Different leaf surface characteristics of three grape cultivars affect leaf optical properties as measured with fibre optics: possible implication in stress tolerance

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Karabourniotis ◽  
J. F. Bornman ◽  
V. Liakoura
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Relative Concentration ◽  
Light Attenuation ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
The Other ◽  
Visible Radiation ◽  
Fibre Optics ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Grape Cultivars

Young leaves of three grape cultivars having different surface characteristics (cv. Athiri, pubescent; cv. Soultanina, glabrous green; and cv. Fraoula, glabrous red-brown) only during the early stages of their development, were used to investigate the potential, differential effect of a trichome layer or a pigmented epidermis on the light microenvironment within the mesophyll. The penetration of forward propagated 310, 360 and 430 nm radiation into the leaf tissues was monitored using a quartz fibre-optic microprobe. The mesophyll of the young leaves of Athiri was much better protected from ultraviolet-A, ultraviolet-B and high visible radiation compared to the other two cultivars. Abaxial, as well as adaxial trichome layers attenuated almost all incident radiation at 310 nm and 360 nm and a considerable part of the blue light (430 nm). No significant differences in light attenuation from epidermal and mesophyll layers between the other two cultivars were observed. The adaxial epidermis of young and dehaired leaves of cv. Athiri was largely ineffective in absorbing the incident ultraviolet- B radiation. In addition, the dehaired lamina of such leaves exhibited 80% lower relative concentration of ultraviolet-absorbing compounds per leaf surface area, compared to leaves of similar ontogenetic stage in the cv. Soultanina. It is proposed that the occurrence of a dense trichome layer in young leaves, besides other proposed functions, may play a protective role against not only ultraviolet radiation damage, but also against high insolation. This protection could be advantageous under stress conditions during leaf development.

Effect of Polymer, Road Surface, and Driving Conditions on Wear Surface Characteristics of Tire Treads

1973 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 354-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Martin ◽  
P. H. Biddison
Keyword(s):  
Wear Surface ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mechanical Degradation ◽  
Textured Surface ◽  
Test Track ◽  
Driving Conditions ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Cylindrical Particles

Abstract Treads made with emulsion styrene-butadiene copolymer (SBR), solution SBR, polybutadiene (BR), and a 60/40 emulsion SBR/BR mixture were built as four-way tread sections on G78-15 belted bias tires, which were driven over both concrete and gravel-textured highways and on a small, circular, concrete test track. The tires were front mounted. When driven on concrete highway, all except the BR tread had either crumbled- or liquid-appearing surfaces, thought to have been formed by mechanical degradation or fatigue. When cornered on concrete, these materials formed small cylindrical particles or rolls. The BR tread had a smooth, granular-textured surface when driven on concrete highway and a ridge or sawtooth abrasion pattern when cornered on concrete. All the materials appeared rough and torn when run on gravel-textured highway. The differences in wear surface formed on BR tread and the other three are thought to be due primarily to the relatively high resilience of BR.

Effects of Metal Stress on Visible/Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectra of Vegetation

2011 ◽  
Vol 347-353 ◽  
pp. 2735-2738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang Yu Chi ◽  
Yi Shi ◽  
Xin Chen ◽  
Jian Ma ◽  
Tai Hui Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Spectral Response ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Heavy Metal Stress ◽  
Metal Stress ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance

Vegetation which suffers from heavy metal stresses can cause changes of leaf color, shape and structural changes. The spectral characteristics of vegetation leaves is related to leaf thickness, leaf surface characteristics, the content of water, chlorophyll and other pigments. So the eco-physiology changes of plants can be reflected by spectral reflectance. Studies on the spectral response of vegetation to heavy metal stress can provide a theoretical basis for remote sensing monitoring of metal pollution in soils. In recent decades, there are substantial amounts of literature exploring the effects of heavy metals on vegetation spectra.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE BACTERIOPHAGE OF D'HERELLE

1925 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques J. Bronfenbrenner ◽  
Charles Korb
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Evaluation ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Relative Concentration ◽  
Serial Dilution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Broth Dilution

The experiments reported above confirm the fact that lytic principle is distributed in active solution in a state of indivisible units. This permits its quantitative evaluation by serial dilution, as well as by plating on agar. The latter method, however, often gives readings considerably lower than those obtained by the broth dilution method of titration. By varying the concentration of agar it has been possible to show that the discrepancy is due to adsorption of the lytic agent on agar. When the concentration of the latter is increased from 0.3 per cent to 2.5 per cent the number of plaques of lysis is reduced more than 100 times. At the same time the average size of the plaques also decreases approximately to one-tenth of the original. The size, as well as the number of plaques, has been found to depend also on the condition of the culture employed in titration. Thus, when the culture exposed to the action of lytic agent is composed of young susceptible bacteria, the greater the concentration of bacteria, the smaller the plaques. When the culture is composed partly of young and partly of old susceptible bacteria, both the size and the number of the plaques are diminished with the increase in the relative concentration of old bacteria. On the other hand, presence in the culture of resistant bacteria does not affect either the size or the number of the plaques so long as the relative concentration of susceptible bacteria in the culture is sufficient to allow formation of them. The plaques appearing in the presence of a high concentration of resistant variants in the culture are relatively indistinct owing to overgrowth. Under carefully controlled conditions the size of plaques is found to be determined by the character of the lytic filtrate. Thus in the case of lytic agents which act upon more than one bacterial species the size of the plaques remains constant, irrespective of the bacterial substratum used for the production of the active filtrate.

scholarly journals Chemical markers in the aroma profiles of South Moravian red wine distillates

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 369-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Veverka ◽  
M. Jelínková ◽  
K. Hron ◽  
J. Balík ◽  
J. Stávek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Red Wine ◽  
Pinot Noir ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Chemical Markers ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Linalool Oxide ◽  
South Moravia ◽  
Log Ratio ◽  
Grape Cultivars

HSSPME-GC/MS method was used to investigate the volatile compounds responsible for varietal character in the aroma of wine distillates made from 16 different red wine grape cultivars: Andre, Blue Frankish, Merlot, Cabernet Moravia, Rubinet, Pinot Noir, Ariana, Alibernet, Laurot, Dornfelder, Blauer Portugieser, Agni, Neronet, Zweigeltrebe, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Domina. The grapes were all grown in the same vineyard in South Moravia, an important viticultural region in the south of the Czech Republic bordering Austria. The isometric log-ratio transformation was used to compute variances prior to statistical analysis, and a compositional biplot was used to interpret the data and identify the main chemical markers. A comparison of the key terpenoids present in the aroma profiles indicated that these were consistent with the known relationships between the cultivars based on their parentage. There were similarities in the terpenoid elements of the aroma profiles of Blue Frankish and its relatives Andre, Laurot, Agni, and Zweigeltrebe, which are dominated by (Z)-linalool oxide, linalool, isoborneol, terpinen-4-ol and α-terpineol. On the other hand, the aroma profiles of Pinot Noir, Blauer Portugieser, Cabernet Sauvignon and their related hybrids are dominated by o-cymene, limonene, (E)-sabinyl acetate, and (E)-calamenene.  

Flexural Properties and Polished Surface Characteristics of a Structural Colored Resin Composite

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Mizutani ◽  
R Ishii ◽  
T Takamizawa ◽  
S Shibasaki ◽  
H Kurokawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Properties ◽  
Resin Composite ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Polished Surface ◽  
Flexural Properties ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Resin Composites ◽  
Diamond Bur ◽  
Flexible Disk

SUMMARY Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the flexural properties and surface characteristics of a structural colored resin composite after different finishing and polishing methods, in comparison to those of conventional resin composites. Methods and Materials: A structural color resin composite, Omnichroma (OM, Tokuyama Corp, Chiyoda City, Tokyo, Japan), and two comparison resin composites, Filtek Supreme Ultra (FS, 3M, St Paul, MN, USA) and Tetric EvoCeram (TE, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), were used. The flexural properties of the resin composites were determined in accordance with the ISO 4049 specifications. For surface properties, 70 polymerized specimens of each resin composite were prepared and divided into seven groups of 10. Surface roughness (Sa), gloss (GU), and surface free energy (SFE) were investigated after the following finishing and polishing methods. Three groups of specimens were finished with a superfine-grit diamond bur (SFD), and three with a tungsten carbide bur (TCB). After finishing, one of the two remaining groups was polished with a one-step silicone point (CMP), and the other with an aluminum oxide flexible disk (SSD). A group ground with SiC 320-grit was set as a baseline. Results: The average flexural strength ranged from 116.6 to 142.3 MPa in the following order with significant differences between each value: FS > TE > OM. The average E ranged from 6.8 to 13.2 GPa in the following order with significant differences between each value: FS > TE > OM. The average R ranged from 0.77 to 1.01 MJ/mm3 in the following order: OM > FS > TE. The Sa values of the OM groups polished with CMP and SSD were found to be significantly lower than those of the other resin composites, regardless of the finishing method. The GU values appeared to be dependent on the material and the finishing method used. The OM specimens polished with SSD showed significantly higher GU values than those polished with CMP. Most of the resin composites polished with SSD demonstrated significantly higher γS values compared to the other groups. Extremely strong negative correlations between Sa and GU in the combined data from the three resin composites and each resin composite and between Sa and γS in the OM specimens were observed; GU showed a strong positive correlation with γS in the same material. Conclusion: These findings indicate that both flexural and surface properties are material dependent. Furthermore, the different finishing and polishing methods used in this study were observed to affect the Sa, GU, and SFE of the resin composites.

Growth and Development of Wild Poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla) Selections in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)

Weed Science ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 575-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry J. Brecke ◽  
Piotr Tobola
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Baton Rouge ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Light Attenuation ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
The Other ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Dry Biomass

Wild poinsettia is a serious weed in several crops, including peanut, grown in the southeastern United States. A study was conducted over 3 yr at Jay, FL, to characterize the growth and development of wild poinsettia grown from seed collected at Plains, GA; Marianna, FL; and Baton Rouge, LA. Seedlings from each selection were transplanted to the field and were grown either alone or in competition with peanut. Observations made throughout the growing season indicated that the Louisiana selection flowered later, grew to a larger size, produced more leaf area and biomass, and caused greater light attenuation and peanut yield reduction than the other two selections. The Georgia selection produced the smallest plants, least leaf area and biomass, and was least competitive with peanut. The Florida selection was intermediate for these parameters. Wild poinsettia dry biomass production was reduced by 78 to 83% when grown with peanut compared with monoculture wild poinsettia.

PURIFICATION OF THE GAMMA GLOBULIN CHARACTERISTIC OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 1811-1818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine F. C. MacPherson
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Relative Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Deae Column

Experiments are described which have led to the standardization of a procedure for the purification of the γc globulin characteristic of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The procedure involves the stepwise elution of three chromatographic fractions from a DEAE column by TRIS–HCl buffers at pH 8.5. The composition of the fractions will vary with the relative concentration of the γc globulin in the CSF applied to the column. From an average CSF pool the first fraction, F1, eluted by 0.002 M TRIS–HCl will usually contain only the γc globulin. The second fraction F2, eluted by 0.02 M TRIS-HCl, will contain a mixture of the γc, γs, and βc globulins. The third fraction F3, eluted by 0.08 M TRIS–HCl, will contain chiefly γs globulin as well as traces of the γc and βc globulins. Most of the γc globulin from pooled CSF may then be obtained in purified form by rechromatographing the F2's from several runs. Almost all of the γc globulin applied will be found in F1. The γs and βc globulins will be eluted in the other two fractions.

Differential Probing Response of Serpentine Leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), on Cos Lettuce

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregg S. Nuessly ◽  
Russell T. Nagata
Keyword(s):  
Lactuca Sativa ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
The Other ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Liriomyza Trifolii ◽  
Romaine Lettuce ◽  
Lactuca Sativa L ◽  
Leaf Mining ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Serpentine Leafminer

Leaf mining damage by serpentine leafminers, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae), is a major problem of many leafy vegetables especially lettuce. A hierarchy of leaf probing preference by L. trifolii on romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars ‘Floricos 83’ (FC), ‘Parris Island Cos’ (PI), ‘Tall Guzmaine’ (TG), and ‘Valmaine’ (VL) was determined. Based on stipple counts (puncture wounds in the leaf surface), L. trifolii preferred TG by an experiment-wide average of 3:1 over the other cultivars. In choice tests where L. trifolii were able to select their preferred cultivar, TG was preferred 2.2:1 to 5.5:1 over the over varieties. On 12-leaf stage TG plants, eight female flies produced means ± SEM of 664.2 ± 165.8, 1,581.8 ± 333.8, and 2,084.5 ± 242.6 stipples per plant after 24, 48, and 72 h exposures, respectively. Preference for TG was maintained in no-choice tests where TG was preferred 1.8:1 to 2.6:1 over the other cultivars. Stipple counts on FC, PI, and VL did not vary significantly between choice and no-choice tests, but nearly twice as many stipples per plant were found on TG in choice than in no-choice tests. More probing occurred on all cultivars on the youngest fully expanded leaves in the middle of the plants than on leaves toward the bottom or top of the plants. Preference for these middle leaves was more pronounced on TG than on the other cultivars. The differences in stipple rates followed the pedigrees of the cultivars tested. The character(s) preferred by L. trifolii were apparently introduced into the lineage with a cross to ‘Paris White.’

Investigation of infiltrating regulatory T lymphocytes in tumor areas in oral cancer lesions

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e22070-e22070
Author(s):  
I. Sukhotska ◽  
L. García-Alonso ◽  
R. Sirera ◽  
G. Sarrión ◽  
E. Jantus Lewintre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cancer ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Relative Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Tgf Beta ◽  
Endogenous Gene ◽  
Normal Oral Mucosa ◽  
Regulatory T Lymphocytes ◽  
Post Surgery

e22070 Background: HLA-G is a human non-classical MHC molecule, mainly expressed in the trophoblast whose main function is to suppress immunologic activity that allows maternal tolerance to phoetus. On the other hand, infiltrating regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg) could promote peripheral inmunotolerance fo oncogenic transformation. Methods: We performed real-time PCR in frozen oral cancer specimens from untreated patients who had undergone surgical resection (n=22) and in normal oral mucosa from healthy subjects (n=10). Samples were processed for mRNA extraction and quantification of gene expression was expressed as relative concentration by an endogenous gene. To asses the presence of infiltrating Treg we analysed CTLA-4, Foxp-3, IL-10, TGF-beta, CD4, CD8, CXCR4, CD127 and CD25 and also we determined HLA-G levels. We correlate the expression of immunologic mediators with clinical variables. Results: Patients presented squamous carcinomas of the tongue (n=12) or gum (n=10) and stages ranged from I to IV (stage I=4; II=9; III=4; IV=5). 10 patients presented well-differentiated lesions and the other 12 moderately-differentiated cells. Eight patients received post- surgery chemo and radiotherapy. Our results show that tumor samples had significant higher expression of the CTLA-4, Foxp-3, TGF-beta and CD127 genes than normal tissue. However, those data showed no correlation between the levels of expression and clinico-pathologic variables. When patients were grouped according to tumor size, there was a trend in the way that bigger tumoral lesions expressed relative higher amounts of Treg. By contrast we could not observe an increase of the expression of HLA-G in patients. Conclusions: Our results reveal that there is an increase in the expression of Treg in oral cancer patients. These Treg in tumoral tissues might contribute to the impairment of immunological rejection of the neoplasic transformation. Conversely we have not been able to demonstrate tumoral expression of HLA-G as a strategy to escape from immunosurveyance. Further analysis of this cells and their function is important in order to develop new therapeutic strategies. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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