GENETICS OF PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGI: PECTOLYTIC ENZYMES OF VIRULENT AND AVIRULENT STRAINS OF THREE PHYTOPATHOGENIC PENICILLIA

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 1645-1650 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. Garber ◽  
L. Beraha
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Pectin Methylesterase ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Relative Activity ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Avirulent Strain ◽  
Culture Filtrates ◽  
Pectolytic Enzymes ◽  
Lyase Activity ◽  
Starch Gel

Culture filtrates from a virulent and an avirulent strain of each of three phytopathogenic species of Penicillium grown in a defined medium to which were added different sources of organic carbon had endopolygalacturonase (endoPG) and exopolygalacturonase (exoPG), but neither detectable pectin methylesterase nor pectin lyase activity. Extracts from diseased tissue of oranges inoculated with P. italicum or P. digitatum and from diseased tissue of apples inoculated with P. expansum, but not from healthy fruits, had endoPG and exoPG activity. Culture filtrates and extracts of diseased tissue were subjected to vertical starch-gel zone electrophoresis. The number, location (anodic, cathodic), electrophoretic mobility, and relative activity of sites of endoPG or exoPG activity were determined by the species, virulence or avirulence of the strain, source of organic carbon, and gel pH.

Variations and correlations within and between morphology, pathogenicity, and pectolytic enzyme activity in Sclerotinia from Saskatchewan

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 767-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. A. Morrall ◽  
L. J. Duczek ◽  
J. W. Sheard
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Pectin Methylesterase ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Discrete Groups ◽  
Pectolytic Enzymes ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests ◽  
Pectolytic Enzyme

One hundred and fourteen isolates of Sclerotinia from 23 different hosts in many parts of Saskatchewan were grouped, according to their morphology, on minimal medium. Two types of seedling pathogenicity tests on six host species were conducted on at least one isolate from each morphological group and one from each host species. A total of 38 isolates was tested. Assays for pectolytic enzyme activities of the same 38 isolates were done using a defined medium, and Swede turnip and carrot tissue as substrates. Polygalacturonase, pectin transeliminase, and pectin methylesterase were all tested. The results showed that an endopolygalacturonase was probably the most prevalent enzyme. Some isolates also produced exopolygalacturonase and pectin methylesterase, but pectin transeliminase was never detected. There was no correlation between pathogenicity of the isolates and their enzyme activities in vitro or in vivo, suggesting that pectolytic enzymes are not responsible alone for pathogenicity. Agglomerative classification was used to demonstrate relationships between the isolates. However, the isolates did not fall into discrete groups based on morphological, pathological, physiological, or even combined characteristics. Neither were there clear host or geographic associations. This continuous variation rather than a segregated population is consistent with Purdy's "broader concept of the species S. sclerotiorum."

The phytopathogenic fungi Leptosphaeria maculans and Leptosphaeria biglobosa: chemotaxonomical characterization of isolates and metabolite production in different culture media

2007 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.  Soledade C. Pedras ◽  
Paulos B. Chumala ◽  
Yang Yu
Keyword(s):  
Culture Media ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Leptosphaeria Maculans ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Potato Dextrose Broth ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Morphologic Characteristics ◽  
Metabolite Profiles ◽  
Leptosphaeria Biglobosa

Previous molecular chemotaxonomic analyses of isolates of the plant pathogenic fungus Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. et de Not. (asexual stage Phoma lingam (Tode ex Fr.) Desm.) in a chemically defined medium suggested that this species complex was composed of at least three distinct groups. Subsequently, a group within L. maculans was classified as Leptosphaeria biglobosa , on the basis of morphologic characteristics and the lack of sexual crossing. To obtain clarification regarding the metabolite profiles of the various groups or species of blackleg fungi, the objectives of this work were (i) to determine the chemical structures of metabolites produced by Canadian V isolates and Polish-type isolates in potato dextrose broth (PDB) and (ii) to determine the chemotaxonomic relationship among French isolates of L. biglobosa and among Canadian W isolates and Thlaspi isolates of L. maculans. Here, we report for the first time that Canadian V isolates grown in PDB produced 2,4-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethylbenzaldehyde, a metabolite never reported from L. maculans, but none of the usual phytotoxins (sirodesmins). In addition, we report a new metabolite, 2-[2-(5-hydroxybenzofuranyl)]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanenitrile, from Polish-type isolates of L. maculans grown in PDB and the metabolite profiles of 16 Thlaspi isolates. The metabolite profiles of Thlaspi isolates indicate that these are part of two distinct groups, the Polish W group and the Canadian W group, i.e., L. biglobosa. Finally, we demonstrate that the metabolite profiles of the French isolates classified as L. biglobosa are similar to those of Canadian W isolates.

A New Fluorometric Method for the Estimation or Detection of Total and Fractionated Alkaline Phosphatase

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy B Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Relative Activity ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Total Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Fluorometric Method ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Alpha Beta ◽  
Total Alkaline

Abstract A highly sensitive fluorometric method for the assay of total alkaline phosphatase and the detection of its components is described. The commercially available substrate naphthyl AS-MX phosphate, combined in 1 M 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol buffer, pH 9.8, is cleaved to the highly fluorescent naphthol AS-MX. Fluorometry requires filters passing 405 mµ primary and 505 mµ secondary. As little as 20 µl. of normal serum per 3 ml. of reaction mixture can be assayed. Alkaline phosphatase components, separated by vertical starch gel (or other methods of) electrophoresis, produce yellow fluorescence under ultraviolet light when incubated at 37° with the same buffer-substrate. After vertical starch gel electrophoresis, all normal serums exhibit at least one component (β-globulin region), but six distinct areas of activity have been located. These correspond to Taswell and Jeffers’ origin, beta-lipoprotein, alpha-2, alpha-beta, and beta (5). Few serums contain all of these; rather there appears to be a correlation between the ones present, their relative activity, and the disease state.

Mechanisms of pathogenesis in Sclerotium bataticola on sunflowers. II. Pectolytic and cellulolytic enzyme production in vitro and in vivo

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1073-1077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Ho Chan ◽  
W. E. Sackston
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Production ◽  
Pectin Methylesterase ◽  
Cellulolytic Enzyme ◽  
Culture Filtrates ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Host Tissues

Pectin methylesterase (PME), endopolygalacturonase (Endo-PG), exopolygalacturonase (Exo-PG), pectin trans-eliminase (PTE), polygalacturonase trans-eliminase (PGTE), cellulase, and cellobiase activities were investigated in culture filtrates of Sclerotium bataticola, and in extracts of inoculated and uninoculated sunflower stems. All of the enzymes except PTE were produced in culture filtrates of the pathogen and in diseased host tissues. Only PME was detected in healthy control plants.

Comparative biochemistry of the phytopathogenic fungus Helminthosporium. XVI. The production of victoxinine by H. sativum and H. victoriae

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 783-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
RossB. Pringle
Keyword(s):  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Toxic Metabolite ◽  
Comparative Biochemistry ◽  
Unique Product ◽  
Culture Filtrates ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Helminthosporium Victoriae

The toxic metabolite victoxinine (C17H29NO), considered previously to be a unique product of Helminthosporium victoriae, has been found consistently in culture filtrates of H. sativum strains isolated from a wide variety of sources. This indicates a close relationship between the two phytopathogenic fungi and adds another toxin to be considered in the etiology of diseases incited by H. sativum.

scholarly journals Evaluation of autotrophic and mixotrophic regimen Chlorella pyrenoidosa cells in various wastes water for its biochemical composition and biomass production

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisha Phour Dhull ◽  
Raman Soni ◽  
Deepak Kumar Rahi ◽  
Sanjeev Kumar Soni
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Chlorella Pyrenoidosa ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Dairy Wastewater ◽  
Treated Wastewater

The present study investigates the possibility of integrating an existing industrial large scale biomass production with the treatment of waste water in which a mixture of organic and inorganic rich pollutants was used as a medium. This study suggests that the replacement of a defined medium with a complete mixotrophic medium gives a significant statistical difference in terms of growth parameters i.e. biomass production and specific growth rate. The green microalga C. pyrenoidosa was cultivated under different mixotrophic conditions for evaluation of biomass production. Inorganic defined fog’s medium supplemented, with raw dairy wastewater led to 1.37g/L biomass production in comparison to 1.2g/L obtained with pure glucose revealing 14.16% increase. The study also involves the supplementation of raw dairy wastewater as an organic carbon source in an inorganic medium comprising municipal treated water and reverse osmosis (RO) treated wastewater and attained 2.4g/L and 1.6g/L of biomass respectively, as compared to 0.3g/L and 0.16g/L obtained in the wastewaters alone revealing 700% and 900% increase respectively. Mixotrophic regimen cells as analyzed by a 2D Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for its biochemical content revealed that fog’s blended raw dairy waste (RDW) regimen cells had maximum Carbohydrate/Amide ratio. The study suggests that the mixotrophic regimen C. pyrenoidosa cells can show appropriate growth in a mixture of waste waters and the same comes out to be a cost effective and feasible alternative commercial medium for biomass production without requiring any expensive organic carbon sources in the culture medium.

scholarly journals Evaluation of autotrophic and mixotrophic regimen Chlorella pyrenoidosa cells in various wastes water for its biochemical composition and biomass production

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisha Phour Dhull ◽  
Raman Soni ◽  
Deepak Kumar Rahi ◽  
Sanjeev Kumar Soni
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Chlorella Pyrenoidosa ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Dairy Wastewater ◽  
Treated Wastewater

The present study investigates the possibility of integrating an existing industrial large scale biomass production with the treatment of waste water in which a mixture of organic and inorganic rich pollutants was used as a medium. This study suggests that the replacement of a defined medium with a complete mixotrophic medium gives a significant statistical difference in terms of growth parameters i.e. biomass production and specific growth rate. The green microalga C. pyrenoidosa was cultivated under different mixotrophic conditions for evaluation of biomass production. Inorganic defined fog’s medium supplemented, with raw dairy wastewater led to 1.37g/L biomass production in comparison to 1.2g/L obtained with pure glucose revealing 14.16% increase. The study also involves the supplementation of raw dairy wastewater as an organic carbon source in an inorganic medium comprising municipal treated water and reverse osmosis (RO) treated wastewater and attained 2.4g/L and 1.6g/L of biomass respectively, as compared to 0.3g/L and 0.16g/L obtained in the wastewaters alone revealing 700% and 900% increase respectively. Mixotrophic regimen cells as analyzed by a 2D Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for its biochemical content revealed that fog’s blended raw dairy waste (RDW) regimen cells had maximum Carbohydrate/Amide ratio. The study suggests that the mixotrophic regimen C. pyrenoidosa cells can show appropriate growth in a mixture of waste waters and the same comes out to be a cost effective and feasible alternative commercial medium for biomass production without requiring any expensive organic carbon sources in the culture medium.

scholarly journals Mechanisms for Accessing Insoluble Fe(III) Oxide during Dissimilatory Fe(III) Reduction by Geothrix fermentans

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 2294-2299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly P. Nevin ◽  
Derek R. Lovley
Keyword(s):  
Defined Medium ◽  
Alginate Beads ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Oxide Reduction ◽  
Geobacter Metallireducens ◽  
Electron Shuttling ◽  
Electron Shuttles ◽  
Culture Filtrates ◽  
Subsurface Environments ◽  
Geothrix Fermentans

ABSTRACT Mechanisms for Fe(III) oxide reduction were investigated in Geothrix fermentans, a dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing microorganism found within the Fe(III) reduction zone of subsurface environments. Culture filtrates of G. fermentans stimulated the reduction of poorly crystalline Fe(III) oxide by washed cell suspensions, suggesting that G. fermentans released one or more extracellular compounds that promoted Fe(III) oxide reduction. In order to determine if G. fermentans released electron-shuttling compounds, poorly crystalline Fe(III) oxide was incorporated into microporous alginate beads, which prevented contact between G. fermentans and the Fe(III) oxide. G. fermentans reduced the Fe(III) within the beads, suggesting that one of the compounds that G. fermentans releases is an electron-shuttling compound that can transfer electrons from the cell to Fe(III) oxide that is not in contact with the organism. Analysis of culture filtrates by thin-layer chromatography suggested that the electron shuttle has characteristics similar to those of a water-soluble quinone. Analysis of filtrates by ion chromatography demonstrated that there was as much as 250 μM dissolved Fe(III) in cultures of G. fermentans growing with Fe(III) oxide as the electron acceptor, suggesting that G. fermentans released one or more compounds capable of chelating and solubilizing Fe(III). Solubilizing Fe(III) is another strategy for alleviating the need for contact between cells and Fe(III) oxide for Fe(III) reduction. This is the first demonstration of a microorganism that, in defined medium without added electron shuttles or chelators, can reduce Fe(III) derived from Fe(III) oxide without directly contacting the Fe(III) oxide. These results are in marked contrast to those with Geobacter metallireducens, which does not produce electron shuttles or Fe(III) chelators. These results demonstrate that phylogenetically distinct Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms may use significantly different strategies for Fe(III) reduction. Thus, it is important to know which Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms predominate in a given environment in order to understand the mechanisms for Fe(III) reduction in the environment of interest.

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