GROWTH AND MORPHOGENESIS IN THE CANADIAN FOREST SPECIES: IV. RADIAL GROWTH IN BRANCHES AND MAIN AXIS OF PINUS RESINOSA AIT. UNDER CONDITIONS OF OPEN GROWTH, SUPPRESSION, AND RELEASE

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy F. Forward ◽  
Norah J. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
External Condition ◽  
Main Axis ◽  
Primary Branch ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Deliberate Release ◽  
Open Growth

The analysis of growth of a pine tree has been extended to include the primary branches, and this paper reports observations on radial growth, as expressed by ring width.Trees from contrasting situations are compared, and the deliberate release of one tree from suppression permits the attribution of specific changes in growth to the change in external condition of the tree.The primary branches provide a series of axes that automatically undergo a change in nutritional status, although the distal portions of all of them are produced simultaneously. Every primary branch is initiated at the apex of the tree and each year is overlaid by one more whorl of branches; so it advances to a relatively lower position in the tree each year, and itself adds one more internode.The upper branches and those portions of lower ones that were formed while near the top of the tree repeat the pattern and configuration of growth in the main axis. Advance of a branch to an inferior position is associated with severe suppression and a redistribution of growth gradients.

GROWTH AND MORPHOGENESIS IN THE CANADIAN FOREST SPECIES: VI. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SPECIFIC INCREMENT OF CAMBIAL AREA IN PINUS RESINOSA AIT.

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Forward ◽  
N. J. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Main Axis ◽  
Ring Formation ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Open Growth

Analysis of the growth of four trees from contrasting situations is extended to include the specific increment of cambial area, which is a measure of multiplicative growth of the cambium. This is found to correspond to radial growth, as measured by ring width, in the upper portion of the main axis and in the branches. Like ring width it exhibits the effects of intratree suppression and of a change from a condition of suppression to one of open growth. In the branches it is dependent on the position of the branch at the time of ring formation, and in those branches that are near the top of the crown, corresponding internodal rings show a higher specific increment of cambial area than those that are suppressed by overlying whorls. It is concluded that the factors controlling multiplicative growth of the cambium are essentially the same as those controlling radial growth.

GROWTH AND MORPHOGENESIS IN THE CANADIAN FOREST SPECIES: V. FURTHER STUDIES OF WOOD GROWTH IN BRANCHES AND MAIN AXIS OF PINUS RESINOSA AIT. UNDER CONDITIONS OF OPEN GROWTH, SUPPRESSION, AND RELEASE

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy F. Forward ◽  
Norah J. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Local Environment ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Main Axis ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Wood Volume ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Open Growth

The analysis of growth in trunk and branches of four red pine trees of different situations is extended to include internode length, circumference, annual wood volume increment, and cambial area. The effects of position of a branch on the tree and of suppression and release are examined in reference to these growth indexes.Increase in circumference responds in much the same way as radial growth, and branch position is important. The greatest annual increase in girth of any branch internode occurs when it is near the periphery and near the top of the tree.Terminal growth of branches is less affected than radial or tangential growth by branch position if the tree is in the open but is suppressed by surrounding trees. Upon release of a tree only those axes whose local environment was actually improved showed an increase in apical growth.The interpretation of annual wood volume increment is complicated by the fact that it is determined not only by internal and external conditions during the current growing season, but also by past growth, both apical and cambial. It is subject to the effects of suppression and of branch position, chiefly through the influence of these factors on the cambial growth component.

GROWTH AND MORPHOGENESIS IN THE CANADIAN FOREST SPECIES: VII. PROGRESS AND CONTROL OF LONGITUDINAL GROWTH OF BRANCHES IN PINUS RESINOSA AIT.

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 923-950 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Forward ◽  
N. J. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Main Axis ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Longitudinal Growth ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Control

The course of longitudinal growth of branches of red pine was followed through weekly measurements, and analyzed in relation to position in the crown, season, site, and spacing. Certain observations were also made on the effects of age of the tree, root or branch pruning, and the application of growth regulators. The growth of branches is essentially like that of the main axis, but quantitatively is highly dependent on position in the crown. The pattern of growth appears to be more closely related to fluctuating environmental conditions than to qualities inherent in the individual tree. The length of the growing season is relatively stable, while the rate of growth is widely variable and dependent on the immediate environment.

GROWTH AND MORPHOGENESIS IN THE CANADIAN FOREST SPECIES: II. SPECIFIC INCREMENTS AND THEIR RELATION TO THE QUANTITY AND ACTIVITY OF GROWTH IN PINUS RESINOSA AIT.

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Duff ◽  
Norah J. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Wood Volume ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
The Mean

Two measures are needed to describe numerically the activity of the internodal cambium in terms of annual increment. These are "specific wood volume increment", a measure of additive growth and "specific increment of cambial area", a measure of multiplicative growth. The mean area of the internodal cambium is the basis of reference for both since it is the measure of that which is active in growth. The former measure of specific growth is numerically equal to ring width and the manner of its factorial control has already been considered. Data for the latter are new.The geometry of the apical meristem and its products is too complex for the ready computation of specific terminal growth, but it can be shown empirically that internode length is a valid measure of apical activity. Analysis of internodal wood volume growth into its three linear components leads to the conclusion that the determinants in control of wood growth act mainly through their effect upon apical activity and upon specific increment of cambial area.

scholarly journals Growth features of different forms of scots pine in the shrub-sphagnum forest type estuary of the Onega River

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-169
Author(s):  
Ekaterina A. Pinaevskaya ◽  
Sergey N. Tarkhanov ◽  
Aleksandr S. Pakhov
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Northern Taiga ◽  
Morphometric Characteristics ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
European Part Of Russia ◽  
Growth Features

Pinus sylvestris L. is the main tree species of forest ecosystems in the European North of Russia, therefore, in-depth studies of the diversity of forms and growth processes of this plant are important. Forms in pine stand out according to morphological and other characteristics. In conditions of prolonged excessive soil moisture, the joint growth of various forms of pine is observed. The aim of the work is to study the growth of various forms of pine according to morphostructural characteristics in the shrub-sphagnum forest type estuary of the Onega River. Investigations of tree growth (according to the form of seed cone scales apophysis and crown habit) were carried out in shrub-sphagnum pine forests of different ages in the north-west of the European part of Russia (northern taiga subzone). Morphometric measurements of the vegetative and generative spheres in the forms of scots pine were made. It is established that the advantage in morphometric characteristics, average values ​​of radial growth, late and early wood has a pine tree with a «convex» apophysis form. The advantage with respect to the morphometric characteristics of the trunk and crown is form with «ordinary» crown habit. The «ordinary» form has larger cones, a larger value of radial growth and macrostructural parameters of wood compared to the «swamp».

GROWTH AND MORPHOGENESIS IN THE CANADIAN FOREST SPECIES: I. THE CONTROLS OF CAMBIAL AND APICAL ACTIVITY IN PINUS RESINOSA AIT.

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Duff ◽  
Norah J. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Ring Width ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Complex Relation ◽  
Growth Studies ◽  
Two Stages

The anomalous complexity of the annual rings of young trees which generally disqualifies them from use in growth studies is, in P. resinosa, found to arise from a remarkably thorough organization of ring width and therefore of cambial activity in the tree under the influence of intrinsic determinants. The pattern is manifest when the widths of the internodal wood rings of a single year are followed in sequence from internode to internode down the tree from the apex. A similarly patterned view of the rings is obtained when the ring widths are traced in the ring sequence, conventional for growth studies, that passes from ring to ring in a given internode. The controlling intrinsic factors are held to be nutritional gradients in the axis inferred from the distribution of foliage and light along the axis of trees growing in the forest and in the open.In both types of sequence the pattern obscures the variations induced by random extrinsic factors and severely limits the value of these sequences for examining the effect of such factors. This disability can be avoided by the use of a third sequence of ring widths in which each term is the width of a ring which was laid down in an internode different but of the same age at the time of ring formation as the others in the sequence. Such sequences have never been used in growth studies. Yet they are found to be unpatterned and the effect of the fluctuating extrinsic factors can be examined effectively in them and in them alone.The complex relation between the responses of the cambium thus determined and those of the apical growing point to the random extrinsic factors is found to derive from the discontinuity of terminal growth introduced by the winter pause between bud formation and axial extension. These two stages of terminal growth are influenced by the extrinsic factors of the two different years. The effect on the cambium is simpler than this but is determinably related to that on the apical growing point.The results afford the ground for a first advance toward the removal of the disqualification of the use of young trees in studies of growth and of its factorial control.

Distinguishing features of forest species on nutrient-poor soils in the Southern Cape

Bothalia ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 15 (1/2) ◽  
pp. 29-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Daalen
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Tropical Forest ◽  
Forest Vegetation ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Correlation Matrices ◽  
Soil Variables ◽  
Indigenous Forest ◽  
Distinguishing Features

Soils of the indigenous forest-fynbos interface in the Southern Cape were sampled for chemical and physical analyses and compared by means of anlyses of variance. Correlations among soil variables were investigated by subjecting the correlation matrices to cluster analysis. Soil data were compared with that of fynbos and tropical forest areas. Morphological and physiological features of the forest vegetation, such as evergreenness, sclerophylly, phenolic compounds in the leaves, mast fruiting (i.e. gregarious fruiting) and root mat, were correlated with the soil nutritional status.

The chemical composition of foliage as an index of nutritional status in red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait)

1964 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. I. Madgwick
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine

Plant Analysis: An Interpretation Manual

1997 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Plant Analysis ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Nutrient Criteria ◽  
Interpretation Criteria ◽  
Concentration Limits

Plant Analysis: An Interpretation Manual 2nd Edition is an easily accessible compilation of data summarising the range of nutrient concentration limits for crops, pastures, vegetables, fruit trees, vines, ornamentals and forest species. This information is valuable in assessing the effectiveness of fertiliser programs and for monitoring longer term changes in crop nutritional status. New to this edition: Volume and scope of information accessed from the literature has expanded several-fold. Interpretation criteria for 294 species have been compiled in the tables from more than 1872 published papers. New chapter on nutrient criteria for forest species. Includes guidelines for collecting, handling and analysing plant material. An entire chapter is devoted to the identification of nutrient deficiency and toxicity symptoms.

Nutritional status as a prognostic factor in advanced head and neck cancer

1998 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 376-376
Author(s):  
Quak ◽  
Van Bokhorst ◽  
Klop ◽  
Van Leeuwen ◽  
Snow
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck Cancer ◽  
Prognostic Factor ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Neck Cancer ◽  
Advanced Head
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