GROWTH AND MORPHOGENESIS IN THE CANADIAN FOREST SPECIES: VI. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SPECIFIC INCREMENT OF CAMBIAL AREA IN PINUS RESINOSA AIT.

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Forward ◽  
N. J. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Main Axis ◽  
Ring Formation ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Open Growth

Analysis of the growth of four trees from contrasting situations is extended to include the specific increment of cambial area, which is a measure of multiplicative growth of the cambium. This is found to correspond to radial growth, as measured by ring width, in the upper portion of the main axis and in the branches. Like ring width it exhibits the effects of intratree suppression and of a change from a condition of suppression to one of open growth. In the branches it is dependent on the position of the branch at the time of ring formation, and in those branches that are near the top of the crown, corresponding internodal rings show a higher specific increment of cambial area than those that are suppressed by overlying whorls. It is concluded that the factors controlling multiplicative growth of the cambium are essentially the same as those controlling radial growth.

GROWTH AND MORPHOGENESIS IN THE CANADIAN FOREST SPECIES: IV. RADIAL GROWTH IN BRANCHES AND MAIN AXIS OF PINUS RESINOSA AIT. UNDER CONDITIONS OF OPEN GROWTH, SUPPRESSION, AND RELEASE

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy F. Forward ◽  
Norah J. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
External Condition ◽  
Main Axis ◽  
Primary Branch ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Deliberate Release ◽  
Open Growth

The analysis of growth of a pine tree has been extended to include the primary branches, and this paper reports observations on radial growth, as expressed by ring width.Trees from contrasting situations are compared, and the deliberate release of one tree from suppression permits the attribution of specific changes in growth to the change in external condition of the tree.The primary branches provide a series of axes that automatically undergo a change in nutritional status, although the distal portions of all of them are produced simultaneously. Every primary branch is initiated at the apex of the tree and each year is overlaid by one more whorl of branches; so it advances to a relatively lower position in the tree each year, and itself adds one more internode.The upper branches and those portions of lower ones that were formed while near the top of the tree repeat the pattern and configuration of growth in the main axis. Advance of a branch to an inferior position is associated with severe suppression and a redistribution of growth gradients.

GROWTH AND MORPHOGENESIS IN THE CANADIAN FOREST SPECIES: V. FURTHER STUDIES OF WOOD GROWTH IN BRANCHES AND MAIN AXIS OF PINUS RESINOSA AIT. UNDER CONDITIONS OF OPEN GROWTH, SUPPRESSION, AND RELEASE

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy F. Forward ◽  
Norah J. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Local Environment ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Main Axis ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Wood Volume ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Open Growth

The analysis of growth in trunk and branches of four red pine trees of different situations is extended to include internode length, circumference, annual wood volume increment, and cambial area. The effects of position of a branch on the tree and of suppression and release are examined in reference to these growth indexes.Increase in circumference responds in much the same way as radial growth, and branch position is important. The greatest annual increase in girth of any branch internode occurs when it is near the periphery and near the top of the tree.Terminal growth of branches is less affected than radial or tangential growth by branch position if the tree is in the open but is suppressed by surrounding trees. Upon release of a tree only those axes whose local environment was actually improved showed an increase in apical growth.The interpretation of annual wood volume increment is complicated by the fact that it is determined not only by internal and external conditions during the current growing season, but also by past growth, both apical and cambial. It is subject to the effects of suppression and of branch position, chiefly through the influence of these factors on the cambial growth component.

GROWTH AND MORPHOGENESIS IN THE CANADIAN FOREST SPECIES: II. SPECIFIC INCREMENTS AND THEIR RELATION TO THE QUANTITY AND ACTIVITY OF GROWTH IN PINUS RESINOSA AIT.

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Duff ◽  
Norah J. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Wood Volume ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
The Mean

Two measures are needed to describe numerically the activity of the internodal cambium in terms of annual increment. These are "specific wood volume increment", a measure of additive growth and "specific increment of cambial area", a measure of multiplicative growth. The mean area of the internodal cambium is the basis of reference for both since it is the measure of that which is active in growth. The former measure of specific growth is numerically equal to ring width and the manner of its factorial control has already been considered. Data for the latter are new.The geometry of the apical meristem and its products is too complex for the ready computation of specific terminal growth, but it can be shown empirically that internode length is a valid measure of apical activity. Analysis of internodal wood volume growth into its three linear components leads to the conclusion that the determinants in control of wood growth act mainly through their effect upon apical activity and upon specific increment of cambial area.

GROWTH AND MORPHOGENESIS IN THE CANADIAN FOREST SPECIES: I. THE CONTROLS OF CAMBIAL AND APICAL ACTIVITY IN PINUS RESINOSA AIT.

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Duff ◽  
Norah J. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Ring Width ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Complex Relation ◽  
Growth Studies ◽  
Two Stages

The anomalous complexity of the annual rings of young trees which generally disqualifies them from use in growth studies is, in P. resinosa, found to arise from a remarkably thorough organization of ring width and therefore of cambial activity in the tree under the influence of intrinsic determinants. The pattern is manifest when the widths of the internodal wood rings of a single year are followed in sequence from internode to internode down the tree from the apex. A similarly patterned view of the rings is obtained when the ring widths are traced in the ring sequence, conventional for growth studies, that passes from ring to ring in a given internode. The controlling intrinsic factors are held to be nutritional gradients in the axis inferred from the distribution of foliage and light along the axis of trees growing in the forest and in the open.In both types of sequence the pattern obscures the variations induced by random extrinsic factors and severely limits the value of these sequences for examining the effect of such factors. This disability can be avoided by the use of a third sequence of ring widths in which each term is the width of a ring which was laid down in an internode different but of the same age at the time of ring formation as the others in the sequence. Such sequences have never been used in growth studies. Yet they are found to be unpatterned and the effect of the fluctuating extrinsic factors can be examined effectively in them and in them alone.The complex relation between the responses of the cambium thus determined and those of the apical growing point to the random extrinsic factors is found to derive from the discontinuity of terminal growth introduced by the winter pause between bud formation and axial extension. These two stages of terminal growth are influenced by the extrinsic factors of the two different years. The effect on the cambium is simpler than this but is determinably related to that on the apical growing point.The results afford the ground for a first advance toward the removal of the disqualification of the use of young trees in studies of growth and of its factorial control.

GROWTH AND MORPHOGENESIS IN THE CANADIAN FOREST SPECIES: VII. PROGRESS AND CONTROL OF LONGITUDINAL GROWTH OF BRANCHES IN PINUS RESINOSA AIT.

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 923-950 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Forward ◽  
N. J. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Main Axis ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Longitudinal Growth ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Control

The course of longitudinal growth of branches of red pine was followed through weekly measurements, and analyzed in relation to position in the crown, season, site, and spacing. Certain observations were also made on the effects of age of the tree, root or branch pruning, and the application of growth regulators. The growth of branches is essentially like that of the main axis, but quantitatively is highly dependent on position in the crown. The pattern of growth appears to be more closely related to fluctuating environmental conditions than to qualities inherent in the individual tree. The length of the growing season is relatively stable, while the rate of growth is widely variable and dependent on the immediate environment.

Drought signals inferred from ring-width and stable carbon isotope chronologies from Thuja occidentalis trees growing at their northwestern distribution limit, central Canada

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Au ◽  
Jacques C. Tardif
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Tree Rings ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotopes ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotope ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Ring Formation ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Stable Carbon ◽  
Thuja Occidentalis ◽  
Central Canada

Stable carbon isotopes (δ13C) fixed in tree rings are dependent upon environmental conditions. Old northern white-cedar ( Thuja occidentalis L.) trees were sampled at their northwestern limit of distribution in central Canada. The objectives of the study were (i) to investigate the association between tree-ring δ13C values and radial growth in addition to the response of these variables to climate, (ii) to assess site differences between two sites varying in moisture regime, and (iii) to compare tree-ring δ13C of T. occidentalis with that of other boreal tree species growing at the northern limit of their distribution in central Canada. Over 2500 tree rings comprised of 15 T. occidentalis trees were analyzed for δ13C. Annually resolved δ13C (1650–2006) and ring-width (1542–2006) chronologies were developed. During the year of ring formation, ring width was associated with spring and early-summer conditions, whereas δ13C was more indicative of overall summer conditions. However, compared with δ13C values, ring width was more often associated with climate conditions in the year prior to ring formation. Conditions conducive to moisture stress were important for both parameters. Although ring width and δ13C corresponded to the drought intervals of the 1790s, 1840s, 1890s, 1930s, and 1960–1970, ring width may be more responsive to prolonged drought than δ13C. Tree-ring δ13C could, however, provide important information regarding physiological adaptations to drought.

scholarly journals Responses of radial growth, wood density and fiber traits to planting space in poplar plantations at a lowland site

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanhua Zhang ◽  
Shengzuo Fang ◽  
Ye Tian ◽  
Linlin Wang ◽  
Yi Lv
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Wood Fiber ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Tree Ring Width ◽  
Wood Basic Density ◽  
Fiber Traits

AbstractPoplar is raw material for various panel, paper and fiber products. The 12 sample trees of clone Nanlin-895 from four spacings were destructively harvested after thirteen growing seasons to assess the influence of spacing on radial growth and wood properties. Spacing significantly affected tree-ring width and wood basic density (p < 0.05) but not fiber traits. The highest diameter and wood basic density at breast height (1.3 m) was in 6 m × 6 m and 3 m × 8 m spacings, respectively. However, no significant differences in tree-ring width, wood basic density and fiber traits were observed among the four sampling directions in discs taken at 1.3 m for each spacing. Growth rings from the pith and tree heights had significant effects on wood basic density and fiber anatomical characteristics, highlighting obvious temporal-spatial variations. Pearson correlation analysis showed a significantly negative relationship of tree-ring width to wood basic density, fiber length and fiber width, but a significantly positive relationship to hemicellulose. There was no relationship with cellulose and lignin contents. Based on a comprehensive assessment by the TOPSIS method, the 6 m × 6 m spacing is recommended for producing wood fiber at similar sites in the future.

scholarly journals Growth and yield estimation of Chamaecyparis spp. through tree ring analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. Kharal ◽  
T. Fujiwara
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Biomass Estimation ◽  
Tree Ring Analysis ◽  
Ring Density ◽  
Ring Analysis

Tree ring analysis is one of the most useful methods in volume and biomass estimation especially of the conifer trees. Ring width and ring density are important parameters in dendrochronological research. The present research was carried out with the aim of estimating the radial and volumetric growth of the Japanese Cypress trees (Chamaecyperis obstusa and C. pisifera). Destructive method was used while collecting the wood samples from the selected trees. Ring width and ring density were measured using soft X-ray densitometry method using micro-densitometer. Computer programme, developed by the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Japan was used to analyze the ring with and ring density data. The average ring width of the Chamaecyparis spp. was found to be about 3.4 mm at the age of 30 years. However, two types of growth pattern were observed in the trees. Average radial growth was about 5% every year during the first 20 years of the tree age, whereas, the average radial growth was negative during the age of 20–30 years. Average density of the tree rings were increased by about 11% in each height of the trees starting from the ground. Similarly, the stem density decreased by about 3.4% annually along the radial direction from the pith.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v22i2.9197Banko Janakari: A Journal of Forestry Information for NepalVol. 22, No. 2, 2012 November Page: 36-42 Uploaded date: 12/1/2013 

Ring Width Patterns of Douglas Fir in Relation to Crown Vitality and Age

IAWA Journal ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid de Kort ◽  
Pieter Baas
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Forest Decline ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Needle Loss

Ring width patterns often different stands, five vitality classes and three age-classes are used to explore the effect of the decline in vitality on radial growth of Douglas fir in the Netherlands and to determine the onset of this decline. A relationship between growth performance and crown vitality is found in most stands, although the variation within and between stands is large. Severe needle loss leads to serious decline in ring width. The onset of the decline varies from c. 1959 to 1976. The present data set does not enable a choice between the various causal scenarios of forest decline that have been proposed in the literature.

scholarly journals Fire history and climate-growth response of Abies spectabilis : A case from Langtang National Park, Nepal Himalaya

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
S. Basnet ◽  
N. P. Gaire ◽  
P. K. Chhetri
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
National Park ◽  
Fire History ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Himalayan Region ◽  
Fire Scars ◽  
Fire Event ◽  
Abies Spectabilis

This study presents the potential of a conifer species (Abies spectabilis D. Don) to reconstruct fire history by using dendro chronological technique along with thedendroclimatic response in Langtang National Park, Central Himalaya of Nepal. For the fire history reconstruction, altogether eight cross-sections samples from fire affected eight trees and another 20 tree-cores from 10 trees with visible fire scars were taken. In the case of dendroclimatic study, 24 healthy cores of A. spectabilis were selected from the 40 cores extracted from 19 trees. The standard dendro chronological methodology was used for sample preparation and analysis. A 199-year long ring-width chronology of A. spectabilis spanning from 1818 to 2016 AD was developed. In spite of visible fire burn in near bark-surface, no potential fire scars are seen in inner parts in the cross-section samples. However, 12 cores showed that three fire burns occurred simultaneously in the forest area in the years 1917−1918, 1969−1970 and 2009−2010, respectively. Tree-ring-based fire event-record is found to be concurrent to the local people's perceptions/experience about the past fire history in the area. Tree growth climate relationship showed sensitive responses to both growing and non-growing season’s temperature and precipitation variability. Summer temperature had positive influence on growth of the species. Precipitation of monsoon and autumn were found to have negative influence on radial growth whereas pre-monsoon precipitation had positive association with tree radial-growth. This preliminary assessment shows that there is a huge potential of tree-ring research for long-term fire history in the region and helps us to better understand the role of fire in the ecology and management in the Himalayan region. The study can also be replicated in other fire-affected areas of the Himalayan region by using fire sensitive species in the sampling.

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