THE CONTROL OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN RED CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE L.): II. LIGHT, TEMPERATURE, AND THE INFLUENCE OF GROWTH REGULATORS

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 1027-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce G. Cumming
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Auxin Level ◽  
Increased Sensitivity

Morphogenesis of Dollard red clover clones has provided indirect evidence that endogenous auxin level and, or, sensitivity of response of tissues to auxin vary according to light and temperature and as a function of genotype.The amount of growth and development was less in autotetraploid than in diploid plants.Root formation on propagules was influenced by relatively short-term different daylength pretreatments of intact plants; also, by the daylength and light intensity imposed during rooting.Under reduced light intensity extension growth already initiated was increased and this was related to increased "sensitivity" of growth response of stems and petioles to applied auxin.Morphogenetic effects relatively similar to those caused, respectively, by shortening the daylength and by lengthening the daylength resulted from antiauxin (TIBA) as compared with auxin (IAA) treatments.Concentrations of IAA that were primarily stimulatory to growth under shorter daylengths were inhibitory under continuous light. The primary stimulatory effect of IAA was on bud formation under SD but on stem elongation under LD.The relatively similar and additive effects of photoperiod, applied auxin, and cold pretreatment are discussed. It is postulated that in red clover a greater endogenous diffusible auxin level is required for optimum formation of stems and inflorescences than for buds and roots.Manipulation of light and temperature and the use of growth regulators provide added precision in the control of growth and development in red clover.

THE CONTROL OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN RED CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE L.): III. ENDOGENOUS DIFFUSIBLE AUXIN

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 1049-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce G. Cumming
Keyword(s):  
Indoleacetic Acid ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Adaptive System ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Iaa Oxidase ◽  
Auxin Level ◽  
Auxin Production ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L

Significant amounts of endogenous diffusible auxin have been obtained from apices and leaves of red clover plants and differences in endogenous diffusible auxin level have been related to characteristic differences in morphogenesis.Less diffusible auxin was obtained from the apices and leaves of autotetraploid than diploid plants of the same clone; a slower rate of growth was observed in the tetraploids.Changes in the diffusible auxin level can be brought about by variations in light that occur in a normal growth situation. Greater amounts of diffusible auxin were obtained under longer daylengths. Lesser amounts of diffusible auxin were obtained from plants that were shaded. A greater amount of diffusible auxin was obtained from apices when in light than in darkness.Application of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid lowered the diffusible auxin level within the plant and interfered with normal polarity.An interaction between application of 3-indoleacetic acid, light intensity, and diffusible auxin level has been observed. This interaction is most readily explicable on the postulation, based on indirect evidence, that a mechanism for the regulation of endogenous free auxin level may exist in red clover whereby an auxin production system can be linked with some adaptive system, possibly IAA oxidase, that decreases the amount of endogenous free auxin.

Flower initiation in pasture legumes. IV. Flower initiation in Trifolium pratense L.

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Aitiken
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Flowering Season ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Long Photoperiod ◽  
Early Strain

An early strain (Cowgrass) and a late-maturing strain (Montgomery) of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) were grown at Melbourne, lat. 38°S., to study flower initiation and the relationship between initiation and flowering, because of the importance of flowering to the use of the species as a source of hay. The terminal inflorescence in red clover arises from a lateral bulge at the shoot apex, and the main shoot of the plant is strongly vegetative, only becoming reproductive in a proportion of plants under long photoperiod, particularly continuous light. In both strains, whether first-year or older plants, flower initiation and therefore flowering were confined to a short period of the year, the early strain having the longer period. Sowing the two strains at intervals through the year in the field, under natural and long photoperiods, showed the importance of both photoperiod and temperature to initiation. Both strains were hastened by a long photoperiod whatever the temperature, and initiated at a similar low leaf number, but the early strain was able to initiate at a shorter photoperiod than the late one. Seed vernalization had almost no effect; but at photoperiods of 14 to 11 hr, high temperatures strongly retarded Cowgrass and appeared to prevent initiation in Montgomery. The capacity of Cowgrass to initiate at a shorter photoperiod and at higher temperatures than Montgomery explains its longer flowering season in temperate latitudes. These genetic differences suggest that an appropriate environment can be used to differentiate early and late-flowering strains for seed certification, and that late strains would stay vegetative at low latitudes and would therefore be less useful as a source of hay than early ones.

scholarly journals GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF LEGUME AND GRASS COMPONENTS IN MIXED GRASSLANDS GROWN IN THE CENTRAL BALKAN MOUNTAIN

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
T. Bozhanska ◽  
B. Churkova
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Timothy Grass ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Mixed Grasslands

PURPOSE of the present study is to establish the growth, development and competitiveness of grass and legume components in mixed grasslands grown under the conditions of the Central Balkan Mountains. METHODS: In the spring of 2014-2016, the growth and development of typical meadow legumes and grass species for that region were observed in the experimental field of RIMSA - Troyan, in double mixtures: 1. Bird's-foot-trefoil - Red fescue; 2. White clover - Perennial ryegrass; 3. White clover - Kentucky bluegrass; 4. Red clover - Timothy-grass; 5. Blue hybrid alfalfa - Cock's foot; 6. Red clover - Meadow fescue. RESULTS: From all grass crops - Dactylis glomerata L. has the most pronounced competitive ability with respect to the biometric height indicator of plants, while Poa pratensis L. has the slightest one. For the three-year study period, Trifolium repens L. in its mixture with Lolium perenne L. recorded the lowest average growth values compared to the other legumes included in the experiment. CONCLUSIONS: The best intercompatibility and, respectively, the most favorable combination of grass and legume components is found between Trifolium pratense L. and Festuca pratensis L., and the weakest among the components in the blue hybrid alfalfa - cock's foot mixture. The length of the flower-bearing stems and leaf stalks of Trifolium pratense L. in the mixed grassland with meadow fescue have higher values (41.8:89.0 cm) and those with timothy-grass are lower (38.1:52.5 cm).

THE CONTROL OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN RED CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE L.): IV. VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION AND THE USE OF GROWTH REGULATORS

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 836-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce G. Cumming ◽  
Howard A. Steppler
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Trifoliate Leaf ◽  
Spray System ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Single Field

Improved methods for vegetative propagation of red clover are described. "Leaf-bud" propagules, consisting of a single trifoliate leaf with its stipules and a small axillary bud in a stage of indeterminate growth, provide better units for vegetative propagation than crown or stem cuttings and have shown a closer similarity to seedlings in their growth and development. All types of propagules can be rooted in full daylight by using an overhead mist-spray system with vermiculite as the rooting medium.Propagule production can be very significantly increased by pre-treating intact plants with short daylengths and/or 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA). Application of maleic hydrozide (MH) to flowering stems causes abortion of floral apices, thereby hastening and very significantly increasing propagule production. Auxin treatment of propagules and/or long daylengths during rooting, increase the per cent rooting and the amount of root formation.Propagation in this manner can be very rapid. For example, more than 1,000 rooted propagules were obtained at one time from single field-planted propagules of a late-flowering clone in the first year. Propagules that were closely planted in wooden flats in vermiculite were maintained satisfactorily as very small plants overwinter under greenhouse and also under cold storage conditions, and were utilized in clonal-row field plantings for seed production.

Growth and Branching Responses of Portulaca grandiflora to Foliar Applications of Chemical Growth Regulators

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 447c-447
Author(s):  
T.J. Banko ◽  
M.A. Stefani
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Portulaca Grandiflora ◽  
Prostrate Growth ◽  
Secondary Shoot

During container production of portulaca, growth of long, prostrate, sparsely branched stems makes handling of plants difficult, and reduces their commercial appeal. Growers prefer to minimize shoot elongation while increasing branching to provide a full, compact plant. The objectives of this study were to evaluate growth regulators for promotion of branching and inhibition of stem elongation. Container-grown plants ≈21 cm in diameter were treated with sprays of ProShear (benzylaminopurine) at 62.4, 125, and 250 ppm; Promalin (benzyaminopurine + gibberellins 4+7) at 125, 250, and 500 ppm; Atrimmec (dikegulac) at 250, 500, and 750 ppm; and Florel (ethephon) at 250, 500, and 750 ppm. These treatments were compared with untreated controls in a randomized complete-block design. Main shoot lengths were measured at 16, 31, and 51 days after treatment (DAT). Numbers of new shoot breaks were counted 16 DAT. The growth habit, that is, tendency to grow upright or prostrate, was also evaluated 16 DAT. The most-effective material for retarding primary shoot elongation and for stimulating secondary shoot development was ProShear. At 16 DAT, 250 ppm ProShear reduced shoot elongation by 25% compared to control plants. This treatment also increased the number of secondary shoot breaks by 143%. Promalin increased the number of new shoot breaks, but it also increased the lengths of all shoots. High rates of Florel and Promalin caused shoots to grow predominantly upright rather then prostrate. ProShear, however, caused more prostrate growth as rate increased.

Comparisons of Floral Response of Seed Lots of Dollard Red Clover, Trifolium pratense L. 1

Crop Science ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 425-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Bula ◽  
R. G. May ◽  
C. S. Garrison ◽  
C. M. Rincker ◽  
J. G. Dean
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L

scholarly journals The Improved Phytoextraction of Heavy Metals and the Growth of Trifolium repens L.: The Role of K2HEDP and Plant Growth Regulators Alone and in Combination

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2432
Author(s):  
Anna Makarova ◽  
Elena Nikulina ◽  
Tatiana Avdeenkova ◽  
Ksenia Pishaeva
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Iron Chelates ◽  
Iron Chelate ◽  
Trifolium Repens L

Heavy metals are among the most widespread pollutants in soil. Phytoextraction technology is used to solve the problem of multi-metal-contaminated soil. The efficiency of this process can be increased by introducing various amendments. A soil amendment is any material added to a soil to improve its physical properties, such as water retention, permeability, water infiltration, drainage, aeration, and structure. Some chemical amendments for enhanced phytoextraction, such as amino polycarboxylates chelators, can be hazardous to the environment and perform poorly at pH > 8. The effect of the potassium salt of hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid (K2HEDP), plant growth regulators (PGRs), and iron chelate alone and in combination on the phytoextraction by Trifolium repens L. seedlings of Cd, Ni, and Cu was studied in this work. K2HEDP works in a wider pH range. The results of this study confirmed that amino polycarboxylate chelators, with the sodium salt of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (Na2EDTA) as an example, have a pronounced negative effect on the growth and development (organ mass) of Trifolium repens L. seedlings. K2HEDP, proposed by the authors instead of Na2EDTA, produced a pronounced positive effect on plant growth and development, which was further enhanced by the use of PGRs and with iron chelates. However, it should be noted that K2HEDP showed significantly lower efficiency in trials on the Trifolium repens L. seedlings. The highest was the efficiency of K2HEDP with PGRs and iron chelates for the phytoextraction of Cd.

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