Leaf development in Begonia hispida var. cucullifera with special reference to vascular organization

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (18) ◽  
pp. 2108-2121 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Lieu ◽  
R. Sattler
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Vascular Anatomy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dense Layer ◽  
Nodal Region ◽  
Procambial Strand ◽  
Meristematic Region ◽  
Median Position ◽  
Asymmetrical Shape

The leaf is initiated by periclinal divisions in the second cell layer of the apex. Early in development, it assumes an asymmetrical shape as a result of the non-median position of the apical meristematic region that forms the leaf tip. The other main lobes of the leaf are formed by two additional regions of growth to the side of the tip. In the second plastochron, primordia are initiated on the upper surface of the main ribs of the leaf and these often develop into large, leaf-like appendages. During the third plastochron, the leaf becomes covered by a dense layer of trichomes. Vascular development is well correlated with regions of growth. The median procambial strand extends diagonally into the skewed apical growth region and another strand branches from this and develops on the other side. Lateral procambial strands usually form in an abaxial to adaxial sequence in the petiole: one strand of the first pair to develop forms part of the median rib and the other forms a third main rib on the opposite side. After the initiation of primordia on the leaf surface, a 'ventral system' of procambia is developed supplying mainly the ventral rib surface and consequently the epiphyllous appendages. This consists of branches from the adaxial-most peripheral bundles in the petiole as well as a bundle in the centre. The vascular anatomy of the stem and nodal region is also described in relation to that of the leaf.

Floral development of Potamogeton densus

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 647-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Posluszny ◽  
R. Sattler
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Floral Meristem ◽  
Developmental Sequence ◽  
Initial Activity ◽  
The Third ◽  
Stamen Primordia ◽  
Procambial Strand ◽  
Inflorescence Axis ◽  
Rates Of Growth

The floral appendages of Potamogeton densus are initiated in an acropetal sequence. The first primordia to be seen externally are those of the lateral tepals, though sectioning young floral buds (longitudinally, parallel to the inflorescence axis) reveals initial activity in the region of the lower median (abaxial) tepal and stamen at a time when the floral meristem is not yet clearly demarcated. The lateral (transversal) stamens are initiated simultaneously and unlike the median stamens each arises as two separate primordia. The upper median (adaxial) tepal and stamen develop late in relation to the other floral appendages, and in some specimens are completely absent. Rates of growth of the primordia vary greatly. Though the lower median tepal and stamen are initiated first, they grow slowly up to gynoecial inception, while the upper median tepal appears late in the developmental sequence but grows rapidly, soon overtaking the other tepal primordia. The four gynoecial primordia arise almost simultaneously, although variation in their sequence of inception occurs. The two-layered tunica of the floral apices gives rise to all floral appendages through periclinal divisions in the second layer. The third layer (corpus) is involved as well in the initiation of the stamen primordia. Procambial strands develop acropetally, lagging behind primordial initiation. The lateral stamens though initiating as two primordia each form a single, central procambial strand, which differentiates after growth between the two primordia of the thecae has occurred. A great amount of deviation from the normal tetramerous flower is found, including completely trimerous flowers, trimerous gynoecia with tetramerous perianth and androecium, and organs differentiating partially as tepals and partially as stamens.

Subsidence in the European Area

1934 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-85
Author(s):  
R. G. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Outer Layer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dense Layer ◽  
Total Thickness ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
European Area ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Granitic Layer ◽  
Sedimentary Layer

The structure of the earth was supposed by Suess to be tripartite, there was an outer layer of rocks mainly granitic, the sal, or sial as it is usually now called. This rested, or “floated”, on a dense layer called the sima, of basaltic character, within which was the earth’s core, or nife, metallic in nature. Such a simple conception has been modified in the light of later knowledge: geologically there is much evidence pointing to the existence of several shells of increasing density within the crust. This is to some extent supported by the evidence of seismology, the layers below the upper sedimentary layer being the Granitic, the Intermediate (of tachylyte or diorite) and Lower Layers (dunite, peridotite, or eclogite) (1). According to the latest information there are four layers intermediate between the granitic and lower layers: the thickness of the sedimentary layer varies from about 2 to 6 kilometres in mountainous regions: the thickness of the granitic layer varies, being about 10 to 12 kilometres in Central Europe. In low-lying regions the total thickness of these two layers is probably about 6 kilometres less than in mountainous regions: “the thicknesses of the other layers are very difficult to determine; the upper two probably have together a thickness of about 15 kilometres, but the others can hardly be determined from the observations” (2).

Floral anatomy of the genus Oligarrhena R. Br. (Epacridaceae)

1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 451 ◽  
Author(s):  
BR Jackes
Keyword(s):  
Floral Anatomy ◽  
Vascular Anatomy ◽  
The Other

The organography and vascular anatomy of the flower of Oligarrhena micrantha R. Br, has been examined in detail. Whilst in general agreement with the other members of the tribe Styphelieae, it does exhibit a greater degree of carpel sterilization, and supports the suggestion that progressive sterilization has been occurring within this tribe.

Differential Probing Response of Serpentine Leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), on Cos Lettuce

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregg S. Nuessly ◽  
Russell T. Nagata
Keyword(s):  
Lactuca Sativa ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
The Other ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Liriomyza Trifolii ◽  
Romaine Lettuce ◽  
Lactuca Sativa L ◽  
Leaf Mining ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Serpentine Leafminer

Leaf mining damage by serpentine leafminers, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae), is a major problem of many leafy vegetables especially lettuce. A hierarchy of leaf probing preference by L. trifolii on romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars ‘Floricos 83’ (FC), ‘Parris Island Cos’ (PI), ‘Tall Guzmaine’ (TG), and ‘Valmaine’ (VL) was determined. Based on stipple counts (puncture wounds in the leaf surface), L. trifolii preferred TG by an experiment-wide average of 3:1 over the other cultivars. In choice tests where L. trifolii were able to select their preferred cultivar, TG was preferred 2.2:1 to 5.5:1 over the over varieties. On 12-leaf stage TG plants, eight female flies produced means ± SEM of 664.2 ± 165.8, 1,581.8 ± 333.8, and 2,084.5 ± 242.6 stipples per plant after 24, 48, and 72 h exposures, respectively. Preference for TG was maintained in no-choice tests where TG was preferred 1.8:1 to 2.6:1 over the other cultivars. Stipple counts on FC, PI, and VL did not vary significantly between choice and no-choice tests, but nearly twice as many stipples per plant were found on TG in choice than in no-choice tests. More probing occurred on all cultivars on the youngest fully expanded leaves in the middle of the plants than on leaves toward the bottom or top of the plants. Preference for these middle leaves was more pronounced on TG than on the other cultivars. The differences in stipple rates followed the pedigrees of the cultivars tested. The character(s) preferred by L. trifolii were apparently introduced into the lineage with a cross to ‘Paris White.’

scholarly journals New taxa of Rhododendron tschonoskii alliance (Ericaceae) from East Asia

PhytoKeys ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 134 ◽  
pp. 97-114
Author(s):  
Watanabe Yoichi ◽  
Tadashi Minamitani ◽  
Sang-Hun Oh ◽  
Atsushi J. Nagano ◽  
Harue Abe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Chloroplast Dna ◽  
New Taxa ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
The Other ◽  
Style Length ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Abaxial Leaf Surface

Three new taxa, Rhododendron sohayakiense Y.Watan. & T.Yukawa (Ericaceae), and its two varieties, var. kiusianum Y.Watan., T.Yukawa & T.Minamitani and var. koreanum Y.Watan. & T.Yukawa are described and illustrated from Japan and South Korea. They can be distinguished from each other and from the other members of the R. tschonoskii alliance, i.e. R. tschonoskii, R. tetramerum, R. trinerve and R. tsusiophyllum, through their combination of leaf size, leaf morphologies including lateral nerves on abaxial leaf surface, corolla morphologies including number of corolla lobes, style length and anther form. Phylogenetic inferences based on chloroplast DNA and genome-wide sequences revealed that each of the three new taxa is monophyletic and they further form a clade. Distributions of the three taxa are also clearly separated from each other and also from the other members of the R. tschonoskii alliance.

Different leaf surface characteristics of three grape cultivars affect leaf optical properties as measured with fibre optics: possible implication in stress tolerance

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Karabourniotis ◽  
J. F. Bornman ◽  
V. Liakoura
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Relative Concentration ◽  
Light Attenuation ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
The Other ◽  
Visible Radiation ◽  
Fibre Optics ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Grape Cultivars

Young leaves of three grape cultivars having different surface characteristics (cv. Athiri, pubescent; cv. Soultanina, glabrous green; and cv. Fraoula, glabrous red-brown) only during the early stages of their development, were used to investigate the potential, differential effect of a trichome layer or a pigmented epidermis on the light microenvironment within the mesophyll. The penetration of forward propagated 310, 360 and 430 nm radiation into the leaf tissues was monitored using a quartz fibre-optic microprobe. The mesophyll of the young leaves of Athiri was much better protected from ultraviolet-A, ultraviolet-B and high visible radiation compared to the other two cultivars. Abaxial, as well as adaxial trichome layers attenuated almost all incident radiation at 310 nm and 360 nm and a considerable part of the blue light (430 nm). No significant differences in light attenuation from epidermal and mesophyll layers between the other two cultivars were observed. The adaxial epidermis of young and dehaired leaves of cv. Athiri was largely ineffective in absorbing the incident ultraviolet- B radiation. In addition, the dehaired lamina of such leaves exhibited 80% lower relative concentration of ultraviolet-absorbing compounds per leaf surface area, compared to leaves of similar ontogenetic stage in the cv. Soultanina. It is proposed that the occurrence of a dense trichome layer in young leaves, besides other proposed functions, may play a protective role against not only ultraviolet radiation damage, but also against high insolation. This protection could be advantageous under stress conditions during leaf development.

Fine Structure of the Hindgut of Armadillidium Vulgare

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 414-415
Author(s):  
Laura Herold ◽  
G. M. Vernon ◽  
E. R. Witkus
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Apical Region ◽  
Luminal Surface ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Armadillidium Vulgare ◽  
Epithelial Cell Layer ◽  
Peripheral Cytoplasm

An ultrastructural study of the hepatopancreatic ducts and the hindgut of the terrestrial isopod, Armadillidium vulgare, reveals the presence of a single epithelial cell layer lined with cuticle. The cells of the duct lack the microvilli characteristic of the hepatopancreas and exhibit fewer apical infoldings than the cells of the hindgut. Basal infoldings, on the other hand, are common and relatively deep. Mitochondria are more abundant in the apical region of the cell than in the basal part. Bands of microtubules are present in the peripheral cytoplasm, and most of the microtubules run vertically in the cell from the luminal surface to the base (see fig. 1). Single membrane bounded vesicles of varying size were observed. These bodies contain moderately electron dense granular material. At the luminal surface the lateral membranes of adjacent cells are linked together by septate desmosomes. From the septate desmosome to the base of the cell there are relatively large intercellular spaces alternating with intermediate junctions or zona adherens.

Achievement of anthocyanins production in grape leaves of Carignan (Vitis vinifera L.) exits of one eye cuttings cultivated in laboratory

OENO One ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Béchir Ezzili ◽  
Gérard Darné ◽  
M. Bejaoui
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Darkness ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Total Anthocyanin ◽  
Anthocyanin Pigments

<p style="text-align: justify;">Under some laboratory conditions, it is possible to obtain a production of anthocyanins by the leaves of grape cuttings.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The objective of this work consists in the comparison between contents in anthocyanin pigments of leaves of stemming Carignan of one eye cuttings cultivated in various conditions of laboratory with those of leaves of the same cultivated grape to the vineyard in the area of El Khenguet UCP Sidi Slama (Tunisia).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">We have measured the growth in length and in diameter of stems of the cuttings processed 30 days in total darkness and compared to cuttings witnesses raised in greenhouse. The same comparison has been undertaken on cuttings having undergone 30 days stay in total darkness and 21 days of maintenance in greenhouse with witness that has undergone 51 days in greenhouse.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The total darkness during 30 days favors the growth in length and in diameter of shoots, reduced the leaf surface, and blocks the synthesis of anthocyanin as compared to the photoperiod of 12 hours of darkness/12 hours of light. The total darkness during 30 steady days by a photoperiod of 12 hours light/12 hours darkness during 21 days induces a resumption of the leaf growth and a synthesis of anthocyanins in leaves and in stems.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The analysis of the anthocyanin, undertaken by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) allowed to detect the five anthocyanin 3-monoglucosides following: Delphinidin MG3 - Cyanidin MG3 - Petunidin MG3 - Pæonidin MG3 and Malvidin MG3.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">They are in the free form and in the combined form, esterified by acetic, cafeic and coumaric acids in stemming leaves of the vineyard as well as in those developed in the laboratory. The combined anthocyanins are better represented in the cutting cultivated in laboratory.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Cyanidin 3-monoglucoside, the Pæonidin 3-monoglucoside and the Malvidin 3-monoglucoside present a maximal content at the period of the fall of leaves. The other anthocyanin pigments have similar contents always weaker than those of Cyanidin MG3 and Pæonidine MG3.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The output in total anthocyanin obtained of the cuttings of the laboratory is equal to 25 p. cent of that of the vineyard.</p>

The cause of petaloid colouring in ‘Apetalous’ Flowers

1933 ◽  
Vol 49 (328) ◽  
pp. 199-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edith R. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Anatomy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Central Cylinder ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Marginal Vein ◽  
Surface Appearance ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

SUMMARY The typical dichlamydeous cyclic Dicotyledon is so organised that the petaloid character of the corolla can be regarded as a function of a certain combination of conditions as regards time and space: time, in so far that the petaloid feature occurs at a definite stage in the series of developmental processes, following, as it does, upon the differentiation of a (usually) uncoloured (i.e. green) calyx; space, in that it is exhibited on the set of radii alternating with the radii of the sepals. Penetrating a little below the surface appearance, we find we can express these same relations in terms of the vascular anatomy as follows. Those floral members (again taking the typical case) which receive as midribs the first set of equidistant bundles to leave the central cylinder show sepaloid characters; those similarly receiving as midrib bundles the outgoing strands on the alternate set of radii exhibit petaloid colouring. It is found that the marginal veins of the sepals of such Dicotyledon types arise in two different ways, less frequently as true lateral veins from the midribs, more often either through the detachment from the central cylinder on the alternate radii of trunk cords which dissociate in due course into a petal midrib and twin bundles which enter the adjacent side of the sepal to right and left, respectively, and become the marginal vein of that side; or through the departure of pairs of separate strands within the limits of the corresponding alternate sectors. In typical monochlamydeous cyclic Dicotyledons radial organisation follows the same scheme as in dichlamydeous types, notwithstanding that the perianth here takes the form of a single whorl of structures. Such monochlamydeous types may be divided into two classes. In the one class only the issuing vascular bundles on the corresponding set of radii enter the perianth members. These bundles become the midribs. They may give off lateral veins at any point or may remain unbranched. In either case the individual member is homologous with the individual sepal and is typically green. In the other class each member receives not only the bundle on its own radius but also half the perianth component proper to the alternate radius on each side, either as separate strands or (in gamophyllous types) as undisjoined components of perianth-stamen trunk cords. The first-mentioned bundle becomes the midrib of the tepal, the two others become marginal veins, the one entering the tepal on the right, the other that on the left. In forms belonging to this class the tepals are typically petaloid. Each may be regarded as the counterpart of one sepal of dichlamydeous types + half the neighbouring petal on either side. This equivalence is not infrequently indicated outwardly by the considerable thickness of the tepal members as compared with that of the sepals and petals of the nearest allied dichlamydeous forms. The accompanying drawings were made by Miss D. F. M. Pertz, to whom I desire to express my grateful thanks.

Floral development of Ruppia maritima var. maritima

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 1607-1612 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Posluszny ◽  
R. Sattler
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Early Ontogeny ◽  
Main Axis ◽  
Ruppia Maritima ◽  
Procambial Strand ◽  
Inflorescence Axis ◽  
Floral Apex ◽  
Median Position ◽  
Floral Bud

A hyaline, unvascularized sheath envelops a portion of the inflorescence near maturity. Though resembling an appendage of the main axis, in early ontogeny it develops as a prophyll of the renewal growth apex below the inflorescence. Two flowers develop on the inflorescence axis, subopposite each other. Fertile appendages are initiated in an acropetal sequence on each floral bud. The first to form, in the median position, are the two stamens, the lower preceding the upper. Each stamen develops two bisporangiate thecae separated by a broad connective. A dorsiventral outgrowth is initiated slightly abaxially near the tip of the connective at the stage of theca differentiation. This outgrowth appears to be homologous with a similar outgrowth in Potamogeton densus, but not with the sterile appendages of the Potamogeton flower which, by some authors, have incorrectly been interpreted as connective outgrowths. Each carpel arises as a radial primordium which becomes peltate after its inception. One ovule is initiated at the adaxial portion (Querzone). The stigma becomes broad and flat, lobing at its margins. A slight outgrowth develops at the abaxial wall of the carpel. The floral apex has a two-layered tunica. The primordia of the stamens, carpels, and ovules arise by periclinal divisions in the second layer. Procambial development is acropetal following closely primordial inception. Each appendage, including the ovule, receives one procambial strand. The outgrowths of the connective and the carpel lack procambium.

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