GROWTH AND MORPHOGENESIS IN THE CANADIAN FOREST SPECIES: VII. PROGRESS AND CONTROL OF LONGITUDINAL GROWTH OF BRANCHES IN PINUS RESINOSA AIT.

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 923-950 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Forward ◽  
N. J. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Main Axis ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Longitudinal Growth ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Control

The course of longitudinal growth of branches of red pine was followed through weekly measurements, and analyzed in relation to position in the crown, season, site, and spacing. Certain observations were also made on the effects of age of the tree, root or branch pruning, and the application of growth regulators. The growth of branches is essentially like that of the main axis, but quantitatively is highly dependent on position in the crown. The pattern of growth appears to be more closely related to fluctuating environmental conditions than to qualities inherent in the individual tree. The length of the growing season is relatively stable, while the rate of growth is widely variable and dependent on the immediate environment.

GROWTH AND MORPHOGENESIS IN THE CANADIAN FOREST SPECIES: V. FURTHER STUDIES OF WOOD GROWTH IN BRANCHES AND MAIN AXIS OF PINUS RESINOSA AIT. UNDER CONDITIONS OF OPEN GROWTH, SUPPRESSION, AND RELEASE

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy F. Forward ◽  
Norah J. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Local Environment ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Main Axis ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Wood Volume ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Open Growth

The analysis of growth in trunk and branches of four red pine trees of different situations is extended to include internode length, circumference, annual wood volume increment, and cambial area. The effects of position of a branch on the tree and of suppression and release are examined in reference to these growth indexes.Increase in circumference responds in much the same way as radial growth, and branch position is important. The greatest annual increase in girth of any branch internode occurs when it is near the periphery and near the top of the tree.Terminal growth of branches is less affected than radial or tangential growth by branch position if the tree is in the open but is suppressed by surrounding trees. Upon release of a tree only those axes whose local environment was actually improved showed an increase in apical growth.The interpretation of annual wood volume increment is complicated by the fact that it is determined not only by internal and external conditions during the current growing season, but also by past growth, both apical and cambial. It is subject to the effects of suppression and of branch position, chiefly through the influence of these factors on the cambial growth component.

EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZATION ON A 20-YEAR-OLD RED PINE PLANTATION

1965 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Gagnon
Keyword(s):  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Pine Plantation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Potassium Fertilization ◽  
Current Growth

The fertilizers, Mg at a rate of 100 lbs/acre and K at 200 lbs/acre, were applied around each of 15 red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) to promote increased growth in a 20-year-old plantation which had failed to fulfil growth expectations. Successive measurements of diameter and height showed that the fertilizers stimulated diameter significantly after the second growing season, but height only after the third growing season. Beneficial effect of fertilizer applications on diameter and height persisted, and the differences in diameter and height between treated and untreated trees at the end of the seventh growing season was equivalent to two years' current growth.

GROWTH AND MORPHOGENESIS IN THE CANADIAN FOREST SPECIES: IV. RADIAL GROWTH IN BRANCHES AND MAIN AXIS OF PINUS RESINOSA AIT. UNDER CONDITIONS OF OPEN GROWTH, SUPPRESSION, AND RELEASE

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy F. Forward ◽  
Norah J. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
External Condition ◽  
Main Axis ◽  
Primary Branch ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Deliberate Release ◽  
Open Growth

The analysis of growth of a pine tree has been extended to include the primary branches, and this paper reports observations on radial growth, as expressed by ring width.Trees from contrasting situations are compared, and the deliberate release of one tree from suppression permits the attribution of specific changes in growth to the change in external condition of the tree.The primary branches provide a series of axes that automatically undergo a change in nutritional status, although the distal portions of all of them are produced simultaneously. Every primary branch is initiated at the apex of the tree and each year is overlaid by one more whorl of branches; so it advances to a relatively lower position in the tree each year, and itself adds one more internode.The upper branches and those portions of lower ones that were formed while near the top of the tree repeat the pattern and configuration of growth in the main axis. Advance of a branch to an inferior position is associated with severe suppression and a redistribution of growth gradients.

Biomass partitioning in red pine (Pinus resinosa) along a chronosequence in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
J S King ◽  
C P Giardina ◽  
K S Pregitzer ◽  
A L Friend
Keyword(s):  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Biomass Partitioning ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Coarse Root ◽  
Age Related

Carbon (C) allocation to the perennial coarse-root system of trees contributes to ecosystem C sequestration through formation of long-lived live wood biomass and, following senescence, by providing a large source of nutrient-poor detrital C. Our understanding of the controls on C allocation to coarse-root growth is rudimentary, but it has important implications for projecting belowground net primary production responses to global change. Age-related changes in C allocation to coarse roots represent a critical uncertainty for modeling landscape-scale C storage and cycling. We used a 55 year chronosequence approach with complete above- and below-ground harvests to assess the effects of stand development on biomass partitioning in red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.), a commercially important pine species. Averaged within site, individual-tree root/shoot ratios were dynamic across stand development, changing from 0.17 at 2-, 3-, and 5-year-old sites, to 0.80 at the 8-year-old site, to 0.29 at the 55-year-old site. The results of our study suggest that a current research challenge is to determine the generality of patterns of root-shoot biomass partitioning through stand development for both coniferous and hardwood forest types, and to document how these patterns change as a function of stand age, tree size, environment, and management.

A new method for evaluating forest thinning: growth dominance in managed Pinus resinosa stands

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 843-849 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Bradford ◽  
Anthony W. D’Amato ◽  
Brian J. Palik ◽  
Shawn Fraver
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
New Method ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Individual Tree Growth

Growth dominance is a relatively new, simple, quantitative metric of within-stand individual tree growth patterns, and is defined as positive when larger trees in the stand display proportionally greater growth than smaller trees, and negative when smaller trees display proportionally greater growth than larger trees. We examined long-term silvicultural experiments in red pine ( Pinus resinosa Ait.) to characterize how stand age, thinning treatments (thinned from above, below, or both), and stocking levels (residual basal area) influence stand-level growth dominance through time. In stands thinned from below or from both above and below, growth dominance was not significantly different from zero at any age or stocking level. Growth dominance in stands thinned from above trended from negative at low stocking levels to positive at high stocking levels and was positive in young stands. Growth dominance in unthinned stands was positive and increased with age. These results suggest that growth dominance provides a useful tool for assessing the efficacy of thinning treatments designed to reduce competition between trees and promote high levels of productivity across a population, particularly among crop trees.

GROWTH AND MORPHOGENESIS IN THE CANADIAN FOREST SPECIES: VI. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SPECIFIC INCREMENT OF CAMBIAL AREA IN PINUS RESINOSA AIT.

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Forward ◽  
N. J. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Main Axis ◽  
Ring Formation ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Open Growth

Analysis of the growth of four trees from contrasting situations is extended to include the specific increment of cambial area, which is a measure of multiplicative growth of the cambium. This is found to correspond to radial growth, as measured by ring width, in the upper portion of the main axis and in the branches. Like ring width it exhibits the effects of intratree suppression and of a change from a condition of suppression to one of open growth. In the branches it is dependent on the position of the branch at the time of ring formation, and in those branches that are near the top of the crown, corresponding internodal rings show a higher specific increment of cambial area than those that are suppressed by overlying whorls. It is concluded that the factors controlling multiplicative growth of the cambium are essentially the same as those controlling radial growth.

Generalized biomass equations for jack and red pine in the Lake States

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 913-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. Alban ◽  
Paul R. Laidly
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Area ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Lake States ◽  
The Individual

The biomass of 76 jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) trees (29 stands) and 72 red pine (P. resinosa Ait.) trees (28 stands) from throughout the northern Lake States was determined. All trees were from even-aged, unthinned plantations ranging from 20–61 years old; site indexes represented nearly the complete range for these species. Individual tree component weights (foliage, live branches, dead branches, stem wood, and stem bark) were regressed against dbh and tree height using the nonlinear form Bt = aDbHc. Stand biomass was also estimated with stand basal area and mean height of dominant and codominant trees using the equation form Bs = a + b(B) + c(Hs) or a + b(B)(Hs). The equations were tested in two additional stands of red pine and two of jack pine and by comparison with literature values. Individual tree equations were most accurate for estimating bole components and the total tree and less accurate for foliage and branches. The standard error of the estimate divided by mean weight ranged from 0.06 to 0.17 for bole components, from 0.21 to 0.28 for live crown components, and from 0.43 to 0.49 for dead branches. For all components, jack pine equations were slightly less precise than those for red pine. The individual tree equations appear to be applicable over a wide geographical area and usable for both natural stands and plantations. The equations appear to be valid for the majority of unthinned stands in the age range of 20–50 years. The stand equations, while less precise than individual tree estimates, should give reasonably accurate estimates of stand biomass components in most situations.

Growth of Red Pine Trees After Chemical Suppression of the European Pine Shoot Moth

1963 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 522-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Talerico ◽  
Herman J. Heikkenen ◽  
William E. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Period ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Growth Season ◽  
Pine Trees

AbstractHeight growth and number of side branches developing the first growth season after chemical suppression of the European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.), were measured on 40 treated and nontreated plots of red pine, Pinus resinosa Ait., in Michigan. Some plots had been treated during the summer-treatment period and some during the spring-treatment period. Summer treatment increased the height growth and number of side branches over no treatment; the degree of chemical suppression was useful in estimating tree growth during the following growing season. In contrast, spring suppression had no effect on height growth and number of side branches.

Growth and survival of ectomycorrhizal and ectendomycorrhizal seedlings of Pinus resinosa on iron tailings

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. LoBuglio ◽  
H. E. Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Root Collar

The survival and growth of ectomycorrhizal and ectendomycorrhizal red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) seedlings transplanted from a nursery onto iron tailings were examined. Seedlings were inoculated with the E-strain fungus BDG-58 (Complexipes sp. Walker emend. Yang & Korf), Phialophora finlandia Wang & Wilcox, Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch, or Suillus subluteus (Peck) Snell ex Slipp & Snell. The first two isolates are ectendomycorrhizal fungi and the last two ectomycorrhizal fungi. Two-year field data on the tailings indicated a mycorrhizal treatment effect only in root-collar diameter at the end of the first growing season. The mycorrhizal treatments had a higher survival rate than the controls, with BDG-58 and Ph. finlandia seedlings having the greatest percent survival. Results from freehand root sections indicated that ectendomycorrhizae persisted in young roots of 4-year-old red pine seedlings that had been transplanted 2 years previously.

Données LiDAR aériennes: pertinence de l'interprétation visuelle pour la foresterie

2017 ◽  
Vol 168 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-133
Author(s):  
Matthew Parkan
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Visual Interpretation ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Interactive 3D ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Airborne Lidar Data ◽  
Stem Position

Airborne LiDAR data: relevance of visual interpretation for forestry Airborne LiDAR surveys are particularly well adapted to map, study and manage large forest extents. Products derived from this technology are increasingly used by managers to establish a general diagnosis of the condition of forests. Less common is the use of these products to conduct detailed analyses on small areas; for example creating detailed reference maps like inventories or timber marking to support field operations. In this context, the use of direct visual interpretation is interesting, because it is much easier to implement than automatic algorithms and allows a quick and reliable identification of zonal (e.g. forest edge, deciduous/persistent ratio), structural (stratification) and point (e.g. tree/stem position and height) features. This article examines three important points which determine the relevance of visual interpretation: acquisition parameters, interactive representation and identification of forest characteristics. It is shown that the use of thematic color maps within interactive 3D point cloud and/or cross-sections makes it possible to establish (for all strata) detailed and accurate maps of a parcel at the individual tree scale.

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