source ashed yeast extract also was stimulatory. Growth was markedly increased by a mixture of trace elements but was not influenced by a combination of eight known vitamins. The stimulatory effect of trace elements was noted also with different strains of H. sativum and several related species (H. biforme, H. halodes, H. setariae, H. siccans, H. victoriae). In the presence of trace elements, several amino acids, especially l-proline and dl-serine, appeared more favorable for growth of Helminthosporium than others tested. Nitrogen source as well as trace elements exerted a distinct effect on type of growth and pigmentation. Zinc appeared to be essential for growth of H. sativum; manganese, iron, and boron also may be of importance.

STUDIES WITH BACILLUS POLYMYXA: V. POTASSIUM AS A FACTOR IN THE PRODUCTION OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL FROM STARCH

1947 ◽  
Vol 25c (4) ◽  
pp. 129-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Katznelson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Resting Cells ◽  
Bacillus Polymyxa ◽  
Hydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Synthetic Amino Acid ◽  
Dipotassium Hydrogen Phosphate

Potassium either as potassium chloride or dipotassium hydrogen phosphate was found to stimulate production of 2,3-butanediol from starch by Bacillus polymyxa and to increase the diol: ethanol ratio. In a casein hydrolysate medium, potassium alone produced this effect; however, in a synthetic (amino acid) medium, phosphorus was found to cause a slight increase in yield of diol especially in the presence of potassium.Potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium were shown to be required for growth of B. polymyxa in a synthetic medium containing glucose, amino acids, and biotin.By means of 'resting cells' of B. polymyxa, acting on glucose, it was demonstrated that potassium specifically stimulated the diol-synthesizing mechanism and that sodium could replace this element partially.

scholarly journals The assessment of influence of different nitrogen compounds and time on germination of Lupinus angustifolius seeds and chemical composition of final products

2013 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Kasprowicz-Potocka ◽  
Ewa Walachowska ◽  
Anita Zaworska ◽  
Andrzej Frankiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Lupin Seeds

The aim of the research was to determine changes in the chemical composition in lupin seeds during seed germination in a solution containing selected nitrogen compounds. Blue lupin seeds of the <em>Neptun cultivar</em> were germinated for 3 or 4 days in darkness, at 24°C in 1% solutions containing the following nitrogen compounds: urea, nitric acid, ammonium sulphate, methionine or yeast extract. The control consisted of seeds germinated in water. The presence of all nitrogen sources has resulted in a poorer growth of the sprouts as compared to seeds germinated in water. There was a significant increase in the true protein content as well as a significant decrease in the content of crude ash and alkaloids in the germinated seeds. The seeds germinated for 4 days had significantly higher total protein content and significantly lower content of nitrogen-free extract compounds and oligosaccharides as compared to the seeds germinated for 3 days. A significant influence of the nitrogen source on the concentration of some amino acids was found. Cystine was found to be absent in seeds germinated in the nitric acid solution, while there occurred a twofold increase in the cystine content and a fivefold increase in the methionine content in seeds germinated in the aqueous solution of methionine and an 50% increase in the cystine concentration was observed in seeds germinated in the yeast extract and ammonium sulphate solution. Methionine and cystine were the limiting amino acids in all the samples, accept of seeds germinated in the methionine solution were it was valine. Aqueous solutions of ammonium sulphate and yeast extract were found to have the most advantageous influence on the chemical composition of lupin germination products.

Promotion of stipe elongation in isolated Flammulina velutipes fruit bodies by carbohydrates, natural extracts, and amino acids

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 803-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans E. Gruen ◽  
Sheue-heng Wu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Flammulina Velutipes ◽  
Ammonium Tartrate ◽  
Acid Growth ◽  
Natural Extracts ◽  
Stipe Elongation ◽  
Other Substances

Isolated Flammulina velutipes fruit bodies were cultured under sterile conditions with the cut base immersed in water or solutions. Stipe elongation on water was only 6% of normal for fruit bodies isolated at 1.1–2.0 cm length, 19% at 5.1–6.0 cm, and the same as for fruit bodies attached to mycelium at 9.1–10.0 cm. Fruit bodies not immersed in water grew less in a saturated atmosphere than those in water. The mycelium must supply other substances than water for normal elongation during about two-thirds of the growth period, and only water thereafter. Isolated fruit bodies fed with filtered glucose, trehalose, sucrose, or mannitol grew better than on water. Maltose and fructose increased elongation only slightly, and sorbose had no effect. Potato extract, yeast extract, and casein hydrolysate gave no or very little growth promotion, but addition of glucose strongly increased growth on the natural extracts compared to glucose alone. Of 21 amino acids added separately to glucose, only asparagine, hydroxyproline, arginine, and to a lesser extent glutamine, stimulated growth of isolated fruit bodies. Growth was not promoted by pure asparagine, glutamine, and serine, or by thiamin or indoleacetic acid. Growth was inhibited by urea, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium tartrate with or without glucose.Growth promoting substances were most effective in young fruit bodies and except for glucose the promotion disappeared in fruit bodies isolated at 6.1–7.0 cm length, which corresponds to the end of the period of rapid elongation. Apical portions of fruit bodies with caps grew better on glucose than whole fruit bodies. Growth of decapitated isolated stipes was not promoted by nutrients.

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