GROWTH AND MORPHOGENESIS IN THE CANADIAN FOREST SPECIES: V. FURTHER STUDIES OF WOOD GROWTH IN BRANCHES AND MAIN AXIS OF PINUS RESINOSA AIT. UNDER CONDITIONS OF OPEN GROWTH, SUPPRESSION, AND RELEASE

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy F. Forward ◽  
Norah J. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Local Environment ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Main Axis ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Wood Volume ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Open Growth

The analysis of growth in trunk and branches of four red pine trees of different situations is extended to include internode length, circumference, annual wood volume increment, and cambial area. The effects of position of a branch on the tree and of suppression and release are examined in reference to these growth indexes.Increase in circumference responds in much the same way as radial growth, and branch position is important. The greatest annual increase in girth of any branch internode occurs when it is near the periphery and near the top of the tree.Terminal growth of branches is less affected than radial or tangential growth by branch position if the tree is in the open but is suppressed by surrounding trees. Upon release of a tree only those axes whose local environment was actually improved showed an increase in apical growth.The interpretation of annual wood volume increment is complicated by the fact that it is determined not only by internal and external conditions during the current growing season, but also by past growth, both apical and cambial. It is subject to the effects of suppression and of branch position, chiefly through the influence of these factors on the cambial growth component.

GROWTH AND MORPHOGENESIS IN THE CANADIAN FOREST SPECIES: IV. RADIAL GROWTH IN BRANCHES AND MAIN AXIS OF PINUS RESINOSA AIT. UNDER CONDITIONS OF OPEN GROWTH, SUPPRESSION, AND RELEASE

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy F. Forward ◽  
Norah J. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
External Condition ◽  
Main Axis ◽  
Primary Branch ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Deliberate Release ◽  
Open Growth

The analysis of growth of a pine tree has been extended to include the primary branches, and this paper reports observations on radial growth, as expressed by ring width.Trees from contrasting situations are compared, and the deliberate release of one tree from suppression permits the attribution of specific changes in growth to the change in external condition of the tree.The primary branches provide a series of axes that automatically undergo a change in nutritional status, although the distal portions of all of them are produced simultaneously. Every primary branch is initiated at the apex of the tree and each year is overlaid by one more whorl of branches; so it advances to a relatively lower position in the tree each year, and itself adds one more internode.The upper branches and those portions of lower ones that were formed while near the top of the tree repeat the pattern and configuration of growth in the main axis. Advance of a branch to an inferior position is associated with severe suppression and a redistribution of growth gradients.

GROWTH AND MORPHOGENESIS IN THE CANADIAN FOREST SPECIES: VI. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SPECIFIC INCREMENT OF CAMBIAL AREA IN PINUS RESINOSA AIT.

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Forward ◽  
N. J. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Main Axis ◽  
Ring Formation ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Open Growth

Analysis of the growth of four trees from contrasting situations is extended to include the specific increment of cambial area, which is a measure of multiplicative growth of the cambium. This is found to correspond to radial growth, as measured by ring width, in the upper portion of the main axis and in the branches. Like ring width it exhibits the effects of intratree suppression and of a change from a condition of suppression to one of open growth. In the branches it is dependent on the position of the branch at the time of ring formation, and in those branches that are near the top of the crown, corresponding internodal rings show a higher specific increment of cambial area than those that are suppressed by overlying whorls. It is concluded that the factors controlling multiplicative growth of the cambium are essentially the same as those controlling radial growth.

GROWTH AND MORPHOGENESIS IN THE CANADIAN FOREST SPECIES: VII. PROGRESS AND CONTROL OF LONGITUDINAL GROWTH OF BRANCHES IN PINUS RESINOSA AIT.

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 923-950 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Forward ◽  
N. J. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Main Axis ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Longitudinal Growth ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Control

The course of longitudinal growth of branches of red pine was followed through weekly measurements, and analyzed in relation to position in the crown, season, site, and spacing. Certain observations were also made on the effects of age of the tree, root or branch pruning, and the application of growth regulators. The growth of branches is essentially like that of the main axis, but quantitatively is highly dependent on position in the crown. The pattern of growth appears to be more closely related to fluctuating environmental conditions than to qualities inherent in the individual tree. The length of the growing season is relatively stable, while the rate of growth is widely variable and dependent on the immediate environment.

GROWTH AND MORPHOGENESIS IN THE CANADIAN FOREST SPECIES: II. SPECIFIC INCREMENTS AND THEIR RELATION TO THE QUANTITY AND ACTIVITY OF GROWTH IN PINUS RESINOSA AIT.

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Duff ◽  
Norah J. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Wood Volume ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
The Mean

Two measures are needed to describe numerically the activity of the internodal cambium in terms of annual increment. These are "specific wood volume increment", a measure of additive growth and "specific increment of cambial area", a measure of multiplicative growth. The mean area of the internodal cambium is the basis of reference for both since it is the measure of that which is active in growth. The former measure of specific growth is numerically equal to ring width and the manner of its factorial control has already been considered. Data for the latter are new.The geometry of the apical meristem and its products is too complex for the ready computation of specific terminal growth, but it can be shown empirically that internode length is a valid measure of apical activity. Analysis of internodal wood volume growth into its three linear components leads to the conclusion that the determinants in control of wood growth act mainly through their effect upon apical activity and upon specific increment of cambial area.

Growth of Red Pine Trees After Chemical Suppression of the European Pine Shoot Moth

1963 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 522-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Talerico ◽  
Herman J. Heikkenen ◽  
William E. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Period ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Growth Season ◽  
Pine Trees

AbstractHeight growth and number of side branches developing the first growth season after chemical suppression of the European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.), were measured on 40 treated and nontreated plots of red pine, Pinus resinosa Ait., in Michigan. Some plots had been treated during the summer-treatment period and some during the spring-treatment period. Summer treatment increased the height growth and number of side branches over no treatment; the degree of chemical suppression was useful in estimating tree growth during the following growing season. In contrast, spring suppression had no effect on height growth and number of side branches.

Timing and rate of bud formation in Pinus resinosa

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 1821-1832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Sucoff
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Growing Degree Days ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Apical Dome

During the 1969 and 1970 growing season buds were collected almost weekly from matched trees in northeastern Minnesota. Cataphyll primordia for the year n + 1 shoot began forming at the time that internodes in the year n shoot started elongating (late April) and continued forming until early September. Primordia for axillary buds started forming about 2 months later and stopped forming at the same time as cataphylls. The size and deposition activity of the apical dome simultaneously increased during the early growing season and decreased during the late season. The maximum rates in July were over nine cataphylls per day.Rate of cataphyll deposition paralleled elongation of the needles on subtending shoots. Forty to fifty percent of the cataphylls had been formed when shoot growth was 95% complete. Although the bulk of the depositions occurred earlier in 1970, when growing degree days were used as the clock, the 2 years were similar.The results provide quantitative data to complement the histologic emphasis of previous studies.

EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZATION ON A 20-YEAR-OLD RED PINE PLANTATION

1965 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Gagnon
Keyword(s):  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Pine Plantation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Potassium Fertilization ◽  
Current Growth

The fertilizers, Mg at a rate of 100 lbs/acre and K at 200 lbs/acre, were applied around each of 15 red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) to promote increased growth in a 20-year-old plantation which had failed to fulfil growth expectations. Successive measurements of diameter and height showed that the fertilizers stimulated diameter significantly after the second growing season, but height only after the third growing season. Beneficial effect of fertilizer applications on diameter and height persisted, and the differences in diameter and height between treated and untreated trees at the end of the seventh growing season was equivalent to two years' current growth.

scholarly journals Copper-Adapted Suillus luteus, a Symbiotic Solution for Pines Colonizing Cu Mine Spoils

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 7279-7284 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Adriaensen ◽  
T. Vrålstad ◽  
J.-P. Noben ◽  
J. Vangronsveld ◽  
J. V. Colpaert
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Suillus Luteus ◽  
Cu Toxicity ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Cu Tolerance

ABSTRACT Natural populations thriving in heavy-metal-contaminated ecosystems are often subjected to selective pressures for increased resistance to toxic metals. In the present study we describe a population of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus luteus that colonized a toxic Cu mine spoil in Norway. We hypothesized that this population had developed adaptive Cu tolerance and was able to protect pine trees against Cu toxicity. We also tested for the existence of cotolerance to Cu and Zn in S. luteus. Isolates from Cu-polluted, Zn-polluted, and nonpolluted sites were grown in vitro on Cu- or Zn-supplemented medium. The Cu mine isolates exhibited high Cu tolerance, whereas the Zn-tolerant isolates were shown to be Cu sensitive, and vice versa. This indicates the evolution of metal-specific tolerance mechanisms is strongly triggered by the pollution in the local environment. Cotolerance does not occur in the S. luteus isolates studied. In a dose-response experiment, the Cu sensitivity of nonmycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris seedlings was compared to the sensitivity of mycorrhizal seedlings colonized either by a Cu-sensitive or Cu-tolerant S. luteus isolate. In nonmycorrhizal plants and plants colonized by the Cu-sensitive isolate, root growth and nutrient uptake were strongly inhibited under Cu stress conditions. In contrast, plants colonized by the Cu-tolerant isolate were hardly affected. The Cu-adapted S. luteus isolate provided excellent insurance against Cu toxicity in pine seedlings exposed to elevated Cu levels. Such a metal-adapted Suillus-Pinus combination might be suitable for large-scale land reclamation at phytotoxic metalliferous and industrial sites.

GROWTH AND MORPHOGENESIS IN THE CANADIAN FOREST SPECIES: I. THE CONTROLS OF CAMBIAL AND APICAL ACTIVITY IN PINUS RESINOSA AIT.

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Duff ◽  
Norah J. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Ring Width ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Complex Relation ◽  
Growth Studies ◽  
Two Stages

The anomalous complexity of the annual rings of young trees which generally disqualifies them from use in growth studies is, in P. resinosa, found to arise from a remarkably thorough organization of ring width and therefore of cambial activity in the tree under the influence of intrinsic determinants. The pattern is manifest when the widths of the internodal wood rings of a single year are followed in sequence from internode to internode down the tree from the apex. A similarly patterned view of the rings is obtained when the ring widths are traced in the ring sequence, conventional for growth studies, that passes from ring to ring in a given internode. The controlling intrinsic factors are held to be nutritional gradients in the axis inferred from the distribution of foliage and light along the axis of trees growing in the forest and in the open.In both types of sequence the pattern obscures the variations induced by random extrinsic factors and severely limits the value of these sequences for examining the effect of such factors. This disability can be avoided by the use of a third sequence of ring widths in which each term is the width of a ring which was laid down in an internode different but of the same age at the time of ring formation as the others in the sequence. Such sequences have never been used in growth studies. Yet they are found to be unpatterned and the effect of the fluctuating extrinsic factors can be examined effectively in them and in them alone.The complex relation between the responses of the cambium thus determined and those of the apical growing point to the random extrinsic factors is found to derive from the discontinuity of terminal growth introduced by the winter pause between bud formation and axial extension. These two stages of terminal growth are influenced by the extrinsic factors of the two different years. The effect on the cambium is simpler than this but is determinably related to that on the apical growing point.The results afford the ground for a first advance toward the removal of the disqualification of the use of young trees in studies of growth and of its factorial control.

scholarly journals Simulating the response of mature yellow poplar and loblolly pine trees to shifts in peak ozone periods during the growing season using the TREGRO model

1997 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 627-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. V. H. Constable ◽  
W. A. Retzlaff
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Pine Trees
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